Course Module 1

OUR LADY OF TRIUMPH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines
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COURSE MODULE IN
SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY
Disciplines under Social Sciences

It was previously discussed that social science is not just a single body of knowledge but that
it is an entity of a discipline or a branch of science that is concerned with studying a certain
aspect of society. The concept of society is too broad to be discussed by a single body of
knowledge only, thus, every aspect of society must have a single discipline separate from all
the other aspects. In light of this, a separate discipline should study human beings as
members of society, and another discipline should be concerned with the political
management of the society. Below are some of the many social science disciplines that are
extremely studied by many individuals in the academe.
Anthropology
Often referred to as “the science of humanity”, Anthropology is a social science that
focuses on the biological nature and history, as well as cultural aspects of human beings that
which separates Man from all other species. This discipline studies the nature of human
beings itself. In the definition given above, it can be seen that there are two main aspects of
the human being studied in Anthropology. First, the biological nature and history of the
human person. This aspect is concerned about humans being a biological organism that is
an active participant of the ecological community and operates similarly with all other
organisms in the environment. It uses the presumption that humans are known to be the
homo sapien specie and is therefore subject to the capabilities and limitations of the said
specie. In this context, Anthropology looks at the human being’s features in terms of
biological build-up and evolution.
Illustration 1.1 The Biological Focus of Anthropology
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The second aspect of Anthropology deals with the cultural aspects of Man. This refers to the
way humans deal, interact, and construct a complex system of interaction among them. This
basically studies the way humans coordinate with each other to found an organized
community that will provide them with the necessary conditions for an improved life. This
ability of humans to bond together and form a society that follows a certain culture or way of
life, is what makes humans highly different from all other species, thus making it a subject
worthy of interest. Anthropology seeks to understand the common features of a human
society, and what makes one culture different from all the rest. To find out answers to
questions like, what makes a culture a culture? How did culture came to existence? What
makes a culture resilient or weak? etc. It is for this reason that anthropology is also
connected to history as these disciplines both examine the past of which humans have had a
huge participation.
This very broad scope of study has resulted to a great disorganization of scientific database of
focus in the discipline thereby paving the way to making lower branches if the discipline. The
discipline of Anthropology is known to be divided in many branches of study but is most
commonly built upon by the following:
Table 1.1 Branches of Anthropology
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Physical Anthropology is a branch of anthropology which centers on the complexity of the

human body. It follows the assumption that Homo sapiens or human beings are different and
at some extent, are more sophisticated than all other species. This explains why it focuses on
discovering more about the physical or biological build-up that enables humans to operate at
a more complex manner than other living organisms such as plants and other animals.
Physical anthropology tries to examine human genes, human anatomy, and evolutionary
history to find out the differences and similarities of human beings to the rest of the
ecological community. Archaeology, on the other hand, provides a scientific approach to
rediscovering the past of humans. However, what makes Archaeology different from history,
is that it tries to look for the ways on how the humans lived before they discovered writing
and formal language. Archaeology also tries to determine the factors that led humans to
establish the first forms of civilization and how they were able to exist despite the unstable
conditions before.
Linguistic Anthropology recognizes that language is the most important asset of man, for
without it, establishing a complex civilization would have been close to impossible. Creating a
formal language where members of a community can communicate is perceived as the
highest ability of humans that separates them from all other beings. Imagine if lions can talk
to each other and reach an agreement to either serve or destroy humanity, either result could
have led to a more different circumstance for us all today. It is because of this, that linguistic
anthropology tries to explain the very nature of human language by studying the various
languages throughout the globe, understanding its features and finding out how these
languages have affected humans’ way of life. Social/Cultural Anthropology which can also be
called Sociocultural Anthropology is the branch of anthropology that focuses on the cultural
aspects Man. This branch, similar to that of linguistic anthropology, seeks to understand the
differences of cultures around the world to understand how different people tried to cope
with the difference in geographical and political conditions that they were given. In a simpler
sense, sociocultural anthropology tries to understand the difference between the culture of
people from the urban area of Pagadian City where manufactured goods and products are
abundant, and the rural area of Guipos where manufactures goods are limited but
agricultural resources are plentiful. Lastly, Psychological Anthropology is the focus of
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anthropology into the person himself/herself. It follows the assumption that man is a
thinking organism, thus it is important to understand how the human mind works in
response to his/her environment. By learning about the psychological processes of Man, we
are able to know the different ways to address each person and carry out the ways that are
most beneficial to our people.
Sociology
Sociology is the social science that studies the human society itself, particularly its
interaction, and the processes that preserve and change them. Sociology assumes that
humans have survived because of their ability to interact and create societies. It is the main
assumption of sociology that humans need organizations found in societies to inform and
guide them to satisfy their needs. These organizations, in return, have to interact with each
other at some point otherwise it will lead to its decay. Similar to individuals human
interaction also undergo different changes that affect personal life at some point.
Example Situation 1
Two separate persons went to school for the first time and were unfamiliar of the school
grounds. Both of them knew that they need to interact with someone to get to their classes.
Person 1
Person 1: Excuse me Sir. May I ask a question?

School Staff: Yes, what is it?
Person 1: Where can I find Room F12?
School Staff: OH! You just follow this path forward, then take the left turn. You’ll see a
building there named “FORCE”. Just look for Room F12 in the first floor.
Person 1: Okay Sir. Thank you so much!
Person 2
Person 2: Hey YOU! Where’s this F12 located?

