Learning Modules Math in The Modern World

Mathematics in The Modern World P age |1
Danilo M. Guzman Jr. RCE, LPT, MAED
Chapter 01
Mathematics in Nature
The unstoppable digital transformation of technology and continuous modernization

has provided comfort, convenience and a tremendous change in the lives of many,
specifically, in doing their routine tasks, like communicating to someone using cellular
phones, travelling somewhere by riding a bullet train, watching movies with an iPod,
enjoying games using a play station and conducting researches via internet. All of
these are realized because of Mathematics.
Mathematics as a science of patterns plays a vital role in the field of engineering,

weather forecasting, entertainment and in the lives of different learners. It is practiced
and utilized effectively by various corporations and companies to improve, maintain,
and protect their businesses that provide goods to every consumer or clients.
Practically, Mathematics infinitely exists everywhere for everyone. It serves as a tool for
mankind in improving their social status to gain better ways of living.
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to:
 Multiply and determine the product of numbers using different patterns
 Appreciate and understand the beauty of patterns and apply them into
calculations
 Solve for the unknown variables of two equations under systems of linear
equation using an alternative pattern.
Patterns and Numbers

Numbers are items that describe positions or magnitudes, while patterns are repeated
forms of designs.
Producing patterns can be done easily by applying some measurement with the aid
of numbers. For example, a dressmaker to produce number of dresses with speed and
uniformity needs to create first, a pattern. This pattern can be produce by applying
some measurements using numbers.
On the other hand, number of products can be produced in a short period of time,
like thousands of chocolates, coins, clothes, papers and gadgets because of different
manmade patterns produced.
Have you ever try creating some figures and patterns like a chalice, diamond or a
Christmas tree when multiplying two numbers having equal number of digits?
Let’s take a look of the following examples of some artistic patterns in multiplying
numbers:
Chalice Pattern Diamond Pattern Christmas tree Pattern
Chalice Pattern:
Step 1: (5x9=45) Step 2 :( 6x8=48) Step 3: (5x5=25) Step 4 : ( 6x5=30)
Step 5: (4x6=24) Step 6: (5x8=40) Step 7: (9x6=54)


Step 26: Step 27:
Affix as a dummy at the center of the solution Finally, add all the aligned
numbers to obtain the
product
Exercises
Multiply the following and show a Chalice – formed solution in each of the following.
1. 83156 x 15203
2. 99887 x 29965
3. 37899 x 55889
4. 98709 x 12345
5. 98765 x 33315
Diamond Pattern:
Step 1: (5x9=45) Step 2: (9x6=54) Step 3: (9x5=45) Step 4:

(9x6=54)
Step 5: (9x4=36) Step 6: (8x5=40) Step 7: (6x8=48) Step 8: (8x5=40)
(6x5=30)
Step 25: (4x6=24) Step 26: finally, add all the

aligned numbers
to obtain the product
Exercises
Multiply the following and show a Diamond – formed solution in each of the following.
1. 83156 x 15203
2. 99887 x 29965
3. 37899 x 55889
4. 98709 x 12345
5. 98765 x 33315
Christmas tree Pattern:
Step 5: (6x6=36) Step 6: (8x4=32) Step 7: (5x5=25) Step

8: (9x5=45)
(5x4=20)
(8x5=40)
Step 25: (4x6=24) Step 26: Step 27:
Affix as a dummy at finally, add all the aligned numbers

the center of the solution to obtain the product
Exercises
Multiply the following and show a Christmas tree – formed solution in each of the
following.
1. 83156 x 15203
2. 99887 x 29965
3. 37899 x 55889
4. 98709 x 12345
5. 98765 x 33315
Mathematics in The Modern World P a g e | 10
The Novel Grid Pattern
Objectives:

 Know and understand the importance of the pattern
 Skilfully use the pattern in finding the unknown values of variables
This improvised pattern shown below was invented by a Filipino Mathematics Professor,
who is aiming to contribute a novel pattern named as “Novel Grid Pattern” as an
alternative solution dealt with the system of linear equations having two variables in the
field of Mathematics. Learners in using the pattern would help them to simplify and
shorten solutions when dealing with linear equations having two variables.
Example No. 1:
2x + 7y = 9
3x + 4y = 7
Solution:
Solve for x and y:
4(9) − 7(7) 36 − 49 13
𝑥= = = =1 𝑥=1
2(4) − 3(7) 8 − 21 13
2(7) − 3(9) 14 − 27 13
𝑦= = = =1 𝑦=1
2(4) − 3(7) 8 − 21 13
x = 1 and y=1
Example No. 2:
2x + 5y = 9
3x + 6y = 12
Solution:
6(9) − 5(12) 54 − 60 −6
𝑥= = = =2 𝑥=2
2(6) − 3(5) 12 − 15 −3
2(12) − 3(9) 24 − 27 −3
𝑦= = = =1 𝑦=1
2(6) − 3(5) 12 − 15 −3
x=2 and y=1
Example No. 3:
2x + 5y = 14
3x + 6y = 18
Solution:
6(14) − 5(18) 84 − 90 −6
𝑥= = = =2 𝑥=2
2(6) − 3(5) 12 − 15 −3
2(18) − 3(14) 36 − 42 −6
𝑦= = = =2 𝑦=2
2(6) − 3(5) 12 − 15 −3
x=2 and y=2
Example No. 4:
9x + 2y = 33
2x + 6y = 24
Solution:
6(33) − 2(24) 198 − 48 150

𝑥= = = =3 𝑥=3
( )
9 6 − 2(2) 54 − 4 50
9(24) − 2(33) 216 − 66 150

𝑦= = = =3 𝑦=3
9(6) − 2(2) 54 − 4 50
x=3 and y=3

Exercises
I. Given the following systems of linear equations having two variables, solve for
the unknown variables x and y.
1. 2x + 10y = 12 & 5x + 2y = 7
2. 3x + 2y = 7 & x + 10y = 12
3. 15x + 2y = 34 & 3x + 6y = 18
4. 3x + y = 9 & 2x + 5y = 19
5. 10x + 15y = 25 & 2x + 3y = 5
6. 4x + 2y = 18 & x + 3y = 12
7. 2x + y = 15 & 5x + 3y = 40
8. 4x + 2y = 24 & x + 3y = 16
9. 5x + 3y = 40 & x + 2y = 15
10. 10x + 12y = 22 & 3x + 2y = 5

Multiplication Math Tricks
Objectives:
 Know and understand different fast multiplying tricks when dealing with
multiplication
 Skilfully use the pattern in finding the product of two numbers.
Math Trick # 1: Multiplying Two Digit Number by 11
Example No. 1:
53 x 11 =?
Step 1: Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11
5+3=8
Step 2: Insert the sum of 8 between the digits of the factor 53
5_3=583
Step 3: Thus, The product of 53 X 11 = 583
Example No. 2:
75 x 11 =?
Step 1: Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11
7 + 5 = 12
Step 2: Insert the last digit of the sum of 7 + 5 which is 2 between the digits of the
factor 75. Then add the first digit of the sum which is 1 to the first digit of the factor 75
which is 7.
7+1 __ 5 = 825
Step 3: Thus, The product of 75 x 11 = 825
Example No. 3;
36 x 11 =?
Step 1:Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11
3+6=9
Step 2: Insert the sum of 9 between the digits of the factor 36
3 _ 6 = 396
Step 3: Thus, The product of 36 x 11 = 396
Math Trick # 2: 2 – digit number by 2 digit number multiplication (Both numbers

ten’s digit value is 1)
Example No. 1:
17 X 16 =?
Step 1: Add the last digit of 16 which is 6 to the whole number 17
17 + 6 = 23
Step 2: Affix zero as the last digit of the obtained sum from step 1:
2 3 _ = 230
Step 3: Multiply the last digit of 17 to the last digit of 16
7 x 6 = 42
Step 4: Add the obtained product form step 3 which is 42 to the number
obtained from step 2
230 + 42 = 272
Step 5: Thus the product of 17 x 16 = 272
Example No. 2:
19 X 14 =?
Step 1: Add the last digit of 14 which is 4 to the whole number 19
19 + 4 = 23
Step 2: Affix zero as the last digit of the obtained sum from step 1:
2 3 _ = 230
Step 3: Multiply the last digit of 19 to the last digit of 14
9 x 4 = 36
Step 4: Add the obtained product form step 3 which is 36 to the number
obtained from step 2
230 + 36 = 266
Step 5: Thus, the product of 19 x 14 = 266

Math Trick # 3: The Square of three digit number when middle digit is always zero
Example No. 1:
(𝟕𝟎𝟓)𝟐 =?
Square the first digit Twice the product of the Square the last digit
first and last digit
72 = 49 2(7)(5) = 70 52 = 25
Enjoin all the obtained numbers 49, 70 and 25 together
Thus, 705 x 705 = 497025
Example No. 2:
(𝟗𝟎𝟕)𝟐 =?
92 = 81 2(9)(7) = 126 72 = 49
Add the first digit of 126 to Retain 26 as the middle Affix 49 as the last two digit
81: number of the final answer number of the answer
81 + 1 = 82
Fist two digits of the Answer
= 82
Thus, 907x907 = 822649
Example No. 3:
(𝟔𝟎𝟖)𝟐 =?
62 = 36 2(6)(8) = 96 82 = 64
Thus, 608x608 = 369664

Math Trick # 4: 2 – digit number by 2 digit number multiplication (Both numbers

ten’s digit value is 9)
Example No. 1:
96 X 95 =?
Step 1: Subtract 96 from 100
100 – 96 = 4; difference equals 4
Step 3: Subtract the obtained difference of 5 of step 2 from 96
96 – 5 = 91
Step 4: Find the product of the differences obtained from step 1 and step 2
4 x 5 = 20
Step 5: Enjoin the results obtained from step 3 and step 4 (91 & 20)
Thus, 96 x95 = 9120
Example No. 2:
94 X 97 =?
94 – 3 = 91
6 x 3 = 18
Thus, 94 x 97 = 9118
Example No. 3:
92 X 94 =?
92 – 6 = 86
8 x 6 = 48
Thus, 92 x 94 = 8648
Math Trick # 5: 2 – digit number by 2 digit number multiplication (two numbers with
equal ten’s digit while sum of last digits is always equal to 10)
Example No. 1:
84 x 86 =?
Step 1: The next number after the same ten’s digit or numeral 8 of both numbers
84 and 86 is 9. Find the product of the factors 8 and 9.
8 x 9 = 72
Step 2: Multiply the last digits of both numbers 84 and 86
4 x 6 = 24
Step 3: Enjoin 72 and 24 as one number
Thus, 84 x 86 = 7224
Example No. 2:
63 x 67 =?
6 x 7 = 42
3 x 7 = 21
Thus, 63 x 67 = 4221
Example No. 3:
52 x 58 =?
5 x 6 = 30
2 x 8 = 16
Thus, 52 x 58 = 3016
Math Trick # 6: Multiplying three digit number by 111 wherein the sum of its entire
digits is always less than or equal to 9.
Example No. 1:
123 x 111 =?
Step 1: Bring down the first digit of the number 123

1
Step 2: Add the 1st digit and 2nd digit of the number 123
1+2 = 3
Step 3: Add all the digits of the number 123
1+2+3 = 6
Step 4: Add the 2nd digit and last digit of the number 123
2+3=5
Step 5: Bring down the last digit of the number 123
3
Step 6: Enjoin all the obtained numbers from step 1 to step 5
13653
Thus, 123 x 111 = 13653
Example No. 2:
423 x 111 =?
Step 1: Bring down the first digit of the number 423

4
Step 2: Add the 1st digit and 2nd digit of the number 423
4+2 = 6
Step 3: Add all the digits of the number 423
4+2+3 = 9
Step 4: Add the 2nd digit and last digit of the number 423
2+3=5
Step 5: Bring down the last digit of the number 423
3
Step 6: Enjoin all the obtained numbers from step 1 to step 5
46953
Thus, 423 x 111 = 46953

Math Trick # 7: Multiplication by 50, 500 and 5000
Example No. 1:
34 x 50 = ?
Step 1: Convert the number 50 as 00

Step 2: Affix the two zeros after the factor 34
3400
Step 3: Divide the obtained number 3400 from step 2 by 2
3400 divided by 2 = 1700
Thus, 34 x 50 = 1700
Example No. 2:
112 x 500 = ?

Step 2: Affix the three zeros after the factor 112
112000
112000 divided by 2 = 56000
Thus, 112 x 500 = 56000
Example No. 2:
18 x 5000 =?

Step 2: Affix the four zeros after the factor 18
180000
180000 divided by 2 = 90000
Thus, 18 x 5000 = 90000

Math Trick # 8: Multiplication by 25, 250, 2500…
Example No. 1:
36 x 25 =?

Step 2: Affix the two zeros after the number 36
3600
3600 divided by 4 = 900
Thus, 36 x 25 = 900
Example No. 2:
408 x 250 =?

Step 2: Affix the three zeros after the number 408
408000
408000 divided by 4 = 102000
Thus, 408 x 250 = 102000
Example No. 3:
844 x 2500 =?

Step 2: Affix the four zeros after the number 844
8440000
8440000 divided by 4 = 2110000
Thus, 844 x 2500 = 2110000

Math Trick # 9: The Square of four digit number when two middle digits are both
zeros.
Example No. 1:
(𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟗)𝟐 =?
72 = 49 2(7)(9) = 126 92 = 081
Thus, 7009 x 7009 = 49, 126, 081
Example No. 2:
(𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟗)𝟐 =?
82 = 64 2(8)(9) = 144 92 = 081
Thus, 8009 x 8009 = 64, 144, 081
Example No. 3:
(𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 =?
82 = 64 2(8)(5) = 080 52 = 025
Thus, 8009 x 8009 = 64, 080, 025

Math Trick # 10: Multiplication by 75, 750, 7500…
Example No. 1:
36 x 75 =?

Step 2: Affix the two zeros after the number 36
3600
3600 divided by 4 = 900
Step 4: Multiply 900 by 3
900 x 3 = 2700
Thus, 36 x 75 = 2700
Example No. 2:
408 x 750 =?

Step 2: Affix the three zeros after the number 408
408000
408000 divided by 4 = 102000
Step 4: Multiply 102000 by 3
102000 x 3 = 306000
Thus, 408 x 750 = 306000
Example No. 3:
844 x 7500 =?

Step 2: Affix the four zeros after the number 844
8440000
8440000 divided by 4 = 2110000
Step 4: Multiply 2110000 x 3
2110000 x 3 = 6330000
Thus, 844 x 7500 = 6330000

Exercises
I. Find the products of the following.
1. 44 x 750
2. 48 x 25
3. 96 x 50
4. 92 x 98
5. 62 x 11
6. 711 x 111
7. 19 x 15
8. 93 x 91
9. 804 x 804
10. 8003 x 8003
11. 603 x 603
12. 5004 x 5004
13. 82 x 88
14. 17 x 19
15. 243 x 111
16. 53 x 11
17. 95 x 93
18. 42 x 50
19. 48 x 7500
20. 480 x 250

Chapter 02
SPEAKING MATHEMATICALLY (SETS AND ITS APPLICATIONS)
Objectives:
 Define and illustrate sets
 Enumerate the different kinds of sets
 Perform operations on sets
A Set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. It is simply known as a collection of

objects that have something in common or follow a rule. The objects in the set are
called its members or elements.
Lists of conventions that are used with sets:
 Capital letters are used to denote sets.

 Lowercase letters are used to denote elements of sets.
 Curly braces { } denote a list of elements in a set.
Set notation uses braces, with elements separated by commas. So the set of elements
for vowels would be listed as follows:
V = {a, e, i, o, u}, where V is the name of the set, and the braces indicate that the
objects written between them belong to the set.
Every element in a set is unique: The same element cannot be included in the set more
than once.
Notation:
A Set is usually denoted by capital letters such as from A to Z, and the elements are
denoted by small letters from a to z or even other symbols or objects. If A is any set and
a is the element of set A, then we write a∈A, read as a belongs to A or a is an element
of set A wherein the symbol “∈” means an element of a set.
Let's look at some more examples of sets.

 the numbers 1, 3, and 5 are distinct objects when considered separately, but
when they are considered collectively they form a single set of size three, written
{1, 3, 5}.
 set of all Oppo Brand of Cell phones in the world
 the set of all apples on a tree
 C = {tiger, lion, puma, cheetah, leopard, cougar, ocelot}, this is a set of large
species of cats
 L = {a, b, c, ..., z}, this is a set consisting of the lowercase letters of the alphabet
 N = {-1, -2, -3, ...} (this is a set of the negative numbers)
Ways of Describing Sets
1. Rule Method or Set Builder Form
Rule Method is a notation for describing a set by indicating the properties that it's
elements must satisfy. Rule Method specifies a rule or condition which can be used to
decide whether an element or member can belong to the set. This rule is written inside
a pair of curly braces and can be written either as a statement or expressed
symbolically or written using a combination of statements and symbols. It also uses the
symbol x/x which function is to represent every single element of a set. x/x symbol is
read as x such that x.
Examples:
Set of Primary Colors:

P = {x/x is a primary color}
Set of Vowels:
V = {x/x is a primary color}
Set of Planets in the Solar System:

P = {x/x is a planet in the Solar System}
Set of Colors in the Rainbow

R = {x/x is a color in the Rainbow}
2. Roster Method or Tabular Form
Roster method is defined as a way to show the elements of a set by listing the elements
inside of a pair of curly braces. An example of the roster method is to write the set of
numbers from 1 to 8 as {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. An example of the roster method is to write the
seasons as {summer, fall, winter and spring}.
Examples:
Set of Primary Colors: P = {red, blue, yellow}
Set of Vowels: V = {a, e, i, o, u}
Set of Planets in the Solar System:

P = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Pluto}
Set of Colors in the Rainbow

R = {Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet}
Kinds of Sets
1. Equal Sets.
Two sets are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements. Two sets, D and
M, are equal sets if they have exactly the same members. Each element of D are in M
and each element of M are in D.
Examples:
 𝐷 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑡, 𝑜, 𝑟 } 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = {𝑡, 𝑎, 𝑟, 𝑐, 𝑜}
 𝐶 = {𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛, 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = {𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜, 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛}
 𝑆 = {∞, 𝜕, ∅, ∆, ∃} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = {∃, ∅, ∆, 𝜕, ∞}
 𝑃 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = {8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1}

 𝐹 = {𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑛, 𝐽𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙, 𝑀𝑎𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = {𝐽𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙, 𝑀𝑎𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑛}
2. Equivalent Sets
Two sets are said to be equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
Examples:
 𝑆 = {∞, 𝜕, ∅, ∆, ∃} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = {∃, ∅, ∆, 𝜕, ∞}
 𝑃 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = {8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1}
 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3}
 𝑉 = {𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟, 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝑢𝑛, 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = {𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝐹𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒}
 𝑀 = {𝑡, 𝑖, 𝑛, 𝑦} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = {𝑐, 𝑢, 𝑡, 𝑒}
Important Note:
“All Equal Sets are Equivalent Sets but not all Equivalent Sets are Equal Sets”
3. Finite Sets
A set is said to be a finite set if the process of counting of elements surely comes to an
end.
Examples:
 There are 5 Elements in the set of vowels.

V = {a, e, i, o, u}
 There are 9 Elements in the Set of Planets in the Solar System.

P = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Pluto}
 There are 7 Elements in the Set of Colors in a Rainbow.

R = {Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet}
 There are 2 Elements in the Set of Vowels in the spelling of the word “Cute”.
𝑉 = {𝑢, 𝑒}
 There are 3 Elements in the Set of Consonants in the spelling of the word “virus”.
𝐶 = {𝑣, 𝑟, 𝑠}
4. Infinite Sets
A set is said to be an infinite set if its number of elements is unlimited.
Examples:
 Set of Stars in the Universe

 Set of Positive Integer Numbers
 Set of Raindrops
 Set of Even Numbers
 Set of Odd Numbers
5. Joint Sets
Two sets are said to be joint sets when they have at least one common element.
Examples:
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {1, 3, 6,9} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = {2,4, 6,8}.

Both sets contain an element “6”.
Thus, Set A and Set B are Joint Sets
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = {∪,∩, ∅, %, ∆} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾 = {∀, ←, ∈,∪,∩}.

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ∪ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∩. 𝑇
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠.
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑀 = {1,4,3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐷 = {3,1,4}.

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠; 1, 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4.
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠.
Important Note:
“All Equal Sets are Joint Sets but not all Joint Sets are Equal Sets”
6. Disjoint Sets
Two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common.
Examples:
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑊 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}.

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑊 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐸 = {𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = {𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜, 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛}.

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠.
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}.

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐺 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠.
7. Empty Set “{ }” or Null Set"∅”.
Empty set is the unique set having no elements; its cardinality is zero.
8. Universal Set “U”
A Universal Set is a set which contains all objects, including itself.

9. Subset " ⊂ "
A set A is a subset of another set B if all elements of the set A are elements of the set B.
In other words, the set A is contained inside the set B
Examples:
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {1,2} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑀 = {𝑎} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘}

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑅
 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = {𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛, 𝐽𝑜𝑒, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾 = {𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛, 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝐽𝑜𝑒}
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑍 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐾
Kinds of Subsets
1. Proper Subsets
All subsets of any given set are proper subsets except the set itself and the empty set or
null set.
2. Improper Subsets
There are only two improper subsets in any given set such as the set itself and the empty
set.
Important Notes:
The number of subsets in any given set is calculable by using the formula:𝑁 = 2𝑛 , where
n stands for the number of elements
Illustration:
Example No. 1: 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {1,2,3}
a. Determine the number of Subsets

b. Determine the number of Proper Subsets
c. Determine the number of Improper Subsets
d. Make a list of all the proper subsets of Set A
e. Make a list of all the improper subsets of Set A
Given:
Set A = {1, 2, 3}; Number of Elements “n” = 3 elements
Solution:
a. Determine the number of Subsets.

𝑁 = 2𝑛 = 23 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 = 8 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
b. Determine the number of Proper Subsets.

Since there are always two improper subsets in any given set and the total number of
subsets is 8 in the given Set A = {1, 2, 3}. Then, the remaining counts of Subsets are the
Proper Subsets. Thus, there are 6 Proper Subsets in the given Set A = {1, 2, 3}.
c. Determine the number of Improper Subsets.

There are always two (2) improper subsets in any given set.
d. Lists of Proper Subsets

{1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}
e. Lists of Improper Subsets

∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {1, 2,3}
Example No. 2: Set B= {1, 2, 3, 4}

b. Determine the number of Proper Subsets
c. Determine the number of Improper Subsets
d. Make a list of all the proper subsets of Set B
e. Make a list of all the improper subsets of Set B
Given:
Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; Number of Elements “n” = 4 elements
Solution:‘
𝑁 = 2𝑛 = 24 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 = 16 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
b. Determine the number of Proper Subsets.

Since there are always two improper subsets in any given set and the total number of
subsets is 16 in the given Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then, the remaining counts of Subsets are the
Proper Subsets. Thus, there are 14 Proper Subsets in the given Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
c. Determine the number of Improper Subsets.

There are always two (2) improper subsets in any given set.
d. Lists of Proper Subsets

{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4}, {1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {2,3,4}
e. Lists of Improper Subsets

∅ and {1,2,3,4}
Operations on Sets
1. Union of Sets
Union of two sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of two or more sets.
The union of two given sets C and D is a set which consists of all the elements of C and
all the elements of D such that no element is repeated. The symbol for denoting union
of sets is" ∪ ".
Example No. 1:
Set A = {2, 4, 5, 6} and Set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}

Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating any element, we get
a new set = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
This new set contains all the elements of set A and all the elements of set B with no
repetition of elements and is named as union of set A and B.
Therefore, symbolically, we write union of the two sets A and B is A ∪ B which means A
union B.
Therefore, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example No. 2:
Set C = {a, b, c, d} and Set D = {c, d, e, f}
Taking every element of both the sets C and D, without repeating any element, we get
a new set = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
This new set contains all the elements of set C and all the elements of set D with no
repetition of elements and is named as union of set C and D.
Therefore, symbolically, we write union of the two sets C and D is C ∪ D which means C
union D.
Therefore, C ∪ D = {x : x ∈ C or x ∈ D}
Example No. 3:
If A = {1, 3, 7, 5} and B = {3, 7, 8, 9}. Find union of two set A and B.
Solution:
A ∪ B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
No element is repeated in the union of two sets. The common elements 3, 7 are taken
only once.
Important Notes:
Some properties of the operation of union:
A∪B = B∪A Commutative law
A∪(B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C Associative law
A∪ϕ=A Law of identity element, is the identity of ∪
A∪A = A Idempotent law
U∪A = U Law of U, U is the universal set.
2. Intersection of Sets
Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the elements that are
common to both given sets.
The intersection of two sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements which are
common to both A and B.
The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is " ∩ ".
Example No. 1:
Set S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and Set T = {3, 5, 7, 9}
In these two sets, the elements 3 and 5 are common. The set containing these common
elements i.e., {3, 5} is the intersection of set S and T.
Therefore, symbolically, we write intersection of the two sets S and T is S ∩ T which means
S intersection T.
The intersection of two sets S and T is represented as:
S ∩ T = {x : x ∈ S and x ∈ T}
Example No. 2:
If A = {1,3,4,5,9} and B = {2,3,4,5,6}.

Find intersection of two set A and B.
Solution:
A ∩ B = {3,4,5}
Therefore, 3, 4 and 5 are the common elements contained in both sets.
Important Notes:
Some properties of the operation of intersection
A∩B = B∩A Commutative law
(A∩B)∩C = A∩ (B∩C) Associative law
ϕ∩A=ϕ Law of ϕ
U∩A = A Law of U
A∩A = A Idempotent law
A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C) Distributive law (here ∩ distributes over ∪)
A∪(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC) Distributive law (here ∪ distributes over ∩)
A∩ϕ=ϕ∩A=ϕ intersection of any set with the empty set is always the
empty set.
3. Difference of Sets
If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or B - A.
If A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}
A - B means elements of A which are not the elements of B.
i.e., in the above example A - B = {2, 3}
In general, B - A = {x : x ∈ B, and x ∉ A}
If A and B are disjoint sets, then A – B = A and B – A = B
Example No. 1:
Given: A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {6, 7, 9}.
Find the difference between the two sets:
a. A and B
b. B and A
Solution:
The two sets are disjoint as they do not have any elements in common.
a. A - B = {1, 2, 3} = A
b. B - A = {4, 5, 6} = B
Example No. 2:
Let M = {a, b, c, d, t, f} and N = {b, d, f, x}.
Find the difference between the two sets:
a. M and N
b. N and M
Solution:
a. M - N = {a, c, t}; Therefore, the elements a, c & t belong to M but not to N
b. N - M = {x); Therefore, the element g belongs to N but not M.
4. Compliment of Sets
In complement of a set, if U is the universal set and A is a subset of U, then the

complement of A is the set of all elements of U which are not elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A with respect to U as A’.
Example No. 1:
If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and Set A = {1, 3, 7}. find A'.
Solution:
We observe that 2, 4, 5 and 6 are the only elements of U which do not belong to A.
Therefore, A' = {2, 4, 5, 6}
Example No. 2:
If U = {a,b,c,d,e,f} and Set B = {a,d,e}. find B'.
Solution:
We observe that b, c and f are the only elements of U which do not belong to B.
Therefore, B' = {b,c,f}
Example No. 3:
If U = {v, w, x, y, z} and Set B = {w, x, y, z}. find B'.
Solution:
We observe that v is the only element of U which do not belong to B.
Therefore, B' = {v}
Important Notes:
The complement of a universal set is an empty set.
The complement of an empty set is a universal set.
The set and its complement are disjoint sets.
Venn Diagrams
Representations of sets represented by closed figures are called set diagrams or Venn
diagrams.
Venn diagrams are used to illustrate various operations like union, intersection and
difference.
A rectangle is used to represent a universal set.
Circles or ovals are used to represent other subsets of the universal set.
Venn diagrams in different situations
If a set B is a subset of set C, then the circle representing set A is drawn inside the circle
representing set B.
C
B
If set B and set C have some elements in common, then to represent them, draw two
circles which are overlapping.
B C
If set B and set C are disjoint, then they are represented by two non-intersecting circles
B C
Exercises
I. Encircle the letter corresponding to the correct answer.
1. What is wrong with the set listed below?

D = {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}
a. It is not written with roster notation.

b. A capital letter is used to represent this set.
c. The objects in this set are not unique.
d. None of the Above
2. Which of the following statements is true about the set listed below?
C = {x/x is a prime number less than 20}
a. 9 C
b. −2 ∈ 𝐶
c. 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑡
d. All of the above
3. Which of the following is a finite set?
a. Real Numbers
b. { x N : x ≥ 2 and x ≤ 6 }
c. {0,1,2,3,4,5,6, … }
d. {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5, … }
4. Which of the following sets is equal to the set given below?

{𝑛 ∈ 𝑍/−3 ≤ 𝑛 < 7}
a. 𝐷 = {… , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, … }
b. 𝐸 = {−2, −1, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
c. 𝐹 = {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
d. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
5. How many subsets of M are there?

M = {a, e, i, o, u}
a. 5
b. 16
c. 32
d. 64
𝑥 𝑥
6. If 𝑈 = { 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 20} and 𝑃 = { 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 20},
𝑥 𝑥
then which of the following sets overlaps with P, and is also a part of U?
a. Even numbers less than 20
b. Multiples of 4
c. Factors of 36
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following accurately explains the meaning of the set listed below?
{𝑦 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑦 ≤ −3}
a. The set of all y in R such that y is any number greater than or equal to -3.
b. The set of all y in R such that y is any number less than or equal to -3.
c. The set of all y in R such that y is any number less than -3.
d. None of the Above
8. Which of the following Statement is true?
Students In
U Mrs. Smith’s
Class
a. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ = 𝑈
b. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = ∅
𝑥
c. 𝐴′ = { 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑟𝑠. 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑡ℎ ′ 𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠}
𝑥
d. All of the above
9. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒?

a. A is a subset of U
b. B is a subset of U
c. Empty Set is a subset of Set A
d. All of the above
10. If A is a subset of B, then which of the following statement is true?

a. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵
b. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵
c. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐶
d. All of the above
11. Which of the following is true about set D listed below?

D = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
a. −7 ∈ 𝐷
b. −2 ∈ 𝐷
c. 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡
d. All of the above
12. Which of the following is an infinite set?

a. {𝑥 ∈ 𝑁: 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 6}
𝑥
b. 𝐴 = {𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}
c. 𝐵 =
{𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑎, 𝐴𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒}
d. Set of integers
13. How many subset are there in a given set A= {God, Is, Great, And, Powerful}?
a. 16 Subsets
b. 8 Subsets
c. 32 Subsets
d. 4 Subsets
14. A kind of Sets that is simply known as the totality of all elements in any given set.
a. Union of Sets
b. Intersection of Sets
c. Empty Set
d. Universal Set
15. Which of the following statement is not true about Sets?

a. All Equal Sets are Equivalent Sets but not all Equivalent Sets are Equal Sets
b. All Equal Sets are Joint Sets but not all Joint Sets are Equal Sets
c. Some Joint Sets are Equivalent Sets
d. All Equivalent Sets are Joint Sets
16. ). If U = {i, l, o, v, e, u} & A = {i, u}, Evaluate the compliment of Set A?

a. {i}
b. {u}
c. Null Set
d. {l, o, v, e}
17. If A = {types of triangles} and B = {types of trapezoids}, then which of the

following is the universal set?
a. Set of Polygons
b. Set of Hexagons
c. Set of Quadrilaterals
d. All of the above
18. Which of the following is represented by the shaded region in the Venn diagram
below?
a. The union of Set X and Set Y

b. The Intersection of Set X and Set Y
c. Compliment of Set X
d. All of the above
19. Which of the following is represented by the shaded region in the Venn diagram
below?
a. The union of Set X and Set Y

b. The Intersection of Set X and Set Y
c. Compliment of Set X
d. All of the above
20. Which of the following is not a subset of P?

P = {c, l, e, a, r}
a. Q = {e, a, r}
b. R = {r, e, a, l}
c. S = {l, e, a, r, n}
d. T = {c, a, r, e}
II. Perform the indicated operations on sets.

Given:
𝑼 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒈, 𝒉, 𝒊, 𝒋, 𝒌} 𝑨 = {𝒂, 𝒆, 𝒊, 𝒋, 𝒌} 𝑩 = {𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒈, 𝒉} 𝑪 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒇, 𝒉, 𝒊}
1. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ____________________________________________________
2. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) − 𝐶 ____________________________________________________
3. (𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝐶 ____________________________________________________
4. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) ∩ (𝐵 − 𝐴) ____________________________________________________
5. A’ __________________________________________________
6. A’ – B’ __________________________________________________
7. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) ____________________________________________________
8. 𝐴′ − (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) ____________________________________________________
9. B’ __________________________________________________
10. C – A __________________________________________________
Given:
𝑼 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}
𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟖}
𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}
𝑪 = {𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}
11. A∩B ____________________________________________________
12. (A∪B)-C ____________________________________________________
13. (A-B)-C ____________________________________________________
14. (A∪C)∩(B-A) ____________________________________________________
15. A’ ____________________________________________________
16. A’ – B’ ____________________________________________________
17. A∩(B∪C) ____________________________________________________

18. A'- (B∩C) ____________________________________________________
19. B’ ____________________________________________________
20. C – A ____________________________________________________
III. List all the proper and improper subsets of the given set listed below.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐴 = {3, 6, 8, 15}
Proper Subsets:
1. 2.
Improper Subsets:
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13. 14.
Chapter 03:
SEQUENCE
Objectives:

 Develop patience when dealing with sequence calculations
 Calculate the nth term in the Fibonacci Series
 Determine the arithmetic sum of progressions
 Find the sum of geometric sequence
 Solve worded problems skilfully
Fibonacci sequence
The Fibonacci sequence is, by definition, the integer sequence in which
every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding numbers. To simplify: 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377 …
Fibonacci numbers are named after Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, later
known as Fibonacci. Fibonacci numbers are strongly related to the golden ratio. A
simple example in which it is possible to find the Fibonacci sequence in nature is given
by the number of petals of flowers wherein most have three like lilies and irises, five for
rose hips or eight for cosmea.
Where:
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑥2 = 1, 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑥3 = 2
1 13 + 21 = 34
1+1=2 21 + 34 = 55
1+2=3 34 + 55 = 89
2+3=5 55 + 89 = 144
3+5=8 89 + 144 = 233
5 + 8 = 13 144 + 233 = 377
8 + 13 = 21 233 + 377 = 610
Example No. 1:
What is the 7th term of the Fibonacci sequence?
Solution:
7th Term = 𝑥7
𝑥7 = 𝑥5 + 𝑥6
𝑥7 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑥7 = 𝑥3 + 2(𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) + 𝑥5 = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥5
𝑥7 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥2 + 2(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4
𝑥7 = 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
𝑥7 = 4𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 5𝑥1 + 8𝑥2
But, 𝑥1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 1
Then, 𝑥7 = 5(1) + 8(1) = 13
Thus, 𝟕𝒕𝒉 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝒙𝟕 ) = 𝟏𝟑
Example No. 2:
What is the Tenth Term of the Fibonacci sequence?
Solution:
10𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 (𝑥10 ) = 𝑥8 + 𝑥9 = 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 = 𝑥6 + 2𝑥7 + 𝑥8
𝑥10 = 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 2(𝑥5 + 𝑥6 ) + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 = 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 2𝑥5 + 2𝑥6 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7
𝑥10 = 𝑥4 + 3𝑥5 + 3𝑥6 + 𝑥7 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 3(𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ) + 3(𝑥4 + 𝑥5 ) + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6
𝑥10 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 3𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 + 3𝑥4 + 3𝑥5 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 + 6𝑥4 + 4𝑥5 + 𝑥6
𝑥10 = 𝑥2 + 4(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 6(𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) + 4(𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ) + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑥10 = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 + 4𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑥10 = 11𝑥2 + 4𝑥1 + 10𝑥3 + 5𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 4𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 + 10(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 5(𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ) + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4
𝑥10 = 4𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 + 10𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 + 5𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
𝑥10 = 15𝑥1 + 28𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 = 15𝑥1 + 29𝑥2 + 6𝑥3
𝑥10 = 15𝑥1 + 28𝑥2 + 6(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑥10 = 15𝑥1 + 28𝑥2 + 6𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 21𝑥1 + 35𝑥 2
But, 𝑥1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 1
Then, 𝑥10 = 21(1) + 34(1) = 55
Thus, 𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒉 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝒙𝟏𝟎) = 𝟓𝟓
Example No. 3:
What is the 4th term of the Fibonacci sequence?
Solution:
4th Term = 𝑥4
𝑥4 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
𝑥4 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 = 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2
But, 𝑥1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 1
Then, 𝑥4 = 2(1) + 1(1) = 3
Thus, 𝟒𝒕𝒉 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝒙𝟒 ) = 𝟏𝟑

Exercise
I. Determine the nth - term of the Fibonacci sequence in each of the following.
1. What is the 8th term of the Fibonacci sequence?
5. What is the 3rd term of the Fibonacci sequence?
6. Find the 11th term of the Fibonacci sequence.

Arithmetic Progression
An arithmetic progression (AP), also called an arithmetic sequence, is a sequence of

numbers which differ from each other by a common difference.
Examples:
 The sequence: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10… having a common difference of 2

 The sequence: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22… having a common difference of 3
 The sequence: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35… having a common difference of 5
The Arithmetic Sum
The formula says that the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is equal to n
divided by 2 times the sum of twice the beginning term, a, and the product of d, the
common difference, and n minus 1. The n stands for the number of terms we are
adding together.
Arithmetic Progression Formulas:
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
𝒏
𝒔𝒏 = [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 ]
𝟐 𝟏
The formula for the nth – term an of an arithmetic sequence with a common difference
d and a first term a1 is given by
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
Where:
n: number of terms
d: common Difference or difference of any consecutive terms
𝑆𝑛 : Sum of Arithmetic Progression at nth – term
𝑎𝑛 : nth – term
𝑎1 : first term
Important Notes:
Inventor and Proponent of Arithmetic Progression: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss


Arithmetic sequences are used throughout mathematics and applied to

engineering, sciences, computer science, biology and finance problems.
Example no. 1:
An arithmetic sequence has a common difference equal to 10 and its 6 th term is equal
to 52. Find its 15th term.
Given:
d = 10 6𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚: 𝑎6 = 52 15𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚: 𝑎15 =?

Solution:
Solving for the first term 𝒂𝟏 of the sequence:
Substitute then following values: 𝑎6 = 52, 𝑛=6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 10 to the formula:
𝒂𝟔 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
52 = 𝑎1 + (6 − 1)(10)
52 = 𝑎1 + 5(10)
52 = 𝑎1 + 50
𝑎1 = 52 − 50 = 2
Thus, the value of the first Term 𝑎1 = 2
Solving for the 15th term 𝒂𝟏𝟓 of the sequence:
Substitute the following values: 𝑎1 = 2, 𝑑 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 15 to the formula:
𝑎15 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎15 = 2 + (15 − 1)10
𝑎15 = 2 + 14(10)
𝑎15 = 2 + 140
𝑎15 = 142
Thus, the value of the 15th Term 𝒂𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐
Example no. 2:
An arithmetic sequence has its 5 th term equal to 22 and its 15th term equal to 62. Find its
100th term.
Given:
5𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎5 = 22 15𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎15 = 62 100𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎100 =?
Solving for the value of d:
𝑎5 = 𝑎1 + (5 − 1)𝑑
22 = 𝑎1 + 4𝑑
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝒅 Equation 1
𝑎15 = 𝑎1 + (15 − 1)𝑑
62 = 𝑎1 + 14𝑑
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒅 Equation 2
Equating equation 1 and equation 2:
𝑎1 = 𝑎1
22 − 4𝑑 = 62 − 14𝑑
−4𝑑 + 14𝑑 = 62 − 22
10𝑑 = 40
𝒅=𝟒 The value of the common difference
Solving for𝒂𝟏:
Using Equation 1
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟒) = 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟔
Solving for the value of the 100th Term 𝒂𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑎100 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎100 = 6 + (100 − 1)4 = 6 + 99(4) = 402
Thus, 100th Term 𝒂𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐
Example no. 3:
Find the sum of all the integers from 1 to 1000.
Given:
𝑛 = 1000 1𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚: 𝑎1 = 1 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑎1000 = 1000
Solution:
Solving for the Arithmetic Sum Sn:

𝑛
𝑆1000 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎1000 )
2
1000
𝑆1000 = (1 + 1000) = 500500
2
Thus, 𝑺𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎
Example no. 4:
Find the sum of the first 50 even positive integers.
Given:
𝑛 = 50 1𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚: 𝑎1 = 2 𝑑=2
Solution:
Solving for the Arithmetic Sum Sn:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
50
𝑆50 = [2(2) + (50 − 1)2] = 25[4 + 49(2)] = 25[4 + 98]
2
𝑆50 = 25(102) = 2550
Thus, Arithmetic Sum S50 = 2550

Exercises
I. Solve the following arithmetic progression problems
1. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is equal to 200 and the common
difference is equal to – 10. Find the value of the 20th term.
2. Find the sum of all the integers from 1 to 2000.
3. Find the sum of the first 100 even positive integers.
4. Find the sum of all positive integers, from 5 to 1555 inclusively that are divisible by
5.
5. The sum of five consecutive numbers is 100. Find the first number.
6. A car travels 300 m the first minute, 420 m the next minute, 540 m the third
minute, and so on in an arithmetic sequence. What’s the total distance the car
travels in 5 minutes?
7. Find the sum of the arithmetic sequence 12, 6, 0, -6…, -102.
8. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 4 and the tenth term is 67. What is the
common difference?
9. What is the thirty-second term of the arithmetic sequence -12, -7, -2, 3...?
10. What is the fiftieth term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11, 15...?
11. What is the twentieth term of the arithmetic sequence 21, 18, 15, 12...?
12. What is the sum of the first sixteen terms of the arithmetic sequence: 1, 5, 9, 13...?
13. What is the sum of the first thirty terms of the arithmetic sequence: 50, 45, 40,
35...?
14. What is the sum of the eleventh to twentieth terms (inclusive)of the arithmetic
sequence: 7, 12, 17, 22...?
15. Find the sum of all the integers from 1 to 200.

Geometric Progression
A Geometric Progression or simply known as a Geometric Sequence, is a series of

numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a
fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio.
Examples:
 The sequence: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32… having a common ratio of 2

 The sequence: 3, 9, 27, 81, 243… having a common ratio of 3.
 The sequence 1, 5, 25, 125, 625… having a common ratio of 5.
 The sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000… having a common ratio of 10.
 The sequence of 1, 4, 16, 64, 256… having a common ratio of 4
Geometric Sequence Formulas:
A Geometric Series with common ratio r and 1st term a1:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
And the sum to nth – terms:
𝒂𝟏 [𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏]
𝑺𝒏 =
𝒓−𝟏
Where:
a1: 1st term of the geometric sequence

r: common Ratio
n: number of Terms in the sequence
an: nth – term or last term of the geometric sequence (general term)
Example no. 1:
The first term of a GP is 64 and the 5th term is 4. If the sum of all the terms is 128, what is
the common ratio?
Given:
1𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎1 = 64 5𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎5 = 4 𝑆𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑆5 = 128
Solution:
Solving for common ratio r:
𝑛−1 5−1
4 1 1 4
𝑎5 = 𝑎1 𝑟 ; 4 = 64𝑟 ; = 𝑟4 ; 4
𝑟 = ; 4
𝑟 =( )
64 16 2
𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒓 =
𝟐
Example no. 2:
Find the sum of the first 6 terms of a geometric sequence in which a1 = 5 and r = –2.
Given:
𝑛=6 𝑟 = −2 𝑎1 = 5
Solution:
Solving for the Geometric Sum Sn:
𝑎1 [𝑟 𝑛 − 1]
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
5[(−2)6 − 1] 5[(−2)6 − 1] 5(64 − 1) 5(63)
𝑆6 = = = =
−2 − 1 −3 −3 −3
𝑆6 = 5(−21) = −105
Thus, Geometric Sum S6 = – 105
Example no. 3:
Find the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence in which a 1= 2, a n = 486 and r = 3.
Given:
𝑎1 = 2 𝑟=3 𝑎𝑛 = 486
Solution:
Solving for n:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
486 = (2)(3)𝑛−1
486
2
= 3𝑛−1 ; 243 = 3𝑛−1 Take the logarithms of both sides
𝑙𝑜𝑔243 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑛−1
𝑙𝑜𝑔243 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔3
𝑙𝑜𝑔243 + 1𝑙𝑜𝑔3
𝑙𝑜𝑔243 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔3 − 1𝑙𝑜𝑔3; 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔243 + 1𝑙𝑜𝑔3; 𝑛= =6
𝑙𝑜𝑔3
Solving for the Geometric Sum:
𝑎1 [𝑟 𝑛 − 1] 2[36 − 1] 2(729 − 1)
𝑆6 = = = = 728
𝑟−1 3−1 2
Thus, Geometric Sum S6 = 728

Exercises
I. Solve the following geometric progression problems
1. The 1st term of a geometric sequence is 3 and the eighth term is 384. Find the
common ratio, the sum and the product of the first 8 terms.
2. Compute the sum of the first 5 terms of the sequence: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48…
3. The second term of a geometric sequence is 6, and the fifth term is 48.
Determine the sequence.
4. Find the 10th term of a geometric sequence if a1 = 45 and the common ration r =
0.2.
5. Find the 20th term of a geometric sequence if the first few terms of the sequence
are given by -1/2, 1/4, -1/8, 1 / 16...
6. A virus reproduces by dividing into two, and after a certain growth period, it
divides into two again. As the virus continues to reproduce, it will continue to
divide in two. How many viruses will be in a system starting with single virus AFTER
10 divisions?
a. Is the sequence arithmetic or geometric? Explain your answer.
b. Write out the sequence using blanks where appropriate. Fill in the first three
terms.
c. Write an explicit formula for the sequence.
d. How many viruses will be in a system starting with single virus AFTER 10
divisions? e. Write your final answer as a sentence.
7. A new website got 4000 page views on the first day. During the next 4 days, the
number of page views increased by 30% per day. What’s the total amount of
page views in the first 5 days? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
8. Find the 15th term of a geometric sequence if a1 = 45 and the common ration r =
0.2.
9. Compute the sum of the first 8 terms of the sequence: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48…
10. In 2013, the number of students in a small school is 284. It is estimated that the
student population will increase by 4% each year.
a. Write a formula for the student population.
b. Estimate the student population in 2020.
Chapter 04
LANGUAGE OF ALGEBRA
Objectives:
 Know the basic definition of terms of underlying the concept of polynomials

 Evaluate a polynomial for given values of each variable.
 State the laws of positive integer exponents.
 Simplify polynomials by collecting like terms.
 Add polynomials with more than one variable.
 Subtract polynomials with more than one variable.
 Multiply polynomials with more than one variable.
 Divide polynomials with more than one variable.
 Perform Synthetic Division
 Know and understand the different types of special products
 Perform special products
 Enumerate the different types of factoring
 Skilfully perform the different types of factoring
POLYNOMIALS
Algebraic Expressions are known as Mathematical Expressions and these expressions

use two types of quantities: Constants and Variables.
A Constant is a symbol whose value does not change

1 7
Examples: √5, 3, 2.75, − 3, 0.215, , ,…
4 3
A Variable is a symbol that takes on different values.
Examples: a, b, c, d, e, x, y, z
An Algebraic expression is the result of associating constants and variables by addition,

subtraction, division, multiplication, roots and powers.
𝑦
Examples: 2𝑥, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦, 2
, (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 , − 4𝑥 + 7 + 5𝑦
In the expression 5xy, each of the factors, 5, x and y can be considered as coefficient
of the other, where 5 is called the numerical coefficient of xy and xy is the literal
coefficient of 5.
The expression consisting of a product of constants and variables including the (+) or ( -
) sign preceding it is called an algebraic term or simply a term.
Algebraic Expression Number of Terms

Terms
2x 1 2x
2𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 2 2
2𝑥𝑦 , 3𝑦
3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 3 3𝑥 2 𝑦, 4𝑥, 𝑦
Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions
An Algebraic Expression can be evaluated by substituting the values of variable

involved and then performing the operations.
Examples
Evaluate each of the following algebraic expressions for a = – 1, b = 2, x = – 2 and y = 3
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏
1. Evaluate 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝒚𝟐
Substitute the values of a, b, x and y
(−2)3 + (−2)2 − (−2) + 1 −8 + 4 + 2 + 1 −1 1
= = =
(−1)(−2)2 + (−1)(3)2 −4 − 9 −13 13
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, =
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒚𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝒂𝟑+𝒃𝟑
2. Find the value of 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
Substitute the values of a, b, x and y
(−1)3 + (2)3 −1 + 8 7
2 2
= =−
(−2) − (3) 4−9 5
𝒂𝟑 +𝒃𝟑 𝟕
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
= −𝟓
3. Evaluate: (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

Substitute the values of, a, b, x and y
[(−2) − 3]2 − 3(−2)2 (3)2 = 25 − 108 = −83
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟖𝟑
Integer and Zero Exponents
Exponential Expressions:
If b is any real number and n is a natural number, then:
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏. 𝑏. 𝑏 … 𝑏. 𝑏. 𝑏 (b as a factor n times)
Where:
b as the base and n as the exponent
Examples:
2 5 2 2 2 2 2 32
( ) = ( )( )( )( )( ) =
3 3 3 3 3 3 243
−34 = −(3)(3)(3)(3) = −81
(−3)4 = (−3)(−3)(−3)(−3) = 81
Pay close attention to the difference between −34 (the base is 3) and (−3)4 (the base is
– 3).
Evaluate the following:
1. (−34 )(−4)2
(−34 )(−4)2 = −(3)(3)(3)(3)(−4)(−4) = −81(16) = −𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔
−44
2. (−4)4
4
−4 −(4)(4)(4)(4) −64
= = =𝟏
(−4)4 (−4)(−4)(−4)(−4) 64
3. (−24 )(−3)2
(−24 )(−3)2 = −(2)(2)(2)(2)(−3)(−3) = −16(9) = −𝟏𝟒𝟒
4. −𝜋 0
−𝜋 0 = −(𝜋 0 ) = −𝟏
Definition of 𝒃𝟎
For any non-zero real number b, 𝑏0 = 1
Examples:
0
3 0
3 =1 ( ) =1 − 70 = −1 (𝑎2 + 1)0 = 1
4
Definition of 𝒃−𝒏
1 1
If b is not equal to zero and n is a natural number, then 𝑏 −𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 and 𝑏−𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛
Examples:
1 1 1 5−2 7 7 7
3−2 = = = 43 = 4(4)(4) = 64 = = =
32 9 4 −3 7−1 52 5(5) 25
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Law No. 1: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎 … 𝑎 n = factors

Law No. 2: 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 Product of Power
𝑎𝑚
Law No. 3: 𝑎𝑛
=1 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 Quotient of Power
𝑚
𝑎
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 𝑛
𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑚 1
𝑛
= 𝑛−𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 < 𝑛
𝑎 𝑎
Law No. 4: (𝑎 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 Power of Power
Law No. 5: (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 Power of Product
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
Law No. 6: ( ) = 𝑛 ; b is not equal to 0
𝑏 𝑏
Power of Quotient
Examples:
1. 𝑎4 . 𝑎. 𝑎3 = 𝑎4+1+3 = 𝑎8
2. (𝑥 4 𝑦 3 )(𝑥𝑦 5 𝑧 2 ) = 𝑥 4+1 𝑦 3+5 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 5 𝑦 8 𝑧 2
3. (𝑢𝑣 3 )5 = 𝑢5 𝑣15
3
2𝑋 5 2(2)(2)𝑋 15 8𝑋 15
4. ( 5𝑌 4 ) = 5(5)(5)𝑌 12 = 125𝑌 12
𝑎 7𝑏 𝑎5
5. = 𝑎7−2 𝑏1−5 = 𝑎5 𝑏−4 =
𝑎 2𝑏 5 𝑏4
6. (5𝑎𝑏𝑐)(6𝑎𝑐𝑑) = 30𝑎 𝑏𝑐 𝑑 2 2
3𝑥 5
7. 3𝑥 −2 𝑥 5 = 𝑥2
= 3𝑥 3
8. (−2𝑎𝑏𝑐)(3𝑎𝑏𝑐)(𝑎𝑏𝑐) = −6𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
Exercises
I. Write the following exponential expressions in simplest form.
36𝑎𝑏 7 𝑐
1.
−6𝑎𝑏𝑐
2. (−3𝑥𝑦𝑧 5 )(−8𝑥 6 𝑦 −3 𝑧 −2 )
3. (−2𝑎𝑏4 )(−3𝑎3 𝑏5 )(−5𝑎𝑏−1 𝑐)
3𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
4. [36𝑎𝑏𝑐 3]
5. 3𝑥 −1 𝑦 −2
6. (−6𝑥 4 𝑦 −2 )(−3𝑥 −1 𝑦 5 )
−48𝑎 2 𝑏 10
7. −32𝑎 3𝑏 5
3
𝑥 −2𝑦 −3
8. [𝑥 −6𝑦−8 ]
−1
𝑥 −3𝑦 −4
9. (𝑥 −3𝑦−4 )
10. (−3𝑥 −2 𝑦 3 )2 (2𝑥𝑦𝑧)2
11. (−3𝑥𝑦𝑧)(−2𝑥𝑧)(−5𝑥𝑦)(2𝑧)
12. (𝑥 + 2𝑦)0 + 2
13. (2𝑥)3 (−3𝑥𝑦)2
−2
−2𝑥 −3𝑦
14. [−3𝑥 −3𝑦 −2 ]
15. (−20𝑎𝑏𝑐)(−2𝑎𝑏𝑐)(5𝑎𝑏𝑐)(3𝑎𝑏𝑐)(10𝑎𝑏𝑐)
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
An algebraic expression may be classified as:
 Polynomial
 Rational Expression
 Irrational Expression
A Polynomial is an algebraic expression of one or more terms each of which is a
product of constants and variables, where each variable is raised to a positive integral
exponent including zero.
The following are examples of Polynomials:
2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5
𝑥3 + 𝑦 3
𝑥 8 − 6𝑥 4 + 9
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦
5xyz
Polynomials may be classified according to degree, number of terms present, or

according to the nature of numerical coefficient.
When polynomials are classified according to the number of terms it has, the
polynomial may be describe as:
 Monomial – a polynomial of one term

 Binomial – a polynomial of two terms
 Trinomial – a polynomial of three terms
 Multinomial or simply a polynomial – a polynomial of four or more terms
Examples:
Polynomial Number of Terms Name of Function

3𝑥𝑦 One Monomial
2𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑧 Two Binomial
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 Three Trinomial
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 + 𝑑 − 6𝑒 Five Multinomial or Polynomial
𝑥3 + 8 Two Binomial
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 15
3
Four Multinomial or Polynomial
83156abc One Monomial
2𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑐𝑑 − 5𝑓𝑔 Three Trinomial
−4𝑎 3 𝑏6 𝑐 8 𝑑15 One Monomial
𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 Two Binomial
The Degree of Monomial is the sum of exponents of its literal coefficients.
The Degree of Polynomial is the highest degree of its monomial terms.
Polynomials are classified according to degree such as:
 Zero Degree
 1st Degree or Linear
 2nd Degree or Quadratic
 3rd Degree or Cubic
 4th Degree or Quartic
 Nth Degree, for any n a positive integer
Examples:
Polynomial Degree Name of Function

2𝑥 + 1 1st Linear
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 2nd Quadratic
15 0 Zero Degree or Constant
3𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 + 5 3rd Cubic
5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 4th Quartic
Polynomials can also be classified according to the nature of its numerical coefficient
as being integral, rational or irrational.
Type Description
Integral Has integers as numerical coefficients of all of the terms
Rational When some of the numerical coefficients are expressed as a ratio of two
integers or as a fraction or as decimal numbers
Irrational When some of the coefficients of the terms are irrational
Examples:
Polynomial Nature of Numerical Name of

Coefficient Function
2𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 All Integers Integral
−𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 All Integers Integral
𝜋𝑥 − 1 One is Irrational Irrational
√3𝑦 3 + 𝑦 5 + 2 One is Irrational Irrational
1 2 3 Two are Ratio of Two Rational
𝑥 + 𝑥+8
2 4 Integers
4x + 6 All Integers Integral
Exercises
I. Complete the table below by classifying each of the given polynomials

according to the stated parameters.
Nature of
Polynomials Number of Degree Numerical
Terms Coefficients
−𝟖 + 𝟐𝒙
𝒙𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔
𝟏 𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝟑) + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟕 + 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓
√𝟐𝒙 − 𝝅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒂𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟑 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝒄𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐𝒄 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟓 − 𝟐𝒎𝒏𝟒 + 𝟑𝒎𝒏 − 𝟓𝒎𝟑 𝒏 + 𝟏𝟓𝒏 − 𝟖
𝟑
𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝟕
𝟒
𝟏 𝟐
𝒂𝒃𝒄 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝟗
𝟑 𝟑
STANDARD FORM OF POLYNOMIALS
Definition of the Standard form of Polynomial
The standard form of a polynomial of degree n in the variable x is:
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
Where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and n is a nonnegative integer
The coefficient 𝑎𝑛 is the leading coefficient, and 𝑎0 is the constant term
A polynomial is in standard form when the terms are written in decreasing powers of the
variable.
Examples:
Polynomial Standard Form Leading

Coefficient
6𝑏 − 7 + 2𝑏3 2𝑏3 + 6𝑏 − 7 2
4𝑧 3 − 2𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 − 9 −2𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 − 9 −2
𝑦 − 3𝑦 3 + 1 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
5
𝑦 − 3𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1
5
1
Rational Expression is an algebraic expression involving a ratio of two polynomials.
Examples:
3 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥3 − 1
𝑥+2 2 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 4
An Irrational Expression is an algebraic expression that involves variables raised to

fractional exponents.
Examples:
1 1 4
√2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 √(𝑥 − 𝑦)3
3
√2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑧 √𝑥 + 3√𝑦 5 + √𝑦
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
Like Real Numbers, Operations of algebraic expressions particularly with polynomials

can also be performed. First, it can be done by the removal of grouping symbols, and
then addition and subtraction.
In simplifying polynomials involving grouping symbols, it must always start by simply

removing each grouping symbol systematically. The commonly used grouping symbols
are braces, brackets and parenthesis.
Rules in Simplifying Polynomials involving grouping symbols:
1. Remove the grouping symbols by applying the distributive property of

multiplication over addition.
2. Remove the innermost symbols first and work from the inside out.
3. Collect similar terms as they appear.
4. Arrange the resulting polynomial in alphabetical and descending order of one
variable.
Example No. 1:
Simplify the given expression: −𝟑{𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 } − 𝟐{𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚}
Solution:
−3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
−𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 − 20𝑦 2
Example No 2:
Simplify the given expression: −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟗) − 𝟒[𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐(𝟔 + 𝒙) − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐]
Solution:
−2𝑥 + 9 − 4[3𝑥 − 12 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2]
−2𝑥 + 9 − 12𝑥 + 48 + 8𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 8
14𝑥 + 49
Example No. 3:
Simplify the given expression: 𝟑{𝒙 − 𝟐[𝒙 + 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟐𝒙] + 𝟒[𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐(𝟐 − 𝒙)]}
Solution:
3{𝑥 − 2[𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥] + 4[3𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥]}
3{𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 6 + 4𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 16 − 8𝑥}
3𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 18 + 12𝑥 + 36𝑥 + 48 − 24𝑥
3𝑥 + 66
To add or subtract polynomials, arrange similar terms in column and find the sum or
difference in each column.
Examples:
Add the polynomials in each of the following:
1. 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝟐 + 𝟗𝒎𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖𝒎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒎𝒏 − 𝟏𝟐𝒏𝟐

Solution:
15𝑚 2 + 9𝑚𝑛 − 22𝑛2
8𝑚 2 − 17𝑚𝑛 − 12𝑛2
𝟐𝟑𝒎𝟐 − 𝟖𝒎𝒏 − 𝟑𝟒𝒏𝟐

2. 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐
Solution:
7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
−15𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 18
−𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒
3. 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝟕𝒂 + 𝟖𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟒𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄
Solution:
2𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 3𝑐
7𝑎 + 8𝑏 − 2𝑐
14𝑎 − 2𝑏 − 5𝑐
23𝑎 + 10𝑏 − 4𝑐
4. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 , 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐
Solution:
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2
−2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐
Exercises
I. Simplify the following expressions
1. −𝟑{𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 } − 𝟐{𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝒚} + 𝟐𝒙𝒚
2. 𝟑{𝒙 − 𝟐[𝒙 + 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟐𝒙] + 𝟒[𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐(𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝒙)] − 𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖(𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙)}
3. −𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟗) − 𝟒[𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐(𝟔 + 𝒙) − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐] + 𝟓{𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑(−𝒙 − 𝟓) − 𝟑}
4. −𝟑{𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟕𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 } − 𝟐{𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚}
5. −𝟒{𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐 } − 𝟓{𝟕𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚}
II. Add the polynomials in each of the following
1. 15𝑥 2 + 20𝑥𝑦 − 23𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
2. 71𝑦 2 + 16 − 45𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15 − 13𝑦 − 14𝑦 2
3. 21𝑐 + 5𝑑 + 35𝑒, 15𝑐 + 8𝑑 − 21𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 24𝑐 − 25𝑑 − 50𝑒
4. 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 4𝑐 + 5, − 12𝑎2 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 9, 15𝑎2 𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑐 − 15
5. 19𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 41𝑦 2 , 25𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 14𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2
6. 5𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 + 18𝑑, 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 5𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 50𝑎 + 25𝑏 − 8𝑐 + 19𝑑
7. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 + 3, 5 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 20 + 10𝑦 2
8. 27𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 40𝑦 2 , 52𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 110𝑦 2
9. 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 29, 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 15, 15𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 32, 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 15
10. 2𝑣 + 3𝑤 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 10𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 15𝑣 − 8𝑤 + 10𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 5𝑧
III. Subtract the first polynomial from the second polynomial in each of the
following
1. 15𝑥 2 + 20𝑥𝑦 − 23𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
2. 2𝑣 + 3𝑤 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 10𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 15𝑣 − 8𝑤 + 10𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 5𝑧
3. 71𝑦 2 + 16 − 45𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15 − 13𝑦 − 14𝑦 2
4. 21𝑐 + 5𝑑 + 35𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 24𝑐 − 25𝑑 − 50𝑒
5. 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 4𝑐 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑐 − 15

6. 25𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 14𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2
7. 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 5𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 50𝑎 + 25𝑏 − 8𝑐 + 19𝑑
8. 52𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 110𝑦 2
9. 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 15
10. 5 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 20 + 10𝑦 2
11. −5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2
12. 𝑎2 𝑏 + 4𝑐 + 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 15
13. 71𝑦 2 + 16 + 45𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 25 − 13𝑦 − 14𝑦 2
14. −5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 14𝑥 2 + 19𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2
15. 𝑒 + 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 5𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 50𝑎 + 25𝑏 − 8𝑐 + 19𝑑 − 15𝑒

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
The distributive property is used to multiply polynomials. Arrange the terms of both
polynomials in descending powers of one variable, and then multiply each term of one
polynomial by all terms of the other polynomial. Combine similar terms and express the
resulting expression in alphabetical and descending order in one variable.
Another way of multiplying polynomial arranged in descending power is to use an

array. The coefficients of the first polynomial are written from left to right as the
headings of the columns and the coefficients of the second polynomial are written
from top to bottom as the heading of the row. Next fill in the intersections of the row
and column with the products of the column headings and row headings. Add
diagonally these products. The sum will be the coefficients of the product.
Examples:
Find the product in each of the following:
1. (𝟕𝒎𝟑𝒏𝟐 )(𝟑𝒎𝟓 𝒏𝟕 )
Solution:
7(3)𝑚 3+5 𝑛2+7
𝟐𝟏𝒎𝟖 𝒏𝟗
2. −𝟓𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 (𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝟐𝒂𝟒𝒃𝟑 )
Solution:
−5𝑎4 𝑏2 (3𝑎2 ) − 5𝑎4 𝑏2 (−2𝑏3 ) − 5𝑎4 𝑏2 (2𝑎 4 𝑏3 )
−𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟔𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟖 𝒃𝟓
3. (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚)
Solution:
2𝑥 (3𝑥) + 2𝑥 (−10𝑦) + 5𝑦(3𝑥) + 5𝑦(−10𝑦)
6𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑥𝑦 − 50𝑦 2
𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝟎𝒚𝟐
4. (𝟐𝒂𝟒 + 𝟓𝒃𝟒 )(𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟓𝒃𝟐 )
Solution:
𝟖𝒂𝟔 − 𝟒𝒂𝟓 𝒃 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒃𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟔
5. (𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )
Solution:
5𝑥 3 (4𝑥 2 ) + 5𝑥 3 (3𝑥𝑦) + 5𝑥 3 (−3𝑦 2 ) − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (4𝑥 2 ) − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (3𝑥𝑦) − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (−3𝑦 2 )
𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟑𝒚𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒
6. (𝟒𝒂𝒃 − 𝟐𝒃𝟐 )(𝟑𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑𝒃𝟐 )
Solution:
4𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏2
𝑥 3𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏2
12𝑎 2 𝑏2 − 6𝑎𝑏3
12𝑎𝑏3 − 6𝑏4
𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂𝒃𝟑 − 𝟔𝒃𝟒
7. (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
Solution:
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝒙 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2
𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2
2 2
𝑜𝑟
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒄 + 𝟐𝒃𝒄
8. (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚)
Solution:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 5𝑥 + 4𝑦
10𝑥 2 + 15𝑥𝑦
+ 8𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐
Exercises
I. Find the product in each of the following
1. (15𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )(−3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )
2. (2𝑥 − 15𝑦)(3𝑥 − 12𝑦)
3. (4𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑏2 )(3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 13𝑏2 )
4. (12𝑎 4 + 5𝑏4 )(4𝑎 2 + 12𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏2 )
5. −15𝑎 3 𝑏2 (13𝑎2 − 21𝑎𝑏3 + 2𝑎 4 𝑏3 )
6. (10𝑎 − 3𝑏)(100𝑎 2 + 30𝑎𝑏 + 9𝑏2 )
7. (2𝑑 + 𝑚 )(4𝑑2 − 2𝑑𝑚 + 𝑚 2 )
8. (2𝑏𝑘 + 4𝑐 + 5𝑑5𝑟 )(2𝑏𝑘 + 4𝑐 + 5𝑑5𝑟 )
9. (2𝑘 + 15𝑝)(2𝑘 − 15𝑝)
10. (315𝑘 + 8)(315𝑘 − 8)
11. (4𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏2 )(3𝑎2 + 10𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏2 )
12. (3𝑥 + 8𝑦)(9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 64𝑦 2 )
13. (5 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 ) ( 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 20 + 10𝑦 2 )
14. (4𝑥 − 15𝑦)(3𝑥 − 12𝑦)(𝑥 + 5𝑦)
15. (5 − 2𝑥)(25 + 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the

monomial by applying the rules for signed numbers and applying the laws of exponent.
To divide polynomial by another polynomial, arrange each polynomial in alphabetical

and descending order of one variable and use the long division process.
Another way of dividing a polynomial P(x) by a monomial of the form ax – r is through

the use of synthetic division which is very useful when dividing polynomial of more than
second degree.
Synthetic Division can also be use when dividing a polynomial by another polynomial
other than binomial. It is called as an Extended Synthetic Division.
Types of Quotient
a. Exact Quotient
b. Quotient + (Remainder/Divisor)
Examples:
I. Find the quotient, where𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵. Assume none of the divisor is zero.
1. 𝟔𝒆𝒎 ÷ (𝟑𝒆𝒎 )
Solution:
6𝑒 𝑚
3𝑒 𝑚
𝟐
2. (𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝒏 ) ÷ (−𝟕 ∗ 𝟐𝒏 )
Solution:
5 ∗ 22𝑛 5 5
𝑛
= − (22𝑛−𝑛 ) = − (2𝑛 )
−72 7 7
𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝒏
−
𝟕
𝟏𝟒𝒚𝟑+𝟕𝒚𝟐
3. 𝟕𝒚
Solution:
14𝑦 3 + 7𝑦 2 14𝑦 3 7𝑦 2
= +
7𝑦 7𝑦 7𝑦
2𝑦 3−1 + 1𝑦 2−1
𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚
II. Perform the indicated operations using long division. Assume none of the
divisor is zero.
1. (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏) ÷ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3√12𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 21
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕 Exact Quotient
2𝑥 − 3√ 12𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 21
−12𝑥 2 + 18𝑥
−14𝑥 + 21
14𝑥 − 21
0
Thus, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑√𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏= 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕
2. (𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) ÷ (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)
Solution:
6𝑥 + 5𝑦√24𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 15𝑦 2
4𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 Exact Quotient
6𝑥 + 5𝑦√24𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 − 15𝑦 2
2
−24𝑥 − 20𝑥𝑦
−18𝑥𝑦 − 15𝑦 2
18𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦 2
0
Thus, (𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) ÷ (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚
3. (𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐) ÷ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)

Solution:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3√3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 12
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 Quotient
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3√3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 12
−3𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2
−8𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥
8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 + 24𝑥
11𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 + 12
−11𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 − 33
𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏 Remainder
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑥−21
𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 + = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 11 +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2+2𝑥+3
𝒙−𝟐𝟏
Thus, (𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐) ÷ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑
4. (𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟐 − 𝟕𝒂 − 𝟒) ÷ (𝟑𝒂 + 𝟏)
Solution:
3𝑎 + 1√15𝑎2 − 7𝑎 − 4
5𝑎 – 4 Exact Quotient
3𝑎 + 1√15𝑎2 − 7𝑎 − 4
−15𝑎 2 − 5𝑎
−12𝑎 − 4
12𝑎 + 4
0
Thus, (𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟐 − 𝟕𝒂 − 𝟒) ÷ (𝟑𝒂 + 𝟏) = 𝟓𝒂 − 𝟒
III. Perform the indicated operations using Synthetic Division. Assume none of
the divisor is zero.
1. (𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟏)
Solution:
(3𝑥 4 + 0𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 + 1)
−1 3 0 −2 0 4
−3 3 −1 1
3 −3 1 −1 𝟓
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝟓
𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒙+𝟏
Steps:
o Bring the 3 down
o Multiply (−1)(3) = (−3)
o Add (0) + (−3) = −3
o Multiply (−1)(−3) = 3
o Add (−2) + (3) = 1
o Multiply (−1)(1) = −1
o Add (0) + (−1) = −1
o Multiply (−1)(−1) = 1
o Add 4 + 1 = 5
𝟓
Thus, (𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒙+𝟏
2. (𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝒙 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟐)
Solution:
(3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)
−2 3 2 −2 1 4
−6 8 −12 22
3 −4 6 −11 𝟐𝟔
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙+𝟐
Steps:
o Bring the 3 down
o Multiply (−2)(3) = (−6)
o Add (2) + (−6) = −4
o Multiply (−2)(−4) = 8
o Add (−2) + (8) = 6
o Multiply (−2)(6) = −12
o Add (1) + (−12) = −11
o Multiply (−2)(−11) = 22
o Add 4 + 22 = 26
𝟐𝟐
Thus, (𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝒙 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 +
𝒙+𝟐
Exercises
I. Perform the indicated operations using long division. Assume none of the
divisor is zero.
1. (𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒂 − 𝟐)
2. (𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟑)
3. (𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒚 + 𝟓) ÷ (𝒚 − 𝟏)
4. (𝟖𝒎𝟐 − 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝒏 + 𝟐𝟓𝒏𝟐 ) ÷ (𝒎 − 𝟓𝒏)
5. (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒄 + 𝟐𝒃𝒄) ÷ (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
6. (𝟒𝒂𝟒 + 𝟕𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟏𝟖) ÷ (𝒂 + 𝟑)
7. (𝟓𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒚 − 𝟒)
8. (𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟐)
9. (𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓) ÷ (𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙)
10. (𝟖𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑) ÷ (𝟐𝒂 − 𝟏)
II. Perform the indicated operations using Synthetic Division. Assume none of the
divisor is zero.
1. (𝟏𝟐𝒄𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒄 + 𝟓) ÷ (𝒄 − 𝟏)
2. (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒙 − 𝟐)
3. (𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎) ÷ (𝒙 + 𝟐)
4. (𝟒𝒂𝟒 + 𝟕𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟏𝟖) ÷ (𝒂 + 𝟑)
5. (𝟓𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟒) ÷ (𝒚 − 𝟒)
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
A special product is a Mathematical term in which various factors are multiplied to

form products. It is called "special" because long solutions are not anymore needed or
required.
Different Types of Special Products
 Square of Binomial
 Square of Trinomial
 Special Case of the Product of Binomial and Trinomial
 Product of the Sum and Difference of the Same Two Terms
 Product of Two Binomials with Similar Terms
 Cube of Binomial
1. Square of Binomial
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Steps in Squaring a Binomial
 Step 1: Square the First Term

 Step 2: Twice the Product of the First and Last Term
 Step 3: Square the Last Term
 Step 4: Add all the terms obtained from step 1 to step 3
Example No. 1:
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝟐
Given: First Term = 2x Last Term = 3y
Solution:
Step 1:Square the first term.
(2𝑥)2 = 4𝑥 2
Step 2: Twice the product of the first and last term.
2(2𝑥 )(3𝑦) = 12𝑥𝑦
Step 3:Square the Last Term
(3𝑦)2 = 9𝑦 2
Thus, (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐
Example No. 2:
𝟐
(𝟑𝒙𝒌 + 𝟐𝒚𝒌 )
Given: First Term = 𝟑𝒙𝒌 Last Term = 𝟐𝒚𝒌
Solution:
2
(3𝑥 𝑘 ) = 9𝑥 2𝑘
Step 2:Twice the product of the first and last term.
2(3𝑥 𝑘 )(2𝑦 𝑘 ) = 12𝑥 𝑘 𝑦 𝑘
𝟐
(𝟐𝒚𝒌 ) = 𝟒𝒚𝟐𝒌
2
Thus, (3𝑥 𝑘 + 2𝑦 𝑘 ) = 9𝑥 2𝑘 + 12𝑥 𝑘 𝑦 𝑘 + 4𝑦 2𝑘
Example No. 3:
𝟐
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟓𝒛)
Given: First Term = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 Last Term = −𝟓𝒛
Solution:
𝟐
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 ) = 𝟒𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟔
2(2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )(−5𝑧) = −20𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧
(−𝟓𝒛)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐
𝟐
Thus, (𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟓𝒛) = 𝟒𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟔 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒛 + 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐
Example No. 4:
𝟐
(𝟑𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) + 𝟐𝒑(𝒚+𝟐) )
Given: First Term = 𝟑𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) Last Term = 𝟐𝒑(𝒚+𝟐)
Solution:
𝟐
[𝟑𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) ] = 𝟗𝒌(𝟐𝒎+𝟒)
𝟐[𝟑𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) ][𝟐𝒑(𝒚+𝟐) ] = 𝟏𝟐𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) 𝒑(𝒚+𝟐)
𝟐
[𝟐𝒑(𝒚+𝟐) ] = 𝟒𝒑(𝟐𝒚+𝟒)
𝟐
Thus, (𝟑𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) + 𝟐𝒑(𝒚+𝟐) ) = 𝟗𝒌(𝟐𝒎+𝟒) + 𝟏𝟐𝒌(𝒎+𝟐) 𝒑(𝒚+𝟐) + 𝟒𝒑(𝟐𝒚+𝟒)
Example No. 5:
(𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛)𝟐
Given: First Term = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 Last Term = −𝟓𝒛
Solution:
Step 1:Square the first term
(𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚)(−𝟓𝒛) = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝒚𝒛
(−𝟓𝒛)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐
Thus, (𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐
2. Square of Trinomial
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐
Steps in Squaring a Trinomial
 Step 1: Square the first term

 Step 2: Square the second term
 Step 3: Square the last Term
 Step 4: Twice the product of the first and second term
 Step 5: Twice the product of the first and last term
 Step 6: Twice the product of the second term and last term
 Step 7: Add all the terms obtained from step 1 to step 6
Example No. 1:
(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟓𝒄)𝟐
Given: First Term = 𝟑𝒂 Second Term = 𝟐𝒃 Last Term = 𝟓𝒄
Solution:
Step 1:Square the first Term (𝟑𝒂)𝟐 = 𝟗𝒂𝟐
Step 2:Square the Second Term (𝟐𝒃)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒃𝟐
Step 3:Square the last Term (𝟓𝒄)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝟐
Step 4:Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term 𝟐(𝟑𝒂)(𝟐𝒃) = 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒃
Step 5:Twice the product of the 1st and last term 𝟐(𝟑𝒂)(𝟓𝒄) = 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒄
Step 6:Twice the product of the 2nd and last term 𝟐(𝟐𝒃)(𝟓𝒄) = 𝟐𝟎𝒃𝒄
Thus, (𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟓𝒄)𝟐 = 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒄 + 𝟐𝟎𝒃𝒄
Example No. 2:
(𝟑𝒂 − 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟏𝟓𝒄)𝟐
Given: First Term = 𝟑𝒂 Second Term = −𝟒𝒃 Last Term = −𝟏𝟓𝒄
Solution:
Step 1:Square the first Term (𝟑𝒂)𝟐 = 𝟗𝒂𝟐
Step 2:Square the Second Term (−𝟒𝒃)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐
Step 3:Square the last Term (−𝟏𝟓𝒄)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒄𝟐
Step 4:Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term 𝟐(𝟑𝒂)(−𝟒𝒃) = −𝟐𝟒𝒂𝒃
Step 5:Twice the product of the 1st and last term 𝟐(𝟑𝒂)(−𝟏𝟓𝒄) = −𝟗𝟎𝒂𝒄
Step 6:Twice the product of the 2nd and last term 𝟐(−𝟒𝒃)(−𝟏𝟓𝒄) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒃𝒄
Thus, (𝟑𝒂 − 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟏𝟓𝒄)𝟐 = 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒂𝒃 − 𝟗𝟎𝒂𝒄 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒃𝒄

Example No. 3:
(𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛)𝟐
Given: First Term = 𝟖𝒙 Second Term = 𝟏𝟓𝒚 Last Term = 𝟔𝒛
Solution:
Step 1:Square the first Term (𝟖𝒙)𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟐
Step 2:Square the Second Term (𝟏𝟓𝒚)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐
Step 3:Square the last Term (𝟔𝒛)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝒛𝟐
Step 4:Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term 𝟐(𝟖𝒙)(𝟏𝟓𝒚) = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙𝒚
Step 5:Twice the product of the 1st and last term 𝟐(𝟖𝒙)(𝟔𝒛) = 𝟗𝟔𝒙𝒛
Step 6:Twice the product of the 2nd and last term 𝟐(𝟏𝟓𝒚)(𝟔𝒛) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒚𝒛
Thus, (𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛)𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝟔𝒙𝒛 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒚𝒛
Example No. 4:
𝟐
(𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟓𝒃𝟐 − 𝟗𝒄𝟐 )
Given: First Term = 𝟐𝒂𝟐 Second Term = 𝟓𝒃𝟐 Last Term = −𝟗𝒄𝟐
Solution:
𝟐
Step 1:Square the first Term (𝟐𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝟒𝒂𝟒
𝟐
Step 2:Square the Second Term (𝟓𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟒
𝟐
Step 3:Square the last Term (−𝟗𝒄𝟐 ) = 𝟖𝟏𝒄𝟒
Step 4:Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term 𝟐(𝟐𝒂𝟐 )(𝟓𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝟐𝒃𝟐
Step 5:Twice the product of the 1st and last term 𝟐(𝟐𝒂𝟐 )(−𝟗𝒄𝟐 ) = −𝟑𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Step 6:Twice the product of the 2nd and last term 𝟐(𝟓𝒃𝟐 )(−𝟗𝒄𝟐 ) = −𝟗𝟎𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝟐
Thus, (𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟓𝒃𝟐 − 𝟗𝒄𝟐 ) = 𝟒𝒂𝟒 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟐 + 𝟖𝟏𝒄𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟗𝟎𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Example No. 5:
𝟐
(𝟐𝒙𝒌 + 𝟑𝒚𝒌 + 𝟒𝒛𝒌 )
Given: First Term = 𝟐𝒙𝒌 Second Term = 𝟑𝒚𝒌 Last Term = 𝟒𝒛𝒌
Solution:
𝟐
Step 1:Square the first Term (𝟐𝒙𝒌 ) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒌
𝟐
Step 2:Square the Second Term (𝟑𝒚𝒌 ) = 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌
𝟐
Step 3:Square the last Term (𝟒𝒛𝒌 ) = 𝟏𝟔𝒛𝟐𝒌
Step 4:Twice the product of the 1st and 2nd term 𝟐(𝟐𝒙𝒌 )(𝟑𝒚𝒌 ) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒌 𝒚𝒌
Step 5:Twice the product of the 1st and last term 𝟐(𝟐𝒙𝒌 )(𝟒𝒛𝒌 ) = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒌 𝒛𝒌
Step 6:Twice the product of the 2nd and last term 𝟐(𝟑𝒚𝒌 )(𝟒𝒛𝒌 ) = 𝟐𝟒𝒚𝒌 𝒛𝒌
𝟐
Thus, (𝟐𝒙𝒌 + 𝟑𝒚𝒌 + 𝟒𝒛𝒌 ) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒌 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏𝟔𝒛𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒌 𝒚𝒌 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒌 𝒛𝒌 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚𝒌 𝒛𝒌
3. Special Case of the Product of Binomial and Trinomial

(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑
The product of a binomial and a trinomial is a special case and a type of special
product if the following are true in any given multiplication of binomial and trinomial.
 The square of the first term of a binomial is equal to the first term of the trinomial
 The square of the 2nd term of a binomial is equal to the last term of the trinomial
 The product of the 1st and 2nd term of the binomial is equal to the middle term of
the trinomial
 The sign of the 2nd term of the binomial is always opposite to the sign of the 2nd
term of the trinomial
Steps in applying the special case of the product of binomial and trinomial
 Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial to the 2nd term of the trinomial
 Step 2: Multiply the last term of the binomial to the last term of the trinomial
 Step 3: Add all the terms obtained from step 1 and step 2
Example No 1:
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)(𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 )
Solution:
Step 1:Multiply the 1st term of (3x + 5y) to the 1st term of (𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 )
(𝟑𝒙)(𝟗𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑
Step 2:Multiply the last term of (3x + 5y) to the last term of (𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 )
(𝟓𝒚)(𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟑
Step 3:Add all the terms obtained from step 1 and 2.
𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟑
Thus, (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)(𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟑
Example No. 2:
(𝟐𝒙𝒑 − 𝟑𝒚𝒌 )(𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒑 𝒚𝒌 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 )
Solution:
Step 1:Multiply the 1st term of (𝟐𝒙𝒑 − 𝟑𝒚𝒌 ) to the 1st term of (𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒑 𝒚𝒌 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 )
(𝟐𝒙𝒑 )(𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒑 ) = 𝟖𝒙𝟑𝒑
Step 2:Multiply the last term of (𝟐𝒙𝒑 − 𝟑𝒚𝒌 ) to the last term of (𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒑 𝒚𝒌 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 )
(−𝟑𝒚𝒌 )(𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 ) = −𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑𝒌
Step 3:Add all the terms obtained from step 1 and 2
𝟖𝒙𝟑𝒑 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑𝒌
Thus, (𝟐𝒙𝒑 − 𝟑𝒚𝒌 )(𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒑 + 𝟔𝒙𝒑 𝒚𝒌 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐𝒌 ) = 𝟖𝒙𝟑𝒑 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑𝒌
Example No. 3:
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗)
Solution:
Step 1:Multiply the 1st term of (𝒙 − 𝟑) to the 1st term of (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗)
(𝒙)(𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟑
Step 2:Multiply the last term of (𝒙 − 𝟑) to the last term of (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗)
(−𝟑)(𝟗) = −𝟐𝟕
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕
Thus, (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕
Example No. 4:
(𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
Solution:
Step 1:Multiply the 1st term of (𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃) to the 1st term of (𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝟒𝒂)(𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝟔𝟒𝒂𝟑
Step 2:Multiply the last term of (𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃) to the last term of (𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝒃)(𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝒃𝟑
𝟔𝟒𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
Thus, (𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝟔𝟒𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
Example No. 5:
(𝟓𝒌 + 𝒃)(𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
Solution:
Step 1:Multiply the 1st term of (𝟓𝒌 + 𝒃) to the 1st term of (𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝟓𝒌)(𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟑
Step 2:Multiply the last term of (𝟓𝒌 + 𝒃) to the last term of (𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝒃)(𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝒃𝟑
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
Thus, (𝟓𝒌 + 𝒃)(𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
4. Product of the Sum and Difference of the Same Two Terms

(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
The Product of the Sum and Difference of the same two terms is easy to determine and
even simpler to work out. The result is simply the difference of the two squares.
Steps in finding the special product of the sum and difference of the same two terms
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (𝑥 + 𝑦) to the 1st term of binomial
(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (𝑥 + 𝑦) to the last term of binomial (𝑥 − 𝑦).
Step 3: Add all the terms obtained from step 1 and 2

Example No. 1:
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (3𝑥 + 15𝑦) to the 1st term of binomial
(3𝑥 − 15𝑦)
(3𝑥 )(3𝑥) = 9𝑥 2
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (3𝑥 + 15𝑦) to the last term of binomial (3𝑥 −
15𝑦).
(15𝑦)(−15𝑦) = −225𝑦 2

9𝑥 2 − 225𝑦 2
Thus, (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚) = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐
Example No. 2:
(𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟗𝒚)(𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (10𝑥 + 9𝑦) to the 1st term of binomial
(10𝑥 − 9𝑦)
(10𝑥 )(10𝑥 ) = 100𝑥 2
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (10𝑥 + 9𝑦) to the last term of binomial (10𝑥 −
9𝑦).
(9𝑦)(−9𝑦) = −81𝑦 2

100𝑥 2 − 81𝑦 2
Thus, (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟗𝒚)(𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏𝒚𝟐
Example No. 3:
(𝒂 + 𝟗𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝟗𝒃)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (𝑎 + 9𝑏) to the 1st term of binomial
(𝑎 − 9𝑏)
(𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝑎2
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (𝑎 + 9𝑏) to the last term of binomial (𝑎 − 9𝑏).
(9𝑏)(−9𝑏) = −81𝑏2

𝑎 2 − 81𝑏2
Thus, (𝒂 + 𝟗𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝟗𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟖𝟏𝒃𝟐

Example No. 4:
(8𝑥 𝑤 + 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )(8𝑥 𝑤 − 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (8𝑥 𝑤 + 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )to the 1st term of binomial
(8𝑥 𝑤 − 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )
(8𝑥 𝑤 )(8𝑥 𝑤 ) = 64𝑥 2𝑤
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (8𝑥 𝑤 + 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )to the last term of binomial
(8𝑥 𝑤 − 3𝑘 𝑧+2 )
(3𝑘 𝑧+2 )(−3𝑘 𝑧+2 ) = −9𝑘 2𝑧+4

64𝑥 2𝑤 − 9𝑘 2𝑧+4
Thus, (𝟖𝒙𝒘 + 𝟑𝒌𝒛+𝟐 )(𝟖𝒙𝒘 − 𝟑𝒌𝒛+𝟐 ) = 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒘 − 𝟗𝒌𝟐𝒛+𝟒
Example No. 5:
(7𝑥 + 5)(7𝑥 − 5)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st Term of binomial (7𝑥 + 5)to the 1st term of binomial
(7𝑥 − 5).
(7𝑥 )(7𝑥 ) = 72𝑥
Step 2: Multiply the last Term of binomial (7𝑥 + 5)to the last term of binomial
(7𝑥 − 5).
(5)(−5) = −25

72𝑥 − 25
Thus, (𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝟕𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓
5. Product of Two Binomials With Similar Terms

(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)(𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚) = 𝒂𝒄𝒙𝟐 + [𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄]𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒅𝒚𝟐
Where:
ax: 1st term of the binomial (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)

by: 2nd term of the binomial (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
cx: 1st term of the binomial (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
dy: 2nd term of the binomial (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
ax & dy: terms coined as extremes of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
by & cx: terms coined as means of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
Steps in finding the product of two binomials with similar terms
 Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) to the 1st term of the
binomial (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
 (𝑎𝑥)(𝑐𝑥) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2
 Step 2: Solve for the product of the extremes: ax and dy

 (𝑎𝑥)(𝑑𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑦
 Step 3: Solve for the product of the means: by and cx

 (𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥) = 𝑏𝑐𝑥𝑦
 Step 4: Solve for the sum of the product of the extremes and the product of the
means
 (𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑦 ) + (𝑏𝑐𝑥𝑦) = (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥𝑦
 Step 5: Multiply the 2nd term of the binomial (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) to the 2nd term of the
binomial (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
 (𝑏𝑦)(𝑑𝑦) = 𝑏𝑑𝑦 2
 Step 6: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 4 and step 5
 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + [𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐]𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 2
Example No. 1:
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)(4𝑥 + 15𝑦)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) to the 1st term of the binomial
(4𝑥 + 15𝑦)
(2𝑥 )(4𝑥) = 8𝑥 2
Step 2: Solve for the product of the extremes: 2x and 15y
(2𝑥 )(15𝑦) = 30𝑥𝑦
Step 3: Solve for the product of the means: 3y and 4x
(3𝑦)(4𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑦
Step 4: Solve for the sum of the product of the extremes and the product of the
means
30𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 = 42𝑥𝑦
Step 5: Multiply the 2nd term of the binomial (2𝑥 + 3𝑦) to the 2nd term of the binomial
(4𝑥 + 15𝑦)
(3𝑦)(15𝑦) = 45𝑦 2
Step 6: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 4 and step 5
8𝑥 2 + 42𝑥𝑦 + 45𝑦 2
Thus, (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)(4𝑥 + 15𝑦) = 8𝑥 2 + 42𝑥𝑦 + 45𝑦 2
Example No. 2:
(𝟓𝒄 − 𝟑𝒅)(𝟐𝒄 + 𝟖𝒅)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial (5𝑐 − 3𝑑) to the 1st term of the binomial
(2𝑐 + 8𝑑)
(5𝑐)(2𝑐) = 10𝑐 2
Step 2: Solve for the product of the extremes: 5c and 8d
(5𝑐)(8𝑑) = 40𝑐𝑑
Step 3: Solve for the product of the means: −3𝑑 and 2𝑐
(−3𝑑)(2𝑐) = −6𝑐𝑑
means
40𝑐𝑑 − 6𝑐𝑑 = 34𝑐𝑑
Step 5: Multiply the 2nd term of the binomial (5𝑐 − 3𝑑) to the 2nd term of the binomial
(2𝑐 + 8𝑑)
(−3𝑑)(8𝑑) = −24𝑑2
10𝑐 2 + 34𝑐𝑑 − 24𝑑2
Thus, (5𝑐 − 3𝑑)(2𝑐 + 8𝑑) = 10𝑐 2 + 34𝑐𝑑 − 24𝑑2
Example No. 3:
(𝟒𝒎 − 𝟓𝒌)(𝟐𝒎 − 𝟗𝒌)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial (4𝑚 − 5𝑘) to the 1st term of the binomial
(2𝑚 − 9𝑘)
(4𝑚 )(2𝑚 ) = 8𝑚 2
Step 2: Solve for the product of the extremes: 4m and – 9k
(4𝑚 )(−9𝑘) = −36𝑚𝑘
Step 3: Solve for the product of the means: −5𝑘 and 2𝑚
(−5𝑘)(2𝑚 ) = −10𝑚𝑘
means
−36𝑚𝑘 − 10𝑚𝑘 = −46𝑚𝑘
Step 5: Multiply the 2nd term of the binomial (4𝑚 − 5𝑘) to the 2nd term of the binomial
(2𝑚 − 9𝑘)
(−5𝑘)(−9𝑘) = 45𝑘 2
8𝑚 2 − 46𝑚𝑘 + 45𝑘 2
Thus, (4𝑚 − 5𝑘)(2𝑚 − 9𝑘) = 8𝑚 2 − 46𝑚𝑘 + 45𝑘 2
Example No. 4:
(𝟒𝒅 − 𝟓𝒔)(𝟐𝒅 − 𝟏𝟎𝒔)
Solution:
Step 1: Multiply the 1st term of the binomial (4𝑑 − 5𝑠) to the 1st term of the binomial
(2𝑑 − 10𝑠)
(4𝑑)(2𝑑) = 8𝑑2
Step 2: Solve for the product of the extremes: 4d and – 10s
(4𝑑)(−10𝑠) = −40𝑑𝑠
Step 3: Solve for the product of the means: −5𝑠 and 2𝑑
(−5𝑠)(2𝑑) = −10𝑑𝑠
means
−40𝑑𝑠 − 10𝑑𝑠 = −50𝑑𝑠
Step 5: Multiply the 2nd term of the binomial (4𝑑 − 5𝑠) to the 2nd term of the binomial
(2𝑑 − 10𝑠)
(−5𝑠)(−10𝑠) = 50𝑠 2
8𝑑2 − 50𝑑𝑠 + 50𝑠 2
Thus, (4𝑑 − 5𝑠)(2𝑑 − 10𝑠) = 8𝑑2 − 50𝑑𝑠 + 50𝑠 2
6. Cube of Binomial
(𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3
Steps in finding the Cube of the Binomial

 1st Step: Cube the 1st term “x” of the binomial
 (𝑥)3 = 𝑥 3
 2nd Step: Square the 1st term “x” and multiply it to the last term “y”.
 (𝑥)2 (𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦
 3rd Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 2nd Step.
 (3)𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦
 4th Step: Square the last term “y” and multiply it to the 1 st term “x”
 (𝑥)(𝑦)2 = 𝑥𝑦 2
 5th Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 4th step.
 (3)𝑥𝑦 2 = 3𝑥𝑦 2
 6th Step: Cube the last term “y” of the binomial
 (𝑦)3 = 𝑦 3
 7th Step: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 3, step 5 and step 6.
 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
Example No. 1:
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝟑
Solution:
1st Step: Cube the 1st term (2𝑥) of the binomial
(2𝑥 )3 = 4𝑥 3
2nd Step: Square the 1st term (2𝑥) and multiply it to the last term(3𝑦).
(2𝑥 )2 (3𝑦) = 12𝑥 2 𝑦
3rd Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 2nd Step
(3)12𝑥 2 𝑦 = 36𝑥 2 𝑦
4th Step: Square the last term (3𝑦) and multiply it to the 1st term(2𝑥).
(3𝑦)2 (2𝑥) = 18𝑥𝑦 2
5th Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 4th step.
(3)18𝑥𝑦 2 = 54𝑥𝑦 2
6th Step: Cube the last term (3𝑦) of the binomial
(3𝑦)3 = 27𝑦 3
7th Step: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 3, step 5 and step 6.
4𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 𝑦 + 54𝑥𝑦 2 + 27𝑦 3
Thus, (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝟑 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑
Example No. 2:
(3𝑎 − 5𝑏)3
Solution:
1st Step: Cube the 1st term (3𝑎) of the binomial
(3𝑎)3 = 27𝑎 3
2nd Step: Square the 1st term (3𝑎) and multiply it to the last term(−5𝑏).
(3𝑎)2 (−5𝑏) = −45𝑎2 𝑏
(3)(−45𝑎2 𝑏) = −135𝑎2 𝑏
4th Step: Square the last term (−5𝑏) and multiply it to the 1st term(3𝑎 ).
(−5𝑏)2 (3𝑎) = 75𝑎𝑏2
5th Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 4th step
(3)75𝑎𝑏2 = 225𝑎𝑏2
6th Step: Cube the last term (−5𝑏) of the binomial
(−5𝑏)3 = −125𝑏3
7th Step: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 3, step 5 and step 6
27𝑎3 − 135𝑎 2 𝑏 + 225𝑎𝑏2 − 125𝑏3
Thus, (3𝑎 − 5𝑏)3 = 27𝑎3 − 135𝑎2 𝑏 + 225𝑎𝑏2 − 125𝑏3
Example No. 3:
(𝟐𝒎 − 𝟒𝒏)𝟑
Solution:
1st Step: Cube the 1st term (2𝑚 ) of the binomial
(2𝑚 )3 = 8𝑚 3
2nd Step: Square the 1st term (2𝑚 ) and multiply it to the last term(−4𝑛).
(2𝑚 )2 (−4𝑛) = −16𝑚 2 𝑛
(3)(−16𝑚 2 𝑛) = −48𝑚 2 𝑛
4th Step: Square the last term (−4𝑛) and multiply it to the 1st term(2𝑚 ).
(−4𝑛)2 (2𝑚 ) = 32𝑚𝑛2
5th Step: Thrice the term obtained from the 4th step
(3)32𝑚𝑛2 = 96𝑚𝑛2
6th Step: Cube the last term (−4𝑛) of the binomial
(−4𝑛)3 = −64𝑛3
7th Step: Add all the terms obtained from step 1, step 3, step 5 and step 6
8𝑚 3 − 48𝑚 2 𝑛 + 96𝑚𝑛2 − 64𝑛3
Thus, (𝟐𝒎 − 𝟒𝒏)𝟑 = 𝟖𝒎𝟑 − 𝟒𝟖𝒎𝟐 𝒏 + 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒏𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒𝒏𝟑
Exercises
A. Determine the special products of the following square of binomials.
1. (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧)2
2. (5𝑘 𝑥 + 2𝑚 𝑦 )2
3. (2𝑥1+𝑟 + 3𝑦 5𝑟 )2
4. (3𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑐𝑑)2
2
5. (3𝑥 2𝑘 − 4𝑦 𝑘+5 )
B. Determine the special products of the following square of trinomials
1. (𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧)2
2. (8𝑎 + 15𝑏 + 6𝑐)2
3. (𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑦 2𝑡 + 𝑧 3𝑡 )2
4. (4𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑐𝑑 − 2𝑒𝑓)2
5. (−3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧)2
C. Determine the special products of the following special case of the product of
binomial and trinomial
1. (3𝑥 + 8𝑦)(9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 64𝑦 2 )
2. (10𝑎 − 3𝑏)(100𝑎2 + 30𝑎𝑏 + 9𝑏2 )
3. (2𝑥 2 − 5)(4𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 2 + 25)
4. (5 − 2𝑥)(25 + 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )
5. (2𝑑 + 𝑚 )(4𝑑2 − 2𝑑𝑚 + 𝑚 2 )
D. Determine the special products of the following product of the sum and
difference of the same two terms.
1. (4𝑥 + 10𝑦)(4𝑥 − 10𝑦)
2. (𝑥 2𝑘 + 5)(𝑥 2𝑘 − 5)
3. (𝑎2 𝑏 + 5𝑐)(𝑎2 𝑏 − 5)
4. (4𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 25)(4𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 25)

5. (315𝑘 + 8)(315𝑘 − 8)
E. Determine the special products of the following product of two binomials with
similar terms.
1. (15𝑥 + 3𝑦)(15𝑥 − 3𝑦)
2. (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )(3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 )
3. (𝑚𝑛 + 5𝑘)(𝑚𝑛 − 10𝑘)
4. (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 3)(2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 8)
5. (𝑘 0 + 5𝑘)(5𝑘 0 − 10𝑘)
F. Determine the special products of the following cube of binomials.
1. (3𝑑 + 2𝑚 )3
2. (𝑚𝑛 − 𝑝)3
3
3. (𝑥 2𝑘 + 5)
4. (𝑥 𝑤+3 + 𝑦 2𝑤 )3
5. (2𝑚 − 4𝑘)3
G. Find the special product of the following
1. (4𝑚 − 9𝑝 + 3𝑞)2
2
2. (2𝑏𝑘 + 4𝑐 + 5𝑑5𝑟 )
3. (4𝑚 − 100𝑝)2
4. (𝑘 − 2𝑝𝑟)2
5. (2𝑥 𝑟 + 𝑦)3
6. (2𝑥 2𝑚+6 + 𝑦 3𝑚−5 )2
7. (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)(10𝑥 − 15𝑦)
8. (4𝑐 − 25𝑑)(5𝑐 − 30𝑑)
9. (5𝑥 − 3𝑦)(5𝑥 + 3𝑦)
10. (2𝑘 + 15𝑝)(2𝑘 − 15𝑝)

11. (2𝑥 + 5𝑦)(4𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 25𝑦 2 )
12. (4𝑎 − 5𝑏)(16𝑎2 + 20𝑎𝑏 + 25𝑏2 )
13. (3 − 100𝑦)(4 + 5𝑦)
14. (2𝑏𝑐 + 3𝑑)3
15. (4 + 5𝑐)2
16. (𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 5𝑐)2
17. (2𝑟 − 15𝑘)2
18. (4𝑚𝑝 + 5𝑡𝑘)(4𝑚𝑝 − 5𝑡𝑘)
19. (𝑥 + 5𝑧)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑧 + 25𝑧 2 )
20. (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 𝑧 + 5)2

FACTORING
Types of Factoring
1. Difference of Two Squares

2. Perfect Square Trinomial
3. Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
4. Highest Common Monomial Factor
5. Trinomial With Distinct Factors
6. Factoring by Grouping
7. Sum and Difference of Two Odd Primes
8. Addition and Subtraction of Suitable Terms
Type 1: Difference of Two Squares

(The Inverse Process of Product of the Sum and Difference of the same two
terms)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝒚)
Example No. 1:
36𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2
Step 1: Extract the square root of the first term

√36𝑥 2 = 6𝑥
Step 2: Extract the square root of the last term
√9𝑦 2 = 3𝑦
Step 3: Add the roots obtained from step 1 and step 2
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = (6𝑥 + 3𝑦)
Step 4: Subtract the root obtained from step 2 to the root obtained from
step 1
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (6𝑥 − 3𝑦)
Step 5: Multiply the sum obtained from step 3 to the difference obtained
from step 1
(6𝑥 + 3𝑦)(6𝑥 − 3𝑦)
Thus, 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)(𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)
Example No. 2:
25𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 𝑧 2
√25𝑥 2 = 5𝑥
√4𝑦 2 𝑧 2 = 2𝑦𝑧
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = (5𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑦)
step 1
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (5𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧)
from step 1
(5𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑧)(5𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧)
Thus, 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐𝒛𝟐 = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛)(𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛)
Example No. 3:
4𝑎2 − 25𝑏2 𝑐 2

√4𝑎2 = 2𝑎
√25𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 5𝑏𝑐
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = (2𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑐)
step 1
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (2𝑎 − 5𝑏𝑐)
from step 1
(2𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑐)(2𝑎 − 5𝑏𝑐)
Thus, 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 = (𝟐𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 − 𝟓𝒃𝒄)
Type 2: Perfect Square Trinomial

(The Inverse Process of Square of Binomial)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Example No. 1:
Write 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐as a squared binomial
The first term, 16x2, is the square of 4x, and the last term, 36y2, is the square of 6y.
(4x)2 – 48xy + (6y)2
Actually, since the middle term has a "minus" sign, the 36y2 will need to be the
square of (–6y) if the pattern is going to work. Just to be sure, make sure that the
middle term matches the pattern:
(4x)(–6y)(2) = –48xy
And It's actually a match to the original quadratic, so that quadratic fits the
pattern of being a perfect square:
(4x)2 + (2)(4x)(–6y) + (–6y)2
Plug the (4x) and the (–6y) into the pattern to get the original squared-binomial
form:
Thus, 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 = (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚)𝟐

Example No. 2:
Is 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 a perfect square trinomial
The first term4𝑥 2 , is the square of (2x), and the last term, 36y2, is the square
of (6y) (or, in this case, –6y, if this is a perfect square).
According to the pattern for perfect-square trinomials, the middle term must be:
(2x)(–6y)(2) = –24xy
However, looking back at the original quadratic, it had a middle term of –25xy,
and this does not match what the pattern requires. So:
Thus, the given example is not an example 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 of a Perfect Square
Trinomial
Example No. 3:
Factor 𝟒𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐
The first term, 49x2, is the square of 7x, and the last term, 4y2, is the square of 2y.
(7x)2 + 28xy + (2y)2
Make sure that the middle term matches the pattern:
(7x)(2y)(2) = 28xy
And It's actually a match to the original quadratic, so that quadratic fits the
pattern of being a perfect square:
(7x)2 + (2)(7x)(2y) + (2y)2
Plug the (4x) and the (2y) into the pattern to get the original squared-binomial
form:
Thus, 𝟒𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = (𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝟐
Example No. 4:
Is 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗𝒙𝒚 + 𝟖𝟏𝒚𝟐 a perfect square trinomial
The first term 4𝑥 2 , is the square of (2x), and the last term, 81y2, is the square
of (9y) (or, in this case, –9y, if this is a perfect square).
According to the pattern for perfect-square trinomials, the middle term must be:
(2x)(–9y)(2) = –36xy
However, looking back at the original quadratic, it had a middle term of –19xy,
and this does not match what the pattern requires. So:
Thus, the given example 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗𝒙𝒚 + 𝟖𝟏𝒚𝟐 is not an example of a Perfect
Square Trinomial
Type 3: Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

(The Inverse Process of Special Case of the Product of Binomial and Trinomial)
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
Example No. 1:
Factor 27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
Try to write each of the terms as a cube of an expression.

27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (3𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3
Use the factorization of sum of cubes to rewrite
27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (3𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3
(3𝑥 + 𝑦)[(3𝑥)2 − (3𝑥)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 ]
(3𝑥 + 𝑦)(9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬, 𝟐𝟕𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 = (𝟑𝐱 + 𝐲)(𝟗𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐱𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 )
Example No. 2:
Factor 8𝑥 3 − 64𝑦 3

8𝑥 3 − 64𝑦 3 = (2𝑥)3 − (4𝑦)3
8𝑥 3 − 64𝑦 3 = (2𝑥)3 − (4𝑦)3
(2𝑥 − 4𝑦)[(2𝑥)2 + (2𝑥)(4𝑦) + (4𝑦)2 ]
(2𝑥 − 4𝑦)(4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 2 )
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬, 𝟖𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟔𝟒𝐲 𝟑 = (𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲)(𝟒𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟖𝐱𝐲 + 𝟏𝟔𝐲𝟐 )
Example No. 3:
Factor 125𝑐 3 − 64𝑑3

125𝑐 3 − 64𝑑3 = (5𝑐)3 − (4𝑑)3
125𝑐 3 − 64𝑑3 = (5𝑐)3 − (4𝑑)3
(5𝑐 − 4𝑑)[(5𝑐)2 + (5𝑐)(4𝑑) + (4𝑑)2 ]
(5𝑐 − 4𝑑)(25𝑐 2 + 20𝑐𝑑 + 16𝑑 2 )
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬, 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐜 𝟑 − 𝟔𝟒𝐝𝟑 = (𝟓𝐜 − 𝟒𝐝)(𝟐𝟓𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝐜𝐝 + 𝟏𝟔𝐝𝟐 )
Type 4: Highest Common Monomial Factor (HCMF)

(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚) = 𝒂(𝒙 + 𝒚)
Example No. 1:
Factor −𝟐𝟕𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝒓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒑𝟑𝒓𝟑
Step 1: First, find the prime factorization of each monomial.
−27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 = (−1)(3)(3)(3)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)
15𝑝3 𝑟 3 = (1)(3)(5)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 3𝑝2 𝑟 3
Step 2: Thus, the Highest Common Monomial Factor (HCMF) of both

monomials (−27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (15𝑝3 𝑟 3 ) = 3𝑝2 𝑟 3
Step 3: Factor −27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 + 15𝑝3 𝑟 3

3𝑝 2 𝑟 3 (−9𝑞𝑟 2 + 5𝑝)
Thus, −𝟐𝟕𝒑𝟐𝒒𝒓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒑𝟑 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟑𝒑𝟐 𝒓𝟑 (−𝟗𝒒𝒓𝟐 + 𝟓𝒑)
Example No. 2:
Factor −𝟐𝟕𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝒓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒑𝟑𝒓𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒑𝒒𝒓𝒔
Step 1: First, find the prime factorization of each monomial.
−27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 = (−1)(3)(3)(3)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑞)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)
15𝑝3 𝑟 3 = (1)(3)(5)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑝)(𝑟)(𝑟)(𝑟)
12𝑝𝑞𝑟𝑠 = 3(2)(2)(𝑃 )(𝑞)(𝑟)(𝑠)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (3)(p)(r) = 3pr
Step 2: Thus, the Highest Common Monomial Factor (HCMF) of the

monomials (−27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 ), (15𝑝3 𝑟 3 ) and (12𝑝𝑞𝑟𝑠) is equal to 3pr
Step 3: Factor −27𝑝2 𝑞𝑟 5 + 15𝑝3 𝑟 3 + 12𝑝𝑞𝑟𝑠

3𝑝𝑟(−9𝑝𝑞𝑟 4 + 5𝑝2 𝑟 2 + 4𝑞𝑠)
Thus, −𝟐𝟕𝒑𝟐𝒒𝒓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒑𝟑 𝒓𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒑𝒒𝒓𝒔 = 𝟑𝒑𝒓(−𝟗𝒑𝒒𝒓𝟒 + 𝟓𝒑𝟐 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟒𝒒𝒔)

Type 5: Trinomial with Distinct Factors (Other Trinomials)

It is also simply known as the Trial & Error Method of Factoring or the Quadratic
Trinomial. The general form of a quadratic trinomial is written
as ax2 + bx + c where a, b, and c are constants.
Example No. 1:
Factor the trinomial x2 + 7x + 10 as a product of two binomials.
Given: a = 1, b = 7 & c = 10
Trial Factors (Pair of Does it Does it Does it Equal b Correct

No. Binomials) equal a = equal c = = 7 when the Combinati
1 when 10 when product of the on
coefficients coefficients means and
of both first of both last the product of
terms are terms are the extremes
multiplied? multiplied? are added?
1 (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 1) Yes No No No
2 (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 + 1) Yes Yes No No
3 ( )
𝑥 − 10 (𝑥 + 1) Yes No No No
4 (𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 − 1) Yes Yes No No
5 ( )
𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 2) Yes Yes No No
6 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thus, 𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟐
Example No. 2:
Factor the trinomial x2 + 6x + 8 as a product of two binomials.
Given: a = 1, b = 6 & c = 8
Trial Factors (Pair of Does it Does it Does it Equal Correct

No. Binomials) equal a = equal c = b = 6 when Combination
1 when 8 when the product
coefficients coefficients of the
of both first of both last means and
terms are terms are the product
multiplied? multiplied? of the
extremes
are added?
1 (𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 1) Yes No No No
2 (𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 + 1) Yes Yes No No
3 (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 1) Yes No No No
4 (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 1) Yes Yes No No
5 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thus, 𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖 = (𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟐
Type 6: Factoring by Grouping
Example No. 1:
Factor: 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
Step 1: Grouping of Terms

(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦) + (3𝑥 + 6)
Step 2: Apply Highest Common Monomial Factoring
𝑦(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 3)
Thus, 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒚 + 𝟑)
Example No. 2:
Factor: 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Step 1: Grouping of terms

(4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) − (2𝑥 + 1)
3

2(
2𝑥 2𝑥 + 1) − 1(2𝑥 + 1)
(2𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
Thus, 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
Example No. 3:
Factor: 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3

(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) − (2𝑥 − 3)
3

𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 3) − 1(2𝑥 − 3)
2
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 3)
Thus, Factor: 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)
Example No. 4:
Factor: 𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔

(𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐) − (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔)
Step 2: Apply Highest Common Monomial Factor
2(
9𝑥 𝑥 + 4) − 4(𝑥 + 4)
(9𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)
Step 4: Apply Difference of Two Squares Factoring
(3𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)
Thus, 𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟒)

Example No. 5:
Factor: 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚

(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦) + (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑐 + 𝑑)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Thus, 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒄 + 𝒅)(𝒙 + 𝒚)
Type 7: Sum and Difference of Two Odd Primes

𝒙 + 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝒏−𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒏−𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒚𝒏−𝟏 )
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒏−𝟑 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒚𝒏−𝟏 )
Example No. 1:
Factor: 𝒂𝟕 − 𝒃𝟕
Solution:
In this problem, it should be noted that both terms are perfect seventh powers
𝑎7 − 𝑏7 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎6 + 𝑎5 𝑏 + 𝑎4 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 + 𝑎2 𝑏4 + 𝑎𝑏5 + 𝑏6 )
Note that each term on the second factor has degree 6 (one less than seven)
Thus, 𝒂𝟕 − 𝒃𝟕 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟔 + 𝒂𝟓 𝒃 + 𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒂𝒃𝟓 + 𝒃𝟔 )
Example No. 2:
Factor: 𝒂𝟕 + 𝒃𝟕
Solution:
𝑎7 + 𝑏7 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎6 − 𝑎5 𝑏 + 𝑎4 𝑏2 − 𝑎3 𝑏3 + 𝑎2 𝑏4 − 𝑎𝑏5 + 𝑏6 )
It can be seen, the binomial has a plus sign (just like in the sum of cubes rule
which completely makes sense, since cubing is raising to an odd power). The
second factor is just like the second factors for difference of Odd Powers. Except
that every other term is negative.
Thus, 𝒂𝟕 + 𝒃𝟕 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟔 − 𝒂𝟓 𝒃 + 𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟒 − 𝒂𝒃𝟓 + 𝒃𝟔 )
Example No. 3:
Factor: 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒚𝟓
Solution:
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 )
Thus, 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒚𝟓 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟒 )

Example No. 4:
Factor: 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝟐
Solution:
(𝑥 + 2)[𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 (2)1 + 𝑥 2 (2)2 − 𝑥 (2)3 + (2)4 ]
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16)
Thus, 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝟐 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔)
Example No. 5:
Factor: 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒚𝟓
Solution:
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 )
Thus, 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒚𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟒 )
Type 7: Addition and Subtraction of Suitable Terms
Example No. 1:
Factor: 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
Solution:

√36𝑥 4 = 6𝑥 2
√4 = 2
Step 3: Twice the product of the roots of the 1st and last term
2(6𝑥 2) = 24𝑥 2
2 )(
Step 4: Subtract the middle term of 36𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 2 + 4 from the obtained
result of step 3 which is 24𝑥 2
24𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 2 = 9𝑥 2
Step 5: The obtained result from step 4 is the suitable term
9𝑥 2
Step 6: Add and Subtract the Suitable Term 9𝑥 2 from the given:
36𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 2 + 4 + 9𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 2
Step 7: Simplify the expression by adding 15𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑥 2 from Step 6
36𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 2 + 4 − 9𝑥 2
Step 8: Apply factoring by Grouping
(36𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 2 + 4) − 9𝑥 2
Step 9: Perform Perfect Square Trinomial Factoring
(6𝑥 2 + 2)2 − 9𝑥 2
Step 10: Perform Difference of Two Squares Factoring
(6𝑥 2 + 2 + 3𝑥)(6𝑥 2 + 2 − 3𝑥 )
Step 11: Arrange the terms of each factor in descending order
(6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)(6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)
Thus, 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = (𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)

Exercises
I. Factor the following expressions completely:
1. 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒
2. 𝟒𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒
3. 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝟏
4. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗
5. 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓
6. 𝟔𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒
7. 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
8. 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑 − 𝒒 − 𝒒𝟐
9. 𝟐𝒗𝒙𝟔 + 𝟏𝟒𝒗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒗
10. 𝒎𝟒 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏𝟒
11. 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟒
12. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟓 𝒎𝟓 − 𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒚𝟓
13. 𝒙𝟏𝟏 − 𝒚𝟏𝟏
14. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
15. 𝟔𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟐 𝒄 + 𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝒄𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒃𝒄
16. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓
17. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐
18. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖
19. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
20. −𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙
21. 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚
22. 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔
23. 𝟒𝒘𝟐 + 𝟐𝒘
24. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏
25. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
26. 𝟑𝒚𝟒 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒚
27. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟖𝒙𝟑
28. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐
29. 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝒃𝟓
30. 𝟑𝟔 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Chapter 05
Mathematics of Finance
Why do individuals have to know more about investments, assets, discounts,

depreciations and interests? Why is there a need for them to invest their hard – earned
money?
Actions why they invest or save their money, entails knowing more about interest rates
(simple or compound), discount rates, and many more ideas about finance or
investment. Like whether an individual just want to save and own something, like
buying a camera, a new lap top or a washing machine; or a husband is saving for an
anniversary gift to his beloved wife; or a father planning himself to apply for a loan
payable in 2 years with a 5 % interest rate, so that he can use the borrowed amount of
money for his daughter’s 18th birthday; or a person is preparing and saving a big
amount of money to buy a piece of land in an exclusive subdivision.
Gaining more knowledge in business mathematics or studying mathematics of

investment may help an individual in decision making; like whether to buy a gadget
using a credit card for an 8% interest compounded monthly within two years or a simple
interest basis for a period of one year. Some topics might shed light on which lending
investor would give a lower interest rate to borrowers; or on which banks would give a
higher interest rate for someone’s savings. As a young man preparing himself before
getting into a married life, might plan for his future by understanding stocks or
accumulation of funds. These are somehow the main reasons why do individuals must
invest their hard – earned money. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic concepts of
simple interest, simple discount and compound interest as well as the straight line
method of depreciation.
Objectives:
 Know and use simple interest terminology
 Understand when interest is paid or earned
 Use the formula for calculating simple interest
 Calculate the total value of an investment at the end of a specified term
 Manipulate the interest formulas to solve for different variables
 Calculate the true interest rate for a loan that has been discounted
 Compute the amount of the proceeds, and
 Determine the maturity value of a discounted loan
 Express simple interest rate to its equivalent discount rate, and vice versa;
 Explain the difference between simple interest and compound interest.
 Calculate the compound interest and compound amount using series of simple
interest applications.
 Calculate the compound amount by using the compound interest formula.
 Compute for annual depreciation using straight line method of depreciation
 Determine annual rate of depreciation.
 Solve for the book value of an asset at the end of nth year.
Simple Interest
In any business transaction, Interest (I) is defined as the amount paid by a
borrower to a lender for a use of money over a period of time (t) in year(s). Interest is
defined as an expense on the borrower’s side, while it is an income on the lender’s side.
Interest that is paid on any transaction is simply known as Simple Interest. The formula
for simple interest is given below:
Simple Interest
I=Prt
Where:
I = interest earned
P = principal or present worth invested
r = annual rate of interest (%)
t = period of time in years
Example 1
Supposed Marisa wanted to invest an amount Php 150,000.00 for 3 years at a
firm that gives an interest rate of 4 % per year. The interest rate was given to Marisa by
the firm on the assumption that she is not allowed to withdraw her money within the 3 –
year period. How much is Marisa’s earning on the investment after the 3 – year period?
Solution:
The following can be obtained from the problem:
Given: P = Php 150, 000, r = 4 % or 0.04, t = 3 years.
I = P r t = (Php 150,000) (0.04) (3) = Php 18, 000
From this, we conclude that the investment earned is Php 18, 000
Answer: I = Php 18,000
Example 2
A 2-year loan of Php 500 is made with 4% simple interest. Find the interest earned.
Solution:
Given: P = Php 500, r = 4 % or 0.04, t = 2 years.
I = P r t = (Php 500) (0.04) (2) = Php 40
From this, we conclude that the investment earned is Php 40
Answer: I = Php 40.00
Example 3
A total of Php 1,200 is invested at a simple interest rate of 6% for 4 months. How
much interest is earned on this investment?
Solution:

Given: P = Php 1200, r = 6 % or 0.06, t = 4 months.
Before we can apply the formula, we need to convert the time (t) of 4 months in terms
of years. Since there are 12 months in a year:
4 1
𝑡 = 12 = 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, then
I = P r t = (Php 1200) (0.06) (1/3) = Php 24.00
From this, we conclude that the investment earned is Php 24.00
Answer: I = Php 24.00
Full Amount
The simple way to calculate the full amount (F) would be to just find the interest
(I) earned and then add it to the principal (P) invested or present worth of investment.
The simple method however, is to use the following formula:
Future Value (F)
F=P+I
But, I=Prt
Then, F = P + P r t
So, F = P (1 + r t)
Example 4
A business takes out a simple interest loan of Php15, 000 at a rate of 6.5%. What is
the future amount the business will repay if the loan is for 8 years?
Solution:
The total amount the business will repay is the future value (F). We are also given that:
t = 8 years, r = 6.5 % or 0.065, P = Php15000
Using the simple interest formula for future value (F):
F = P (1 + r t) = Php15000 (1 + 0.065(8)) = Php 22800
Thus, the business will pay back a total of Php 22800
Answer: F = Php 22800

Example 5
Miss Rosemarie B. Tapia wants to borrow 𝑃ℎ𝑝140, 000.00 from a bank that gives
an annual interest rate of 3.5%. However, she only wants to borrow the fund for a 9-
month period. How much interest is she going to pay from borrowing the amount of
money? What is the accumulated value of the amount borrowed after the 9-month
period?
Solution:

Given: P = Php 140000, r = 3.5 % or 0.035, t = 9 months.
Before we can apply the formula, we need to convert the time (t) of 9 months in terms
of years. Since there are 12 months in a year:
9 3
𝑡= = 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, then
12 4
I = P r t = (Php 140000) (0.035) (3/4) = Php 3675
F = P + I = Php140000 + Php3675 = Php143675
From this, we conclude that Miss Tapia is going to pay the interest amounting to Php
3675 and the accumulated value of the amount borrowed after 9 – month period is
Php143675
Answers: I = Php 3675 and F = Php 143675
Example 6
The College Treasurer puts Php 10000000 to a time deposit offering 7% for 10 years.
What will be the future value of the invested amount at the end of the 10 – year
period?
Solution:

Given: P = Php 10000000, r = 7 % or 0.07, t = 10 years
F = P (1 + r t) = Php10000000 (1 + 0.07(10)) = Php 17000000
Thus, the future value at the end of 10 – year period will be Php 17000000
Answer: F = Php 17000000
Other formulas:
𝑰
When solving for the Principal (P), it can be obtained by using the formula: 𝑷 = 𝒓𝒕
𝑰
When solving for the rate of interest (r), it can be obtained by using the formula: 𝒓 = 𝑷𝒕 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰
When solving for the period of time (t), it can be obtained by using the formula: 𝒕 = 𝑷𝒓
Example 7
What is the simple interest rate applied if an investment of Php47,500 accumulates to
Php55,500 in the period of 6 years?
Solution:

Given: P = Php 47500, F = Php 55000, t = 6 years
Using the simple interest formula for Simple Interest (I) and Rate of Interest (r):
I = F – P = Php 55000 – Php 47500 = Php 7500
𝐼 7500
𝑟 = 𝑥100% = = 2.63 %
𝑃𝑡 47500(6)
Thus, the simple interest rate is 2.63 %
Answer: r = 2.63%
Example 8
If you borrow money from your friend with simple interest of 12 %, find the present
worth of P20, 000.00, which is due at the end of nine months?
Solution:

Given: F = Php 20000, r = 12 % or 0.12, t = 9 months = 9/12 = 0.75 year
Using the simple interest formula for Present Value (P):
𝐹 20000
𝑃= = = Php 18348.62
1+𝑟𝑡 1+0.12(0.75)
Thus, the present worth of Php20,000 is Php 18348.62
Answer: P = Php 18348.62
Example 9
How long will it take for the sum of money to be double by using the simple interest rate
of 20 %?
Solution:

Given: r = 20 % or 0.20, assume P = X & F = 2X
𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑟𝑡); Then, Substitute the value of r, P & F
So that; 2X = X (1 + 0.20t)
2 = 1 + 0.20 t
2−1
2 – 1 = 0.20 t; 𝑡 = 0.20 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Thus, the period of time (t) is 5 years
Answer: t = 5 years
Exercises
Solve the following problems
1. A total of Php11200 is invested at a simple interest rate of 6% for 6 months. How

much interest is earned on this investment?
2. A 3-year loan of Php15500 is made with 4% simple interest. Find the interest
earned.
3. A business takes out a simple interest loan of Php105000 at a rate of 8.5%. What is
the total amount the business will repay if the loan is for 9 years?
4. Find the simple interest on Php 35000 at a 7% rate of interest for two years.
5. Angel Miley D. Guzman deposits Php45000 at a bank at an interest rate of 4.75%

per year. How much interest will she earn at the end of 5 years?
6. Jose Mari John Kai D. Guzman bought a sports car for Php1500000. He took a
Php1000000 loan from a bank at an interest rate of 15% per year for a 3-year
period. What is the total amount (interest and loan) that he would have to pay
the bank at the end of 4 years?
7. Danilo D. Guzman III got a loan of Php 55000 to buy a used car. The interest rate
is 7.5%. He paid Php 1067.75 as an interest. How many years did it take him to
pay off his loan?
8. Mrs Marisa D. Guzman made a 3 year investment. The interest rate was 4.5%.
After 3 years, she earned Php 875 in interest. How much was her original
investment?
9. A loan of Php 1250 had Php 50 in interest. The rate was 9 %. What was the length
of the loan?
10. An investment earned Php 22.50 interest after 9 months. The rate was 4%. What
was the principal?
Kinds of Simple Interest
Ordinary simple interest as a kind of simple interest uses 360 days as the equivalent
number of days in a year instead of 365 – day year.
Exact simple interest as a kind of simple interest uses exact number of days in a year
which is 365 (or 366 for leap year).
Ordinary Simple Interest (Io)
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑰𝒐 = 𝑷𝒓 ( )
𝟑𝟔𝟎
Exact Simple Interest (IE)
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑰𝑬 = 𝑷𝒓 ( )
𝟑𝟔𝟓
Example 10
Assume you have a Php 25000 loan at 9 % interest rate for 300 days, what is the
ordinary interest you would pay? What is the exact interest you would pay?
Solution:

Given: r = 9 % or 0.09, P = Php 25000, Number of Days = 300 days
Using the simple interest formula for ordinary simple interest (Io):
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 300
𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃𝑟 ( ) = 25000(0.09) ( ) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 1875.00
360 360
Io = Php 1875.00 (Ordinary Simple Interest)
Using the simple interest formula for exact simple interest (I E):
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 300

𝐼𝐸 = 𝑃𝑟 ( ) = 25000(0.09) ( ) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 1849.32
365 365
IE = Php 1849.32 (Exact Simple Interest)
Answers: Io = Php 1875.00 and IE = Php 1849.32

Counting Time between Two Dates
1. Actual Time
 Actual number of days in each month

Number of Days Months
31 January
28 February
29 February if leap year
31 March
30 April
31 May
30 June
31 July
31 August
30 September
31 October
30 November
31 December
 List of leap years
1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956
1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976,
1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996
2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016,
2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036
2. Approximate Time
 1 Year = 360 days
 Each Month = 30 days

How to use Fist Knuckles when determining the actual number of days in each month
1. Start on the left hand and work with way through hands using knuckles and the
space between knuckles.
2. On the knuckle – 31 days
3. Between the knuckles – 30 days
4. Exception - February
Ordinary Interest and Exact Interest Formulas Involving Start and End Transaction Dates
A. Ordinary Interest Using Actual Number of Days (Bankers Rule)
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐼𝑜 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ]
360
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑜
B. Ordinary Interest Using Approximate Number of Days:
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐼𝑜 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ]
360
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑜
C. Exact Interest Using Actual Number of Days:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐼𝐸 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ]
365
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝐸
D. Exact Interest Using Approximate Number of Days:
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐼𝐸 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ]
365
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝐸
Example 11
Determine the actual number of days and approximate number of days between two
dates: January 3, 2019 and June 15, 2020.
Solution:
Solving for Actual Number of Days:
Month/Date Inclusive Number of Days

in each month
January 3, 2019 28
31 – 3 = 28 days
February 28
2019 is not a leap year
March 31
April 30
May 31
June 30
July 31
August 31
September 30
October 31
November 30
December 2019 31
January 2020 31
February 2020 (Leap Year) 29
March 31
April 30
May 31
June 15, 2020 15
Actual Number of Days 529 days
Solving for Approximate number of days:

in each month
January 3, 2019 27
30 – 3 = 27 days
There are 16 months between 480
January 2019 and June 2020
16 x 30 = 480 days
June 15
Approximate Number of Days 522 days
Example 12:
Assume you have a Php 25000 loan at 9 % interest rate between two dates: January 3,
2019 and October 6, 2019,
a. What are the values of ordinary interest and the full Amount you would pay?
b. What are the values of exact interest and the full amount you would pay?
Given:
P = Php 25000
r = 9 % or 0.09
Start date of the transaction: January 3, 2019
End date of the transaction: October 6, 2019
Solving for Actual Number of Days:

in each month
January 3, 2019 28
31 – 3 = 28 days
February 28
2019 is not a leap year
March 31
April 30
May 31
June 30
July 31
August 31
September 30
October 6
Actual Number of Days 276 days
Solving for Approximate number of days:

in each month
January 3, 2019 27
30 – 3 = 27 days
There are 8 months between 240
January 2019 and October
2020
8 x 30 = 240 days
October 6, 2020 6
Approximate Number of Days 273 days
a. What are the values of ordinary interest and full amount you would pay?
Solving for Ordinary Interest using Actual number of days
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 276

𝐼𝑜 = 𝑝𝑟 [ 360
] 𝐼𝑜 = (25000)(0.09) [360] = 1725
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑜 = 25000 + 1725 = 26725
Thus, 𝑰𝒐 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 & 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟓
Solving for Ordinary Interest using Approximate Number of Days
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 273

𝐼𝑜 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ] 𝐼𝑜 = (25000)(0.09) [ ] = 1706.25
360 360
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑜 = 25000 + 1706.25 = 26706.25
Thus, 𝑰𝟎 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 & 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
b. What are the values of exact interest and the full amount you would pay?
Solving for Exact Interest using Actual Number of days
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 276

𝐼𝐸 = 𝑝𝑟 [ ] 𝐼𝐸 = (25000)(0.09) [ ] = 1701.37
365 365
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝐸 = 25000 + 1701.37 = 26701.37
Thus, 𝑰𝑬 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 & 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟕
Solving for Exact Interest using Approximate Number of days
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 273

𝐼𝐸 = 𝑝𝑟 [ 365
] 𝐼𝐸 = (25000)(0.09) [365] = 1682.88
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝐸 = 25000 + 1682.88 = 26682.88
Thus, 𝑰𝑬 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 & 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟖𝟖

Exercises
I. Determine the actual number of days and exact number of days of the
following set of dates.
1. Between February 14, 2018 and December 25, 2018
2. Between May 15, 2019 and September 8, 2019
3. Between January 3, 2020 and June 15, 2020
4. Between October 6, 2019 and December 20, 2019
5. Between November 8, 2017 and August 13, 2018
6. Between October 13, 2019 and August 28, 2020
7. Between December 20, 2019 and November 8, 2020
8. Between April 15, 2016 and January 6, 2017
9. Between May 1, 2018 and October 13, 2018
10. Between January 1, 2020 and December 25, 2020
II. Solve the following problems.
1. Assume you have a Php 35000 loan at 8 % interest rate between two dates:
January 3, 2019 and September 8,, 2019,
a. What are the values of ordinary interest and the full Amount you would
pay?
b. What are the values of the exact interest and the full amount you would
pay
2. Assume they have a Php 45000 loan at 6 % interest rate for 200 days, what is
the ordinary interest they would pay? What is the exact interest they would
pay?
3. Determine the approximate and the exact time between Nov. 12, 2014 and
May 6, 2015.
SIMPLE DISCOUNT
Simple discount is also known as bank discount. Bank discount is the amount that the
bank deducts from a loan in advance.
Formulas:
𝐼 =𝐹𝑑𝑡 𝑃=𝐹−𝐼
Where:
I: Simple Discount
The interest deducted from the amount of loan
F: Future Value (Future Amount)
Total Amount to repay or simply known as Face Value
d: Rate of Discount
t: Period of time in Years
P: Present Value (Principal Amount)
Other Formulas:
How to solve for the Future Value (F):

𝐼
𝐹 = 𝑑𝑡
How to solve for the Period of Time in years (t):
𝐼
𝑡=
𝐹𝑑
How to solve for the Rate of Discount (d):
𝐼
𝑑= 𝑥100%
𝐹𝑡
If the discount period is in number of days:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑡=
360
Example No. 1:
Ignacio C. Guzman Jr. borrowed P25000 for 90 days and he was charged a bank
discount of 6.5 %, what is the bank discount and the proceeds that will be received by
Ignacio C. Guzman Jr.?
Given:
t = 90 days F = P25000 d=6.5 %
Solution:
6.5 90
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = (𝑃25000) ( )( ) = 𝑃406.25
100 360
𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐼 = 𝑃25000 − 𝑃406.25 = 𝑃24593.75
Thus, Bank Discount: I = P406.25; Proceeds: P = P24593.75

Example No. 2:
Iluminada C. Guzman borrowed from ABC Company which charged bank discount of
12%. If the amount of proceeds received is P3568 for the period of 215 days, find the
value of the discount charged.
Given:
P = P3568 t = 215 days d = 12 %
Solution:
12 215
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡; 𝐼 = 𝐹 (100) (360) Equation 1
𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐼; 3568 = 𝐹 − 𝐼; 𝐼 = 𝐹 − 3568 Equation 2
Equate equation 1 and 2:
𝐼=𝐼
12 215 215
𝐹( )( ) = 𝐹 − 3568; 3568 = 𝐹 − 𝐹(0.12) ( ); 3568 = 𝐹 − 0.072𝐹
100 360 360
3568
0.928𝐹 = 3568; 𝐹= = 3328.36; 𝐹 = 𝑃3844.83
0.928
Solving for I:
𝐼 = 𝐹 − 𝑃 = 3844.83 − 3568 = 276.83
Thus, the value of the discount charged is P276.83
Example No. 3:
Marisa D. Guzman borrowed P54000 for three years from Pampanga Bank. If the bank
discount is 7.6 %, what proceed does Marisa received?
Given:
d = 7.6 % or 0.076 t = 3 years F = 54000
Solution:
Solving for I:
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = (54000)(0.076)(3) = 12312
I = 12312
Solving for P:
𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐼 = 54000 − 12312 = 41688
P = 41688
Thus, The Proceeds received by Marisa is Php 41, 688.00

Example No. 4:
Eileen Guzman borrowed P64000 for five years from ABC Bank. If the bank discount is 3
%, what proceed does Eileen received?
Given:
d = 3% or 0.03 t = 5 years F = 64000
Solution:
Solving for I:
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = (64000)(0.03)(5) = 9600
I = 9600
Solving for P:
𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐼 = 64000 − 9600 = 54400
P = 54400
Thus, The Proceeds received by Eileen is Php 54,400.00
Equivalent Simple Interest Rate of Simple Discount Rate
Simple Interest Simple Discount
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 Equation 1 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡 Equation 3
𝐹 =𝑃+𝐼 Equation 2 𝑃=𝐹−𝐼 Equation 4
Substitute Equation 1 to 2 Substitute Equation 3 to 4
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑟𝑡 𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐹𝑑𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑟𝑡) Equation 5 𝑃 = 𝐹 (1 − 𝑑𝑡) Equation 6
Substitute Equation 6 to 5
𝐹 = 𝐹 (1 − 𝑑𝑡)(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
1 = (1 − 𝑑𝑡)(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
1 = 1 + 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2 = 0
Solving for the Equivalent Interest Rate of Discount Rate
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑟𝑡(1 − 𝑑𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑟=
𝑡(1 − 𝑑𝑡)
𝒅
𝒓 = 𝟏−𝒅𝒕 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equivalent Interest Rate of Discount Rate
Equivalent Simple Discount Rate of Simple Interest Rate
Simple Interest Simple Discount
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 Equation 1 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑑𝑡 Equation 3
𝐹 =𝑃+𝐼 Equation 2 𝑃=𝐹−𝐼 Equation 4
Substitute Equation 1 to 2 Substitute Equation 3 to 4
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑟𝑡 𝑃 = 𝐹 − 𝐹𝑑𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑟𝑡) Equation 5 𝑃 = 𝐹 (1 − 𝑑𝑡) Equation 6
Substitute Equation 6 to 5
𝐹 = 𝐹 (1 − 𝑑𝑡)(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
1 = (1 − 𝑑𝑡)(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
1 = 1 + 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2 = 0
Solving for the Equivalent Discount Rate of Interest Rate
−𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑡 2 = −𝑟𝑡
−𝑑𝑡(1 + 𝑡) = −𝑟𝑡
−𝑟𝑡
𝑑=
−𝑡(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
𝒓
𝒅 = 𝟏+𝒓𝒕 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equivalent Discount Rate of Interest Rate
Example No. 1:
Determine the equivalent interest of 10 % discount rate within 5 years.
Given:
t = 5 years d = 10 % or 0.10
Solution:
𝒅
𝒓= 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏 − 𝒅𝒕
0.10
𝑟= 𝑥100% = 20%
1 − (0.10)(5)
r = 20 %
Thus, r = 20 %
Example No. 2:
Determine the equivalent interest rate of 15 % discount rate within 10 years.
Given:
t = 10 years d = 8% or 0.08
Solution:
𝒅
𝒓= 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏 − 𝒅𝒕
0.08
𝑟= 𝑥100%
1 − 0.08(10)
r = 40 %
Thus, r = 40 %
Example No. 3:
Determine the equivalent discount rate of 20 % interest rate within 5 years.
Given:
t = 5 years r = 20 %
Solution:
𝑟
𝑑= 𝑥100%
1 + 𝑟𝑡
0.20
𝑑= 𝑥100 = 10%
1 + 0.20(5)
d = 10 %
Thus, d = 10 %
Example No. 4:
Determine the equivalent discount rate of 40 % interest rate within 10 years.
Given:
t = 10 years r = 40 %
Solution:
𝑟
𝑑= 𝑥100%
1 + 𝑟𝑡
0.40
𝑑= = 8%
1 + 0.40(10)
d = 8%
Thus, d = 8 %
Exercises
I. Solve the following problems.
1. Mark Neil invested a certain amount of money in a bank; at the maturity date
she will receive Php 5000. Applying the discount rate of 4.8%, what
amount would she get asking to be paid in advance of 3 months?
2. A Php 10000 face value discount note has a term of 4 months. The simple
discount rate is 6%. Find the amount of the discount.
3. Find the present value at 12 % simple discount of P1000 due in 5 months. What is
the Simple Discount?
4. Rosemarie borrowed P75000 for five years from XYZ Bank. If the bank discount is 4
%, what proceed does Rosemarie received?
5. Determine the equivalent discount rate of 19 % interest rate within 5 years.
6. Angel borrowed P55000 for three years from KLM Bank. If the bank discount is 7.5
%, what proceed does Angel received?
7. Teodulo Goce borrowed from ABC Company which charged bank discount of
15%. If the amount of proceeds received is P5000 for the period of 180 days, find
the value of the discount charged.
8. Danny Scott borrowed P35000 for 300 days and he was charged a bank
discount of 6.5 %, what is the bank discount and the proceeds that will be
received by Danny Scott?
9. Determine the equivalent discount rate of 39 % interest rate within 10 years.
10. Determine the equivalent interest rate of 8% discount rate within 6 years.
Compound Interest
Compound interest is the accumulation of interest to the principal amount of borrowed

money or deposit which has a process of earning interest on interest. It is the result of
reinvesting interest, rather than paying it out, so that interest in the next period is then
earned on the capital sum plus previously accumulated interest.
Compound Interest Formulas
Formula on how to compute for the Compound Interest (I)
𝑰 = 𝑭−𝑷
Where:
𝑭: 𝑭𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
𝑷: 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑰: 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕
Formula on how to compute for the Future Amount (F)
𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏
Where:
𝒊: 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 (%)
𝒏: 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒔
But:
𝒋
𝒊= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 = 𝒕𝒎
𝒎
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
Thus, 𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + 𝒎]
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + ]
𝒎
Where:
𝒋: 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 (%)
𝒕: 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝒎: 𝑰s the number of times the 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 is 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 each year.

Values of m:
m=1 Compounded Annually
m=2 Compounded Semi – Annually
m=4 Compounded Quarterly
m = 12 Compounded Monthly
m=6 Compounded Bimonthly
m = 24 Compounded Semi – Monthly
Formula on how to compute for the Present Value (P)
𝑭
𝑷=
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
[𝟏 + ]
𝒎
Derivation of Formula for finding the value of time (t):
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + 𝒎] Divide both sides of the equation by P
𝑭 𝒋 𝒕𝒎
= [𝟏 + ] Apply the function of Logarithms on both sides of the
𝑷 𝒎
equation
𝑭 𝒋 𝒕𝒎
𝑳𝒐𝒈 ( ) = 𝑳𝒐𝒈 [𝟏 + ]
𝑷 𝒎
Recall: Properties of Logarithms
𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑴𝒀 = 𝒀𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑴
𝑭 𝒋 𝒋
𝑳𝒐𝒈 ( ) = 𝒕𝒎𝑳𝒐𝒈 [𝟏 + ] Divide both sides of the equation by 𝒎𝑳𝒐𝒈 [𝟏 + ]
𝑷 𝒎 𝒎
𝑭
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒕= 𝑷
𝒋 Formula on how to solve for Period of Time in Years (t)
𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒎
Derivation of Formula for finding the value of the Nominal Rate of Interest (j):
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + 𝒎] Divide both sides of the equation by P
𝑭 𝒋 𝒕𝒎
𝑷
= [𝟏 + 𝒎] Extract the tm – root of both sides of the equation
Recall: Laws on Radicals

𝒏
√𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂
𝒕𝒎 𝑭 𝒕𝒎 𝒋 𝒕𝒎
√ = √[𝟏 + ]
𝑷 𝒎
𝒋 𝒕𝒎 𝑭
𝟏 + 𝒎 = √𝑷 Transpose 1 to the right side of the equation
𝒋 𝒕𝒎 𝑭
𝒎
= √𝑷 − 𝟏 Multiply both sides of the equation by m
Formula on how to solve for the nominal rate of interest (j)
𝒕𝒎 𝑭
𝒋 = 𝒎 [ √ − 𝟏] 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷
Example No. 1:
Determine the Compound Interest and Future Value of an investment amounting to

P5000 compounded quarterly at a nominal rate of interest of 8% within 2 years.
Method A: Long Method
Given:
P = P5000 r = 8 % or 0.08
t = 3 months m=4
n = tm = 2 (4) = 8 periods
Solution:
Solving for𝑰𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟏:
Given: P1 = P5000 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼1 = 𝑃1 𝑟𝑡 = 5000(0.08) ( ) = 100 𝐹1 = 𝑃1 + 𝐼1 = 5000 + 100 = 5100
12
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑷𝟐
Solving for𝑰𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟐:
Given: P2 = P5100 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼2 = 𝑃2 𝑟𝑡 = 5100(0.08) ( ) = 102 𝐹2 = 𝑃2 + 𝐼2 = 5100 + 102 = 5202
12
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟐 = 𝑷𝟑

Solving for𝑰𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟑:
Given: P3 = P5202 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼3 = 𝑃3 𝑟𝑡 = 5202(0.08) ( ) = 104.04 𝐹3 = 𝑃3 + 𝐼3 = 5202 + 104.04 = 5306.04
12
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟒 𝑭𝟑 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 = 𝑷𝟒
Solving for𝑰𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟒:
Given: P4 = P5306.04 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼4 = 𝑃4 𝑟𝑡 = 5306.04(0.08) ( ) = 106.12 𝐹4 = 𝑃4 + 𝐼4 = 5306.04 + 106.12 = 5412.16
12
𝑰𝟒 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟐 𝑭𝟒 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 = 𝑷𝟓
Solving for𝑰𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟓:
Given: P5 = P5412.16 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼5 = 𝑃5 𝑟𝑡 = 5412.16(0.08) ( ) = 108.24 𝐹5 = 𝑃5 + 𝐼5 = 5412.16 + 108.24 = 5520.40
12
𝑰𝟓 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟐𝟒 𝑭𝟓 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 = 𝑷𝟔
Solving for𝑰𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟔:
Given: P6 = P5520.40 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼6 = 𝑃6 𝑟𝑡 = 5520.40(0.08) ( ) = 110.41 𝐹6 = 𝑃6 + 𝐼6 = 5520.40 + 110.41 = 5630.81
12
𝑰𝟔 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟏 𝑭𝟔 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 = 𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝑷𝟕
Solving for𝑰𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟕:
Given: P7 = P5630.81 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼7 = 𝑃7 𝑟𝑡 = 5630.81(0.08) ( ) = 112.62 𝐹7 = 𝑃7 + 𝐼7 = 5630.81 + 112.62 = 5743.43
12
𝑰𝟕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝑭𝟕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 = 𝑷𝟖
Solving for𝑰𝟖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟖:
Given: P8 = P5743.43 r = 0.08 t = 3/12
3
𝐼8 = 𝑃8 𝑟𝑡 = 5743.43(0.08) ( ) = 114.87 𝐹8 = 𝑃8 + 𝐼8 = 5743.43 + 114.87 = 5858.30
12
𝑰𝟖 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟕 𝑭𝟖 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 = 𝑭
Solving for Compound Interest (I):
𝑰 = 𝑭 − 𝑷 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎
Thus, Compound Interest = P858.30 and Final Amount (F) = P5858.30
𝒋 𝒕𝒎
Method B: Using the Formula 𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + ] for Final Amount
𝒎
Given:
m = 4 (Compounded Quarterly) j=8%
P = Php 5000 t = 2 Years
N = tm = 2(4) = 8 Periods
Solution:
𝒋 𝒕𝒎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝟐(𝟒)
𝑭 = 𝑷 [𝟏 + ] = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 [𝟏 + ] = 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎
𝒎 𝟒
𝑰 = 𝑭 − 𝑷 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟎
Thus, Compound Interest = P858.30 and Final Amount (F) = P5858.30
Example No. 2:
Find the compound amount which would be obtained from the interest of P2000 at 6%
compounded quarterly for 5 years.
Given:
P = Php 2000 j=6% t = 5 years m = 4 (Compounded Quarterly)
Solution:
𝑗 𝑡𝑚 0.06 5(4)
𝐹 = 𝑃 [1 + ] = 2000 [1 + ] = 2693.71
𝑚 4
Thus, Compound Amount: F = Php 2693.71

Example No. 3:
Find the compound amount on the principal P20000 borrowed at 6% compounded
annually for 3 years.
Given:
P = Php 20000 j=6% t = 3 years m =1 (Compounded Annually)
Solution:
𝑗 𝑡𝑚 0.06 3(1)
𝐹 = 𝑃 [1 + ] = 20000 [1 + ] = 20913.57
𝑚 1
Thus, Compound Amount: F = Php 20913.57
Example No. 4:
An investment earns 3% compounded monthly. Find the value of an initial investment of

Php 5000 after 6 years.
Given:
P = Php 5000 j = 3% t = 6 years m = 12 (Compounded Monthly)
Solution:
𝑗 𝑡𝑚 0.03 6(12)
𝐹 = 𝑃 [1 + ] = 5000 [1 + ] = 5984.74
𝑚 12
Thus, Compound Amount: F = Php 5,984.74
Example No. 5:
How many years will it take for an investment to double in value if it earns 5%
compounded annually?
Method A:
Given:
j=5% m = 1 (Compounded Annually)
Assumptions:
F = 2x P=x
Solution:
𝑗 𝑡𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑃 [1 + 𝑚] Substitute the values of F, P, j and m
0.05 1𝑡
2𝑥 = 𝑥 [1 + 1
] Cancel the factor x on both sides of the equation
0.05 1𝑡
2 = [1 + 1
] Take the logarithms of both sides of the equation
0.05 1𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑔(2) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 [1 + 1
] Then,
𝐿𝑜𝑔(2) = 𝑡𝐿𝑜𝑔[1 + 0.05] Divide both sides of the equation by Log (1 + 0.05)
𝐿𝑜𝑔(2)
𝑡= = 14.2
𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 0.05)
Thus, it will take a little more than 14 years before the investment will double in value (t =
14.2 Years)
Method B:
Given:
j=5% m = 1 (Compounded Annually)
Assumptions:
F = 2x P=x
Solution:
𝑭
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒕= 𝑷
𝒋 Substitute the values of F, P, m and j
𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒎
𝟐𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒕= 𝒙
𝟎.𝟎𝟓 then
𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏
𝐿𝑜𝑔(2)
𝑡= = 14.2
𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 0.05)
14.2 Years)
METHOD C:
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒀)
By using the formula: 𝒕 = 𝒋
𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝒎
Given:
Y=2 m=1 j = 0.05
Where:
Y = 2 If F = 2P and P =P, Y = 3 if F = 3P and P = P, Y = 4 if F = 4P and P = P and so on…
Solution:
𝐿𝑜𝑔(2)
𝑡= = 14.2
0.05
1𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + )
1
14.2 Years)
Example No. 6:
How much do they need to invest now, to get Php 10000 in 10 years at 8% nominal rate
of interest compounded annually?
Given:
j = 8 % F = Php 10000 t = 10 years m =1 (Compounded Annually)
Solution:
𝐹 10000
𝑃= 𝑡𝑚 = = 4631.93
𝑗
[1 + ] 0.08 10(1)
𝑚 [1 + ]
1
Thus, P = Php 4631.93

Example No. 7:
What nominal rate of interest does he need to turn Php 1000 into Php 5000 in 20 years if
m = 1 (compounded annually)?
Given:
P = Php 1000 F = Php 5000 t = 20 m =1 (Compounded Annually)
Solution:
𝑡𝑚 𝐹
𝑗 = 𝑚 [ √ − 1] 𝑥100%
𝑃
20(1)
5000
𝑗 = 1[ √ − 1] 𝑥100% = 8.38%
1000
Thus, Nominal Rate of Interest (r) = 8.38%

Exercises
I. Problem Solving:
1. What nominal rate of interest does he need to turn Php 2000 into Php 10000 in
20 years if m = 2 (compounded semi – annually)?
2. How much do they need to invest now, to get Php 35000 in 15 years at 8%
nominal rate of interest compounded annually?
3. How many years will it take for an investment to triple in value if it earns 5%
compounded quarterly?
4. An investment earns 4% compounded monthly. Find the value of an initial

investment of Php 10000 after 5 years.
5. Determine the compound interest and the compound amount on the

principal P20000 borrowed at 6% compounded annually for 3 years.
6. Find the compound amount which would be obtained from the interest of
P3000 at 5% compounded quarterly for 6 years.
7. Determine the Compound Interest and Future Value of an investment

amounting to P15000 compounded bimonthly at a nominal rate of interest of
8% within 3 years.
20 years if m = 4 (compounded quarterly)?
8 years if m = 2 (compounded semi-annually)?
10. If an amount of Php 5000 is deposited into a savings account at an annual

interest rate of 5%, compounded monthly, what is the future value of the
investment after 10 years?
Straight Line Method of Depreciation
Depreciation is a non-cash expense that decreases the value of physical properties or

assets due to wear, tear and obsolescence over the period of its useful life.
Straight line Method is one basis that can be used in calculating depreciation and
amortization. It is the process of expensing an asset over a longer and useful period of
time. It is the difference between Original Costs and Scrap divided by the expected
useful life in years to be used.
Straight Line Method Of Depreciation Formula:

𝑶𝑪−𝑺𝑽 𝑨𝑫
𝑨𝑫 = 𝑬
𝑨𝑹𝑫 = 𝑶𝑪 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Where:
AD: Annual Depreciation
ARD: Annual Rate of Depreciation (%)
SV: Salvage Value or Scrap Value
E: Useful Life in Years
Other Formulas:
𝑻𝑫𝒏 = 𝒏𝑨𝑫 𝑩𝑽 = 𝑶𝑪 − 𝒏𝑨𝑫
Where:
n: Nth – Year
𝑇𝐷𝑛 : Accumulated Depreciation at the end of nth – year
𝐵𝑉𝑛 : Book Value at the end of nth – year
Example No. 1:
Company A purchases a machine for Php 100,000 with an estimated salvage value of
Php 20, 000 and a useful life of 5 years.
a. Solve for the Annual depreciation.
b. What is its annual rate of depreciation?
c. Construct a Depreciation Schedule
d. Sketch the graph of the depreciation process.
Given:
OC = Php 100000 SV = Php 20000 E = 5 Years
Solution:
a. Solve for the Annual Depreciation:
𝑂𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 100000 − 20000
𝐴𝐷 = = = 16000
𝐸 5
AD = Php 16000
b. What is its Annual Depreciation:

𝐴𝐷 16000
𝐴𝑅𝐷 = 𝑥100% = 𝑥100% = 20%
𝑂𝐶 100000
ARD = 20 %

Year Original Cost Annual Accumulated Book Value
Depreciation Depreciation
0 Php 100000 0 Php 100000
1 Php 16000 Php 16000 Php 84000
2 Php 16000 Php 32000 Php 68000
3 Php 16000 Php 48000 Php 52000
4 Php 16000 Php 64000 Php 36000
5 Php 16000 Php 80000 Php 20000 = SV
Accumulated Depreciation Computations:
𝑻𝑫𝒏 = 𝒏𝑨𝑫
𝑇𝐷1 = 1(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 16000 At the end of one year
𝑇𝐷2 = 2(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 32000 At the end of the two years
𝑇𝐷3 = 3(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 48000 At the end of three years
𝑇𝐷4 = 4(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 64000 At the end of four years
𝑇𝐷5 = 5(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 80000 At the end of five years
Book Value Computations:
𝑩𝑽𝒏 = 𝑶𝑪 − 𝒏 𝑨𝑫
𝐵𝑉1 = 100000 − 1(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 84000 At the end of one year
𝐵𝑉2 = 100000 − 2(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 68000 At the end of two years
𝐵𝑉3 = 100000 − 3(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 52000 At the end of three years
𝐵𝑉4 = 100000 − 4(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 36000 At the end of four years
𝐵𝑉5 = 100000 − 5(16000) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 20000 At the end of five years
𝐵𝑉5 = 𝑆𝑉 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 20000

Example No. 2:
A commercial building has a salvage value of Php 1 million after 50 years. Annual
depreciation is Php 2 M. Using the Straight Line Method, how many years after should
you sell the building for Php 30 M?
Given:
SV = Php 1000000 E = 50 Years AD = Php 2000000
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 30000000
Solution:
Annual Depreciation Cost:

𝑂𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷(𝐸 ) + 𝑆𝑉 = 2000000(50) + 1000000 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏𝟎𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐸
Solving for n:
𝑂𝐶 + 𝐵𝑉𝑛 101000000 − 30000000
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑛= = = 35.5 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝐷 2000000
n = 35.5 Years
Example No. 3:
The first cost of a machine is Php 1,800,000 with a salvage value of Php 300,000 at the
end of its six years of life. Determine the total depreciation after three years using the
Straight Line Method of Depreciation.
Given:
OC = Php 1800000 E = 6 Years SV = Php 300000
Solution:Annual Depreciation Cost:

𝑂𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉 1800000 − 300000
𝐴𝐷 = = = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐸 6
Total Depreciation at the end of three years:

𝑇𝐷3 = 3𝐴𝐷 = 3 (250000) = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Exercises
I. Problem Solving:
1. The original cost of a machine is Php 4, 000,000 with a salvage value of Php
500,000 at the end of its ten years of life. Determine the total depreciation after
six years using the Straight Line Method of Depreciation.
2. ABC commercial building has a salvage value of Php 2 million after 50 years.
Annual depreciation is Php 3 M. Using the Straight Line Method, how many years
after should you sell the building for Php 40 M?
3. Company XYZ purchases a machine for Php 120,000 with an estimated salvage
value of Php 25, 000 and a useful life of 8 years.

4. A machine cost amounting to Php 1000, 000 is having its scrap value of Php
10000 for 5 years.
5. The first cost of a machine is Php 1, 000,000 with a salvage value of Php 200,000
at the end of its ten years of life. Determine the total depreciation after four
years using the Straight Line Method of Depreciation.
STATISTICS (DATA MANAGEMENT)
Objectives:

 Know the basic concepts underlying statistics
 Define basic terms involving the concept of Statistics
 Know the difference between quantitative and qualitative data.
 Differentiate Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
 Classify and categorize data
 Analyze and Interpret Data
 Compute for the Mean, Median and Mode
Overview of Statistics
Statistics is the science of numbers with context or simply known as data and It can be
broken down to three branches:
 Data analysis
 Probability
 Statistical Inference
Statistics is collection of facts or outcomes which consists of information coming from

different basis such as opinions, counts, dimensions or responses. It uses facts to gain
insight and draw conclusions. It is also the science of collecting, organizing, analysing
and interpreting data in order to make decisions.
Population and Sample
Population is the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements or counts that

are of interest.
Sample is a subset of the population.
Example No. 1:
In a recent survey, 550 college students at Union College were asked if they smoked
cigarettes regularly. 85 of the students said yes. Identify the population and the sample.
Responses of all students at Union College (population)
Responses of students in survey (sample)
Example No. 2:
Population: All students taking Statistics classes at Mathematics in The Modern World
Sample: All Students in Mathematics in the Modern World Section 03
Parameter and Statistic
A parameter is a numerical description of a population characteristic.

A statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristic.
Examples:
Decide whether the numerical value describes a population parameter or a sample
statistic.
a.) A recent survey of a sample of 450 college students reported that the
average weekly income for students is $325.
Answer: Because the average of $325 is based on a sample, this is a

sample statistic.
b.) The average weekly income for all students is $405.
Answer: Because the average of $405 is based on a population, this is

a population parameter.
Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive statistics involves organization, analysis, summarization and display of

data.
2. Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that involves using a sample to draw
conclusions about a population. A basic tool in the study of inferential statistics is
probability.
Example:
In a recent study, front liners who had less than 6 hours of sleep were four times more
likely to answer incorrectly on a math test than were participants who had at least 8
hours of sleep. Decide which part is the descriptive statistic and what conclusion might
be drawn using inferential statistics.
Answers:
The statement “four times more likely to answer incorrectly” is a
descriptive statistic.
An inference drawn from the sample is that all individuals sleeping less
than 6 hours are more likely to answer science question incorrectly than
individuals who sleep at least 8 hours.
Types of Data
1. Qualitative data cannot be measured by a numerical scale. It consists of

attributes (like gender, nationality). It can be binary (yes or no) or categorical
Examples:
The height of a student
Robin’s shoe size
The length of her finger nails
2. Quantitative data can be measured or identified by a numerical scale i.e. it

consists of numerical measurements, counts.
Examples:
Qualitative data can be generated through:
Texts and documents
Audio and video recordings
Images and symbols
Interview transcripts and focus groups
Observations and notes
Scales of Data or Measurement
1. Nominal Scale: data at this level is qualitative only
Examples:
Brand of Smart Phone owned by an individual
Gender: Male or Female
Place of Residence
Color of Ink : Red, Blue, Black, Orange, Brown, Yellow or Pink
Political Preferences: Independent, Democrat or Republican
2. Ordinal Scale: data at this level is qualitative or quantitative; they can be ranked
or ordered but differences between measurements are not meaningful.
Examples:
Level of Status at workplace
Tournament team rankings
order of product quality
order of agreement or satisfaction
3. Interval Scale: data at this level can be ordered and meaningful differences can
be calculated. A zero entry measures a position on a scale. It is not an inherent
zero.
Examples:
Family Income
Temperature in the city
Likert Scale
Attitude Scales
4. Ratio Scale: Data is defined as a variable measurement scale that not only
produces the order of variables but also makes the difference between
variables known along with information on the value of true zero. It is calculated
by assuming that the variables have an option for zero, the difference between
the two variables is the same and there is a specific order between the options.
Examples:
What is her daughter’s current height?
Responses:
o Less than 5 feet.
o 5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
What is her weight in kilograms?
Responses:
o Less than 50 kilograms
o 51- 70 kilograms
Summary – Levels or Scales of Measurement
The four data measurement scales – nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio – are quite
often discussed in academic teaching. Below is an easy-to-remember chart might help
each learner when having an analysis of data.
Offers: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
The sequence of variables is established – Yes Yes Yes
Mode Yes Yes Yes Yes
Median – Yes Yes Yes
Mean – – Yes Yes
Difference between variables can be

– – Yes Yes
evaluated
Addition and Subtraction of variables – – Yes Yes
Multiplication and Division of variables – – – Yes
Absolute zero – – – Yes
Important Notes:
1. Nominal Scales
Named Variables
2. Ordinal Scales
Named and Ordered Variables
3. Interval Scales
Named, Ordered and Proportionate Interval between Variables
4. Ratio Scales
Named, Ordered and Proportionate Interval between Variables
It can accommodate absolute zero
Exercises
I. Identify the following as Nominal Scale, Ordinal Scale, Interval Scale or Ratio
Scale Data.
1. Flavors of frozen hotdogs
2. Religions
3. Letter grades on a literature essay
4. Ice Cream flavor preference
5. Instructors classified as: easy, difficult or impossible
6. Students classified by their reading ability:

Above average, below average, normal
7. Years of important historical events
8. Amount of money in savings account
9. Commuting times to work
10. Ages (in years) of art students
11. Identify the scale of measurement for the following: military title -- Lieutenant,
Captain, Major
12. Identify the scale of measurement for the following categorization of clothing:
hat, shirt, shoes, and pants
13. Identify the scale of measurement for the following: heat measured in degrees
centigrade.
14. A score on a 5-point quiz measuring knowledge of algebra
15. City of birth
II. Identify then following as Quantitative or Qualitative Data.
1. This kind of observation uses your senses to observe results.
2. These kinds of observations are made using instruments such as rulers, balances
and thermometers.
3. The leaf is 5mm wide.
4. The temperature of the room is decreasing by 4 degrees Celsius.
5. The mass of the chocolate cake is 250 g.
6. There are 75 trees in the forest.
7. The clouds are grey and ground is wet.

8. There are ten buttons on the table.
9. There are 54 players on the Carolina Panthers football team.
10. There are 25 Liters of water in the buckets.
11. There are 20 students in our classroom.
12. The leaves on the plant are turning brown.
13. The plant has grown 4 cm since yesterday.
14. There are 16 red marbles in the bag.
15. There are 15 boys and 17 girls.
16. The barn contains pigs, cows, and horses.
17. The pendulum made 17 full swings in 30 seconds.
18. There were 4 fewer drops on the penny dipped in soap than the one dipped in
oil.
19. The speed of the car was 45 mph.
20. Granny needed 4 newtons of force to make it up the ramp.

Measures of Central Tendency

The measure of central tendency or simply known as measures of central location
classified as summary statistics is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data
by identifying the central position within that set of data. The mean or average is most
likely the measure of central tendency that is most familiar with, but there are also the
median and the mode.
The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central location, but under
different conditions, some measures of central tendency become more appropriate to
use than others. So, it would be better to take a look at the mean, mode and median,
and learn how to calculate them and under what conditions they are most
appropriate to be used.
Important Note:
Ungrouped Data: Number of Variables is less than 30

Grouped Data: Number of Variables is equal or greater than 30
The Mean
Mean (Arithmetic Average)

Represents the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the total number of the
values
Formulas:
Computation of the Mean for Ungrouped Data
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑛 𝑛
Computation of the weighted average
∑ 𝑊𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑊1 𝑥1 + 𝑊2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑊𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥= =
∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
Computation of the Mean for Grouped Data
∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑛
Mean for Grouped Data

1. Grouped data are the data or scores that are arranged in a frequency
distribution
2. Frequency Distribution is the arrangement of scores according to category of
classes including the frequency.
3. Frequency is the number of observations falling in a category
Steps in Solving Mean for Grouped Data

1. Find the Midpoint or Class Mark (xm) of each class or category using the formula
𝐿𝐿+𝑈𝐿
𝑥𝑚 = 2
where LL is the lower limit and UL is the upper limit.
2. Multiply the frequency (f) and the corresponding class mark (x m).
3. Find the sum of the results in step 2.
∑ 𝑓𝑥𝑚
4. Solve for the mean using the formula: 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛
Properties of the Mean

1. It measure stability.
2. The sum of each score’s distance from the mean is zero.
3. It may easily affected by extreme scores.
4. It can be applied to interval scale of measurement.
5. It may not be an actual score in the distribution
6. It is very easy to compute.
When to use the Mean

1. Sampling Stability is desired.
2. Other Measures are to be computed such as standard deviation, coefficient of
variation and skewness.
Example No. 1: (Ungrouped Data)

Scores of 15 students in Mathematics in The Modern World quiz consist of 25 items. The
highest score is 25 and the lowest score is 10. Here are the scores: 25, 20, 18, 18, 17, 15,
15, 15, 14, 14, 13, 12, 12, 10 and 10. Determine the mean score
Solution:
∑ 𝑥 25 + 20 + 18 + 18 + 17 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 14 + 14 + 13 + 12 + 12 + 10 + 10
𝑥= = = 15.2
𝑛 15
Thus, The Mean Score = 15.2
Analysis: The average performance of 15 students who participated in Mathematics in

the Modern World quiz consisting of 25 items is 15.20. The implication of this is that
student who got below 15.2 did not perform well in the examination. Students who got
scores higher than 15.2 performed well in the examination compared to the
performance of the whole class.

Determine the General Weighted Average (GWA) of Daniel Salvador for the 2 nd
semester of school year 2019 – 2020. Use the given table below:
Subjects Grades Units

Analytic Geometry 1.25 3
Differential Calculus 1.00 3
Chemistry 1.25 6
Physics 1 1.00 3
Art Appreciation 1.50 3
NSTP 2 1.25 3
Philosophy 1 1.50 3
PE 2 1.00 2
Solution:
Subjects Grades (𝑾𝒏 ) Units (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝑾𝒏 𝒙𝒏

Analytic Geometry 1.25 3 3.75
Differential Calculus 1.00 3 3.00
Chemistry 1.25 6 7.50
Physics 1 1.00 3 3.00
Art Appreciation 1.50 3 4.50
NSTP 2 1.25 3 3.75
Philosophy 1 1.50 3 4.50
PE 2 1.00 2 2.00
∑ 𝑥𝑛 = 26 ∑ 𝑾𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
∑ 𝑊𝑛 𝑥𝑛 32.00
𝑥= = = 1.23
∑ 𝑥𝑛 26
Thus, The GWA of Daniel Salvador for the 2nd Semester of SY 2019 – 2020 is 1.23
Example No. 3: (Grouped Data)

Compute the Mean Score of 40 students in a Microbiology Class consisting of 60 items
as listed below:
Scores (x) Frequency (f)
10 – 14 5
15 – 19 2
20 – 24 3
25 – 29 5
30 – 34 2
35 – 39 9
40 – 44 6
45 – 49 3
50 - 54 5
n = 40
Solution:
Scores (x) Frequency (f) Class Mark (xm) fxm
10 – 14 5 12 60
15 – 19 2 17 34
20 – 24 3 22 66
25 – 29 5 27 135
30 – 34 2 32 64
35 – 39 9 37 333
40 – 44 6 42 252
45 – 49 3 47 141
50 - 54 5 52 260
n = 40 Total ∑ 𝒇𝒙𝒎 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟓
∑ 𝑓𝑥𝑚 1345
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = = = 33.63
𝑛 40
Thus, Mean = 33.63
Analysis: The mean performance of 40 students in Microbiology quiz is 33.63. Those who
got below 33.63 did not perform well in the said examination while those students who
got scores above 33.63 performed well.
The Median
Median:
The middle value in a dataset that is arranged in ascending order (from the
smallest value to the largest value)
If a dataset contains an even number of values, the median of the dataset is the
mean of the two middle value
It is also known as the 50th Percentile.
50% lies below the median value and 50 % lies above the median value
Median is what divides the scores into two equal parts.
Formulas: (Ungrouped Data)

If Number of Terms is Odd
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑥̃ = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
If Number of Terms is Even
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑥̃
= 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
Median of Ungrouped Data

1. Arrange the scores from lowest to highest or highest to lowest.
2. Determine the middle most score in a distribution if n is an odd number and get
the average of the two middle most scores if n is an even number.
Median of Grouped Data
Formula:
𝒏
( − 𝒄𝒇𝒑)
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ 𝟐 ] (𝑪𝑰)
𝒇𝒎
Where:
LB: Lower Boundary of the Median Class
fm: Frequency of the Median Class
CI: Class Interval
n: Number of Respondents
cfp: Less than Cumulative Frequency
Steps in Solving Median for Grouped Data
1. Complete the table for less than cumulative frequency
𝑛
2. Get the value of of the scores in the distribution so that MC can be identified.
2
3. Determine the values of LB, cfp, CI and fm.

4. Solve the Median using the formula.
Properties of the Median

1. It may not be an actual observation in the data set
2. It can be applied in the ordinal level
3. It is not affected by extreme values because median is a positional measure.
When to use Median

1. The exact midpoint of the score distribution is desired.
2. There are extreme scores in the distribution.

Find the median score of 7 students in an Algebra Class. The scores of each student are
19, 17, 16, 10, 15, 2 and 5.
Solution:
n = 7 (Odd)
Arrange the scores from lowest to highest: 2, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19
Thus, The Median is 15 (Middle Score)
Example No. 2 (Ungrouped Data)

Find the median score of 8 students in a Science Class. The score of each student are
the following: 10, 5, 2, 17, 16, 15, 19 and 30.
Solution:
n = 8 (Even)
Arrange the scores from lowest to highest: 2, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 30
15 + 16
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = 15.5
2
Thus, the Median is 15.5

Example No. 3: (Grouped Data)

Scores of 40 students in a Microbiology Class consisting of 60 items are listed below. The
highest score is 54 and the lowest score is 10.
10 – 14 5
15 – 19 2
20 – 24 3
25 – 29 5
30 – 34 2
35 – 39 9
40 – 44 6
45 – 49 3
50 - 54 5
n = 40
Solution:
Scores (x) Frequency (f) Cf<

10 – 14 5 5
15 – 19 2 7
20 – 24 3 10
25 – 29 5 15
30 – 34 2 cfp = 17
35 – 39 fm = 9 26
40 – 44 6 32
45 – 49 3 35
50 - 54 5 40
LB = 34.5 n = 40 𝑛
= 20
2
CI=5
𝒏
( − 𝒄𝒇𝒑) 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ 𝟐 ] (𝑪𝑰) = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 + [ ] (𝟓) = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟕
𝒇𝒎 𝟗
Thus, Median = 36.17

The Mode
Mode:
Defines the most frequently occurring value in a data set
In some cases, a dataset may contain multiple modes while some datasets may
not have any mode at all.
It is classified as Unimodal, Bimodal, Trimodal or Multimodal.
Unimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of only one mode.
Bimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of two modes.
Trimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of three modes.
Multimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of more than two modes.
Trimodal is also known as Multimodal
Modal Formula: (Ungrouped Data)
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑥̌ = 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Modal Formula: (Grouped Data)
𝑑1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑥̌ = 𝐿𝐵 + [ ] (𝐶𝐼)
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Where:
LB: Lower Class Boundary
MC: Modal Class
CI: Size of Class Interval
d1: difference between the frequency of modal class and the frequency above it,
when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.
d2: difference between the frequency of modal class and the frequency below it,
when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.
Properties of Mode
1. It can be used when the data are qualitative as well as quantitative.

2. It may not be unique.
3. It is affected by extreme values
4. It may not exist.
When to use the Mode
1. When the typical value is desired.

2. When the data set is measured on a nominal scale.
Example No. 1:
Scores of every 10 students in Section 1, Section 2 and Section 3:
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

25 25 25
24 24 25
24 24 25
20 20 22
20 18 21
20 18 21
16 17 21
12 10 18
10 9 18
7 7 18
Results:
The Score that most appear in section 1 is 20; hence, the mode of section 1 is 20. There
is only one mode, therefore, score distribution is called Unimodal.
The Modes of section 2 are 24 and 18, since both 24 and 18 appeared twice. There are
two modes in section 2; hence, the distribution is Bimodal.
The Modes for section 3 are 18, 21 and 25. There are three modes for section 3,
therefore, it is called a Trimodal or Multimodal distribution.
Example No. 2:
Scores of 40 students in a Microbiology Class consisting of 60 items are listed below.
10 – 14 5
15 – 19 2
20 – 24 3
25 – 29 5
30 – 34 2
35 – 39 9
40 – 44 6
45 – 49 3
50 - 54 5
Given:
𝐿𝐵 = 34. 5 𝐶𝐼 = 5 𝑑1 = 9 − 2 = 7 𝑑2 = 9 − 6 = 3 𝐿𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐶 = 35 𝑀𝐶 = 35 − 39
Solution:
𝑑1 7
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑥̌ = 𝐿𝐵 + [ ] (𝐶𝐼) = 34.5 + [ ] (5) = 38
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 7+3
Mode = 38
Thus, the mode of the score distribution that consists of 40 students is 38, because 38
occurred several times.
Exercises
I. Problem Solving: Encircle the letter corresponding to the correct answer.
1. Find the median of the data: 5, 7, 4, 9, 5, 4, 4, 3

a. 5.125 c. 4.5
b. 14 d. 4
2. Find the mean of the following data: 12, 10,15, 10, 16, 12,10,15, 15, 13
a. 13 c. 15
b. 12.5 d. 12.8
3. Find the mode of the following data: 20, 14, 12, 14, 26, 16, 18, 19, 14
a. 14 c. 26
b. 17 d. 16
4. Find the mean of the following data: 0, 5, 2, 4, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 3

a. 0 c. 2.5
b. 2.25 d. 3.86
5. Find the median of the following data: 25, 20, 30, 30, 20, 24, 24, 30, 31
a. 20 c. 2.5
b. 2.25 d. 3.86
6. Find the median of the following data: 1, 6, 12, 19, 5, 0, 6

a. 6 c. 19
b. 7 d. 3.5
7. Find the mean of the following data: 20, 24, 24, 24, 22, 22, 24, 22, 23, 25
a. 23.5 c. 24
b. 23 d. 0
8. Find the mode of the following data: 5, 0, 5, 4, 12, 2, 14

a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 0
9. Find the mean of the following data: 0, 5, 30, 25, 16, 18, 19, 26, 0, 20, 28
a. 0 c. 19
b. 18 d. 17
10. Find the median of the following data: 9, 6, 12, 5, 17, 3, 9, 5, 10, 2, 8, 7
a. 6.5 c. 6
b. 7.5 d. 7.75
11. Compute the mean, median and mode of the following dam statistics as listed
below:
Name of Dam Height
Oroville Dam 756 feet
Hoover Dam 726 feet
Glen Canyon Dam 710 feet
Don Pedro Dam 568 feet
Hungry Horse Dam 564 feet
Round Butte Dam 440 feet
Pine Flat Lake Dam 440 feet
12. Solve for the mean, median and mode.

Given: The ages of the 112 people who live on a tropical island are grouped as follows:
Age Number
00 - 09 20
10 - 19 21
20 - 29 23
30 - 39 16
40 - 49 11
50 - 59 10
60 - 69 7
70 - 79 3
80 - 89 1
13. Solve for the Mean, Median and Mode.

Situation: Marian grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. She dig them up and
measure their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results:
Length
Frequency
(mm)
150 - 154 5
155 - 159 2
160 - 164 6
165 - 169 8
170 - 174 9
175 - 179 11
180 - 184 6
185 - 189 3
14. In Tim's office, there are 25 employees. Each employee travels to work every
morning in his or her own car. The distribution of the driving times (in minutes)
from home to work for the employees is shown in the table below.
Driving Times (minutes) Number of Employees

0–9 3
10 – 19 10
20 – 29 6
30 – 39 4
40 – 49 2
Calculate the mean of the driving times.
15. Two weeks before Diego opened Technology Titans, he launched his company
Web site. During those 14 days, Mark had an average of 24.5 hits on his Web site
per day. In the first two days that Technology Titans was open for business, the
Web site received 42 and 53 hits respectively. Determine the new average for
hits on the Web site.
16. Mark operates Technology Titans, a Web site service that employs 8 people.
Find the mean age of his workers if the ages of the employees are as follows: 55,
63, 34, 59, 29, 46, 51, 41
17. Stephen has been working on programing and updating a Web site for his
company for the past 15 months. The following numbers represent the number
of hours Stephen has worked on this Web site for each of the past 7 months: 24,
25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78. What is the mean (average) number of hours that Stephen
worked on this Web site each month?
18. The ages of 12 randomly selected customers at a local Best Buy are listed below:
23, 21, 29, 24, 31, 21, 27, 23, 24, 32, 33, 19. What is the mode of the above ages?
19. Find the mode of the following data: 76, 81, 79, 80, 78, 83, 77, 79, 82, 75
20. Find the mode of the following data: 76, 81, 79, 80, 78, 83, 77, 79, 82, 85, 90, 67,
84, 93, 87, 80, 80, 81.
Chapter 07
POLYA’S METHOD: A PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Objectives:
 Identify and Understand different problems using Polya’s Method

 Devise plans on how to solve worded problems
 Solve skilfully various worded problems like mixture, work, number, interest and
age problems
Introduction
When aiming to learn more about mathematics, people tend to explore and study
hard in order to acquire more mathematical knowledge and skills especially problem
solving skills. But every learner of Mathematics must keep in mind that into different real
life situations, problem solving becomes the focus while both knowledge and skills are
only the accessories. It is actually because, not even a single day passes without
people having to solve various problems.
What is a Problem?
A problem is a state or a situation where there exists obstacle(s) between people and
what they want. Problems are generally classified as routine or non-routine.
What is Problem Solving?
Problem Solving is a process that requires critical thinking, ability to make decisions,
proper selection of strategy in finding a solution and checking of results. Problem solving
is also an effective way of overcoming or removing obstacles in order to gain solutions.
Polya’s Method: A Model for Problem Solving
The most commonly used model is that of George Polya (1973) who proposed four
stages in problem solving. Polya created his famous four-step process for problem
solving, which is used all over to aid people in problem solving:
Step 1: Identify the problem.
Step 2: Develop A Plan
Step 3: Execute the Plan
Step 4: Assess the solution

𝑰 IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
 Understand the problem (ANALYSIS)
Read the problem slowly
Jotting down the key ideas
𝑫 DEVELOP A PLAN
 Devise a plan to solve the problem (PLANNING)
Draw a diagram
Find a formula or look for patterns
𝑬 EXECUTE THE PLAN
 Carry out the plan to solve the problem
(IMPLEMENTATION)
Create an Equation
Solve the Problem and Find an Answer(s)
𝑨 ASSESS THE SOLUTION
 Look back and check the answer (REFLECTION)
Does the result(s) make sense?
Review the result(s)
Identify Develop
the
a Plan
Problem
How to
Approach
Problem
Solving
Assess Execute
the Plan the Plan
APPLICATIONS OF POLYA’S METHOD
MIXTURE PROBLEMS:
Example No. 1:
John has 20 ounces of a 20% of salt solution. How much salt should he add to make it a
25% solution?
STEP 1: Identify the Problem.
The Problem:
 How much salt should he add to make it a 25% solution?

STEP 2: Devise a Plan.
Concept/Method/Formula:
 Systems of Linear Equations having one variable

 Substitution Method
 Adding to the salt solution
Given Data:
Set up a table for salt using the information from the question.
Let y be the amount of salt added.

Original Added Result
Concentration 20% = 0.2 100% = 1 25 % = 0.25
Amount 20 𝑦 20 + 𝑦
Multiply 0.2(20) 1𝑦 0.25(20 + 𝑦)
Original + Added = Result
STEP 3: Execute the Plan (Carry out the Plan)
Solution:
𝟎. 𝟐𝟎(𝟐𝟎) + 𝟏𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓(𝟐𝟎 + 𝒚)
4 + 𝑦 = 5 + 0.25𝑦
𝑦 − 0.25𝑦 = 5 − 4
0.75𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 1.33 𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
Thus, John should add 1.33 or 1 & 1/3 ounces of salt
STEP 4: Assess the Solution
Checking:
y = 1.33 = 1 & 1/3 = 4/3
Substitute y = 4/3 to the equation: 0.20(20) + 1𝑦 = 0.25(20 + 𝑦)
4 4
0.20(20) + 1 ( ) = 0.25 [20 + ]
3 3
4 1
4+ =5+
3 3
12 4 15 1
+ = +
3 3 3 3
16 16
=
3 3
TRUE
Thus, the value of y = 1.33 ounces is correct
Example No. 2:
John has 20 ounces of a 20% of salt solution. How much water should he evaporate to
make it a 30% solution?
The Problem:
 How much water should he evaporate to make it a 30% solution?


 Removing from salt solution
Given Data:
Set up a table for water. The water is removed from the original solution.
Let y be the amount of water evaporated.
Original Removed Result

Water 80% = 0.8 100% = 1 70% = 0.7
Amount 20 𝑦 20 − 𝑦
Multiply 0.80(20) 1𝑦 0.70(20 − 𝑦)
Original – Removed = Result
Solution:
0.80(20) − 1𝑦 = 0.70(20 − 𝑦)
16 − 𝑦 = 14 − 0.7𝑦
𝑦 − 0.7𝑦 = 16 − 14
0.3𝑦 = 2
2 20
𝑦=6 = = 6.67 𝑂𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
3 3
Thus, 6 & 2/3 or 6.67 ounces of water should be evaporated
Checking:
20
𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 6.67
3
20
Substitute 𝑦 = 3 to the equation 0.80(20) − 1𝑦 = 0.70(20 − 𝑦)
20 20
0.8(20) − 1 ( ) = 0.7 [20 − ]
3 3
20 14
16 − = 14 −
3 3
48 20 42 14
− = −
3 3 3 3
28 28
3
= 3
TRUE
Thus, the value of y = 6.67 ounces is correct
WORK PROBLEMS:
Example No. 3:
Jennifer takes 4 hours to do a job. John takes 6 hours to do the same job. Working
together, how many hours will it take them to do the job?
The Problem:
 How many hours will it take them to do the job?

 Operations on Fraction
Given Data:
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 Jennifer takes 4 hours to do a job:
4 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 John takes 6 hours to do the same job: 6 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 Working together, they take x hours to do the same job:
𝑥 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
 the total number of hours will it take them to do the job: x hours
1 1 1
 Working equation: 4
+6=𝑥
Solution:
1 1 1
+ =
4 6 𝑥
6+4 1
=
4(6) 𝑥
4(6) 24 12
𝑥= = = 𝑜𝑟 2.4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
6 + 4 10 5
Answer:
 Thus, x = 2.4 hours, if they will work together
Checking:
1 1 1
Substitute x = 2.4 to the equation: 4 + 6 = 𝑥
1 1 1
+ =
4 6 2.4
0.25 + 0.17 = 0.42
0.42 = 0.42
TRUE
Thus, the value of x = 2.4 hours is correct
Example No. 4:
Peter and Steven take 51/3 hours to do a job. Steven alone takes 16 hours to do the
same job. How long would it take Peter to do the same job alone?
The Problem:
 How long would it take Peter to do the same job alone?


 Operations on Fraction
Given Data:
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 Peter can do the job for x hours:
𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 Steven alone can do the job for 16 hours: 16 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 𝐽𝑜𝑏
 Both of them can do the job at 5 1/3 hours: 16
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
3
1 1 3
 Working Equation: + =
𝑥 16 16
Solution:
1 1 3
+ =
𝑥 16 16
1 3 1
= −
𝑥 16 16
1 2
=
𝑥 16
1 1
=
𝑥 8
𝑥 = 8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Thus, Peter can do the same job for 8 hours
Checking:
1 1 3
Substitute x = 8 to the equation: 𝑥 + 16 = 16
1 1 3
+ =
8 16 16
2 1 3
+ =
16 16 16
3 3
=
16 16
TRUE
Thus, the value of x = 8 hours is correct
NUMBER PROBLEMS:
Example No. 5:
The sum of two numbers is 15. The difference of the same two numbers is 7. What are
the two numbers?
The Problem:
 What are the two numbers?

 Systems of Linear Equations having two variables

Given data:
 x : as the first number

 y: as the second number
 x + y = 15 (The sum of two numbers)
 x – y = 7 (The difference of two numbers)
 Working Equations: x + y = 15 & x – y = 7
Solution:
Solving for x and y using the Substitution Method:

x + y = 15: Equation 1
x − y = 7: Equation 2
y = x − 7: Equation 3 (The value of y from equation 2)
Substitute the value of y from equation 3 to equation 1
x + y = 15
(x − 7) + 3 = 15
x − 4 = 15
𝑥 = 11
Substitute the value of x to equation 3:
𝑦 = 11 − 7 = 11 − 7 = 4
𝑦=4
𝑥 = 11 & 𝑦 = 4
Checking:
Substitute the values of x and y to the equations: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15
11 + 4 = 15
15 = 15
TRUE
𝑥−𝑦 = 7
11 − 4 = 7
7=7
TRUE
Thus, x = 11 and y = 4 are both correct
Example No. 6:
The sum of twice one number and three times another number is 23 and their product is
20. Find the numbers.
The Problem:
 Find the two numbers
 Two equations and Two Unknown variables

 Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equation: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
Quadratic Formula: 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Given Data:
 Let x be the first number

 Let y be the second number
 Equation 1: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
 Equation 2: 𝑥𝑦 = 20
 Working Equations: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 20
Solution:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23 Equation 1
𝑥𝑦 = 20 Equation 2
20
𝑥= Equation 3 (Derived from Equation 2)
𝑦
Substitute the value of x from equation 3 to equation 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
20
2( ) + 3𝑦 = 23
𝑦
40
𝑦
+ 3𝑦 = 23 Multiply by y
40 + 3𝑦 2 = 23𝑦
3𝑦 2 − 23𝑦 + 40 = 0 Quadratic Equation
Values of a, b and c
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 40
Let x = y
Using the Quadratic Formula:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −(−23) ± √(−23)2 − 4(3)(40)

𝑦=𝑥= =
2𝑎 2(3)
23 ± √529 − 480
𝑦=
6
23 ± √49
𝑦=
6
23 ± 7
𝑦=
6
23+7 30
𝑦= 6
= 6
=5 First Value of y
23−7 16 8
𝑦= 6
= 6
=3 Other Value of y
Substitute y = 5 to equation 3
20 20
𝑥= = =4
𝑦 5
𝑥=4
Solution Set #1: x = 4 and y = 5
Substitute y = 8/3 to equation 3:
20 20 20(3) 60 15
𝑥= = = = =
𝑦 8 8 8 2
3
15
𝑥=
2
15 8
Solution Set # 2: 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3
Therefore, this problem has two sets of solutions.
Answers:
Solution Set #1: x = 4 and y = 5
𝟏𝟓 𝟖
Solution Set # 2: 𝒙= 𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟑
Checking:
Substitute the values of x and y to the equations: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 20
Using Solution Set #1: x = 4 and y = 5
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
2(4) + 3(5) = 23
8 + 15 = 23
23 = 23
TRUE
𝑥𝑦 = 20
4(5) = 20
20 = 20
TRUE
𝟏𝟓 𝟖
Using Solution Set # 2: 𝒙= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟑
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
15 8
2 ( ) + 3 ( ) = 23
2 3
15 + 8 = 23
23 = 23
TRUE
𝑥𝑦 = 20
15 8
( ) ( ) = 20
2 3
120
= 20
6
20 = 20
TRUE
Thus, the values of both solution sets 1 & 2 are both correct
AGE PROBLEMS:
Example No. 7:
Phil is Tom's father. Phil is 35 years old. Three years ago, Phil was four times as old as his
son was then. How old is Tom now?
The Problem:
 How old is Tom now?
 Linear Equations Having One Variable

Given data:
Let x be Tom's age now. Then three years ago, Tom's age would be x– 3. Four times
Tom's age three years ago would be 4(x – 3). Phil's age three years ago would be 35 – 3
= 32. A simple chart may also be helpful.
Now 3 Years ago

Phil 35 32
Tom x x–3
Now, use the problem to set up an equation.

Three years ago, Phil was four times as old as his son was then
Working Equation: 32 = 4(𝑥 − 3)

Solution:
32 = 4(𝑥 − 3)
32 = 4𝑥 − 12
4𝑥 = 32 + 12
4𝑥 =44
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏
Answer:
Thus, Tom is now 11 years old
Checking:
Substitute the value of x to the equation: 32 = 4(𝑥 − 3)
32 = 4(11 − 3)
32 = 4(8)
32 = 32
TRUE
Thus, x = 11 is correct
Example No. 8:
Lisa is 16 years younger than Kathy. If the sum of their ages is 30, how old is Lisa?
The Problem:
 How old is Lisa?
 Linear Equations Having One Variable

Given Data:
Let Lisa equal x. Therefore, Kathy is x + 16. (Note that since Lisa is 16
years younger than Kathy, you must add 16 years to Lisa to denote Kathy's age.)
Now, use the problem to set up an equation
Liza’s age: x
Cathy’s Age: x + 16
Sum of Ages: 30
Working Equation: x + (x + 16) = 30
Solution:
x + (x + 16) = 30
2𝑥 + 16 = 30
2𝑥 = 30 − 16
2𝑥 = 14
𝒙 = 𝟕 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝑶𝒍𝒅
Thus, Liza is 7 years old
Checking:
Substitute the value of x to the equation: 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 16) = 30

𝑥 + (𝑥 + 16) = 30
7 + (7 + 16) = 30
7 + 23 = 30
30 = 30
TRUE
Thus, x = 7 is correct
SIMPLE INTEREST PROBLEMS
Example no. 9:
At what simple interest rate was Php 16500 invested if it earned an interest an interest of
Php 1620 after 1.5 years?
The Problem:
 At what simple interest rate was Php 16500 invested if it earned an interest an
interest of Php 1620 after 1.5 years?
 Simple Interest Concept

𝐼
 Formula for the interest rate: 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑥100%
Given data:
𝑃 = 16500, 𝐼 = 1620 𝑡 = 1.5
Solution:
𝐼
𝑟 = 𝑥100%
𝑃𝑡
1620
𝑟= 𝑥100% = 6.55%
16500(1.5)
Answer: r = 6.55 %
Thus, Interest rate = 6.55 %
Checking:
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
1620 = (16500)(0.0655)(1.5)
1620 = 1620
TRUE
Thus, r = 6.55 % is correct

Example No. 10:
What interest rate do we require, to get Php 10000 of interest money generated from
Php 20000 for 3 years?
The Problem:
 What interest rate do we require, to get Php 10000 of interest money generated
from Php 20000 for 3 years?
 Simple Interest Concept

𝐼
 Formula for the interest rate: 𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑥100%
Given Data:
𝑃 = 20000 𝐼 = 20000 𝑡=3
Solution:
𝐼
𝑟 = 𝑥100%
𝑃𝑡
10000
𝑟= 𝑥100% = 16.67%
20000(3)
Answer: r = 16.67 %
Thus, Interest rate = 16.67 %
Checking:
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
10000 = (20000)(0.1667)(13)
10000 = 10000
TRUE
Thus, r = 16.67 % is correct

Exercises
I. Solve the following problems using Polya’s Problem Solving Method.
1. Ernie can plow a field alone in four hours. It takes Sid five hours to plow the same
field alone. If they work together (and each has a plow), how long will it take to
plow the field?
2. Solution A is 50% hydrochloric acid, while solution B is 75% hydrochloric acid. How
many liters of each solution should be used to make 100 liters of a solution which
is 60% hydrochloric acid?
3. Coffee worth $1.05 per pound is mixed with coffee worth 85¢ per pound to
obtain 20 pounds of a mixture worth 90¢ per pound. How many pounds of each
type are used?
4. The sum of two numbers is 20. The difference of the same two numbers is 4. What
are the two numbers?
5. Marimar takes 5 hours to do a job. Sergio takes 8 hours to do the same job.
Working together, how many hours will it take them to do the job?
6. The sum of twice one number and three times another number is 13 and their
product is 6. Find the numbers.
7. Ben is 444 times as old as Ishaan and is also 666 years older than Ishaan. How old
is Ishaan?
8. Michael is 3 times as old as Brandon. 18 years ago, Michael was 9 times as old as
Brandon.
9. Ariel takes a loan of Php8000 to buy a used truck at the rate of 9 % simple
Interest. Calculate the annual interest to be paid for the loan amount.
10. At what simple interest rate will the amount be double within 5 years?
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Mathematics in The Modern World P age |1

Danilo M. Guzman Jr. RCE, LPT, MAED

The unstoppable digital transformation of technology and continuous modernization

Mathematics as a science of patterns plays a vital role in the field of engineering,

Patterns and Numbers

Chalice Pattern Diamond Pattern Christmas tree Pattern

Step 1: (5x9=45) Step 2 :( 6x8=48) Step 3: (5x5=25) Step 4 : ( 6x5=30)

Step 5: (4x6=24) Step 6: (5x8=40) Step 7: (9x6=54)

Step 8: (6x5=30) Step 9: (5x8=40) Step 10: (5x5=25)

Step 11: (5x6=30) Step 12: (6x6=36) Step 13: (5x4=20)

Step 14: (5x5=25) Step 15: (9x5=45) Step 16: (6x5=30)

Step 17: (8x6=48) Step 18: (5x6=30) Step 19: (5x4=20)

Step 20: (5x5=25) Step 21: (9x6=54) Step 22: (6x6=36)

Step 23: (8x4=32) Step 24: (5x6=30) Step 25: (9x4=36)

Step 26: Step 27:

Step 1: (5x9=45) Step 2: (9x6=54) Step 3: (9x5=45) Step 4:

Step 5: (9x4=36) Step 6: (8x5=40) Step 7: (6x8=48) Step 8: (8x5=40)

Step 25: (4x6=24) Step 26: finally, add all the

Christmas tree Pattern:

Step 1: (5x6=30) Step 2: (9x4=36) Step 3: (5x5=25) Step 4: (9x6=54)

Step 5: (6x6=36) Step 6: (8x4=32) Step 7: (5x5=25) Step

Step 25: (4x6=24) Step 26: Step 27:

Affix as a dummy at finally, add all the aligned numbers

The Novel Grid Pattern

At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to:

Solve for x and y:

x=2 and y=1

x=2 and y=2

6(33) − 2(24) 198 − 48 150

9(24) − 2(33) 216 − 66 150

x=3 and y=3

5. 10x + 15y = 25 & 2x + 3y = 5

10. 10x + 12y = 22 & 3x + 2y = 5

Multiplication Math Tricks

At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to:

Math Trick # 1: Multiplying Two Digit Number by 11

Step 1: Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11

Step 2: Insert the sum of 8 between the digits of the factor 53

Step 3: Thus, The product of 53 X 11 = 583

Step 1: Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11

Step 3: Thus, The product of 75 x 11 = 825

Step 1:Add the digits of the number being multiplied by 11

Step 2: Insert the sum of 9 between the digits of the factor 36

Step 3: Thus, The product of 36 x 11 = 396

Math Trick # 2: 2 – digit number by 2 digit number multiplication (Both numbers

Step 1: Add the last digit of 16 which is 6 to the whole number 17

Step 3: Multiply the last digit of 17 to the last digit of 16

Step 5: Thus the product of 17 x 16 = 272

Step 1: Add the last digit of 14 which is 4 to the whole number 19

Step 3: Multiply the last digit of 19 to the last digit of 14

Step 5: Thus, the product of 19 x 14 = 266

Enjoin all the obtained numbers 49, 70 and 25 together

Thus, 705 x 705 = 497025

Enjoin all the obtained numbers 82, 26 and 49 together

Thus, 907x907 = 822649

Enjoin all the obtained numbers 36, 96 and 64 together

Thus, 608x608 = 369664

Math Trick # 4: 2 – digit number by 2 digit number multiplication (Both numbers

Step 1: Bring down the first digit of the number 123

Thus, 123 x 111 = 13653

Step 1: Bring down the first digit of the number 423

Thus, 423 x 111 = 46953

Math Trick # 7: Multiplication by 50, 500 and 5000