School Staff: (annoyed) …….
Person 2: Hey! Are you deaf? Or did you bite your tongue?
School Staff: (walks away)
Person 2: (Gets angry, walks away and skipped class)
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It can be seen in the example that interaction is really an essential part of our daily lives. It is
what basically makes us a society. However, it can also be seen that there are different
patterns and ways of interaction that can yield different results. And so, it is the intention of
Sociology to bridge this gap and further understand these different social patterns and social
factors that happen in the society. By doing this, sociologists, and eventually, people can
understand how their society works and how they should work to in order to effectively
function and benefit from society.
Psychology
The social science of the human mind and its behavior. Psychology is the study of
man’s mental states, as well as his behavior and mental processes. In their day-to-day
activities, Humans always use their minds to make decisions and act for a certain purpose.
Moreover, people’s behavior and attitude are always dictated by the condition of their minds.
Eventually, these decisions, behavior, attitude, and actions taken by the members of society
are what affects the total well-being and direction of the society. With this being said, the
human mind is an indispensable asset that affects society and should be major focus of
study.
Psychology tends to determine how human mental conditions affect their decisions and
actions in the community. Particularly, they study the patterns of emotional and sociological
events from the environment affect a person’s way of thinking. Psychologists intends to find
out what would be the possible response of an individual and a group of people to a certain
stimulus or social event.
Article 1.1
8 Minutes and 46 Seconds: How George Floyd Was Killed in Police

Custody
On May 25, Minneapolis police officers arrested George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, after
a deli employee called 911, accusing him of buying cigarettes with a counterfeit $20 bill.
Seventeen minutes after the first squad car arrived at the scene, Mr. Floyd was unconscious
and pinned beneath three police officers, showing no signs of life.
By combining videos from bystanders and security cameras, reviewing official documents
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and consulting experts, The New York Times reconstructed in detail the minutes leading to
Mr. Floyd’s death. Our video shows officers taking a series of actions that violated the policies
of the Minneapolis Police Department and turned fatal, leaving Mr. Floyd unable to breathe,
even as he and onlookers called out for help.
The day after Mr. Floyd’s death, the Police Department fired all four of the officers involved
in the episode, and on Friday the Hennepin County attorney, Mike Freeman, announced
murder and manslaughter charges against Derek Chauvin, the officer who can be seen most
clearly in witness videos pinning Mr. Floyd to the ground. Mr. Chauvin, who is white, kept
his knee on Mr. Floyd’s neck for eight minutes and 46 seconds, according to the criminal
complaint against him. Our video shows that Mr. Chauvin did not remove his knee even after
Mr. Floyd lost consciousness, and for a full minute after paramedics arrived at the scene.
The three other former officers, Thomas Lane, J. Alexander Kueng and Tou Thao — all of
whom can be seen in our video participating in Mr. Floyd’s arrest — remain under
investigation.
–The New York Times, May 31, 2020
Using the article above, a psychologist may find this incident to have a considerable social
effect. Following a series of deductions, an ordinary person may be able to construct this
psychological schema:
Incident Possible Consequences

Stimulus Response
Murder of a ● Social Media ● A lot of ● Political rallies fighting
Black Person by posts & supporters for for racial equality
a White Reports about racial equality ● Some Black people
the incident and might become socially
● Comments empowerment anxious
and sympathize ● Some black people
Convictions with the victim might feel socially
about the pre- ● A group of disregarded/abused
existing racial Black therefore becoming
prejudice Americans and unproductive and
racial uncooperative with the
egalitarians government/community
condemn the ● Violent
actions done uprising/protests
by the Whites.
Using the example reasoning above, it can be seen that social events or occurrences serve as
stimuli to the people’s minds that will eventually lead to a certain response. The responses
done by the people will always affect the society or will determine the possible events that
may happen in society. Psychology, is there to help individuals understand that social events
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can affect mental processes. These mental processes must be lead to a more functional and
beneficial response rather than letting things be. With Psychology people could prevent any
destructive responses from the people and help them be more resilient in accepting various
stimuli from their environment.
Political Science
Political Science is traditionally known as the social science that is concerned with
state government; its organs and functions. Other than that, political science is also
concerned about the effects of governance to the individual and to the society. As a social
science, political science only accepts empirical or facts-based data in analyzing government
operations. This means to say that if nothing is proven with adequate and verified evidences,
it can never be included in the study nor can it be adopted in the government institution
itself. It is important to note that the prime focus of this social science is the relationship
between government and society. For centuries, several types of governments have been
formed, and each of these governments have different features when it comes to
administration, legislation, and judicial mechanisms. All of these governments have served
their corresponding societies until either of the two changes for the other. The growing needs
of a society becomes a major concern of government while the society takes on the
consequence of their government’s decisions. Political science analyzes governments and
reviews its features and operation to further improve a government’s ability to support
society.
Political science further tackles about how the actions of the government influence humans’
behavior in the society. It takes into account that the government takes on many
responsibilities such as, to name only the major ones, creating laws, executing laws,
adjudicating legal and criminal cases, regulating tax payment and utilization, maintaining
peace and security, among others. These responsibilities and powers of the government
encompass every single person in the community, thus it is the aim of political science to
clearly explain the nature of these government responsibilities to help officials deliver their
services well, and to inform the public of their own responsibilities as well.
The government, being an institution with broad duties and responsibilities, is divided into
three branches with equal powers but with different functions. The first branch of
government is known as the Legislative branch whose main function is to promulgate laws
and resolutions that are adherent to the constitution and are for the benefit of the general
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public. Its power is vested on the Congress which, in the case of the Philippines, follows a
bicameral system or is divided into two coexistent groups namely, the Senate and the House
of Representatives. The Philippine Senate is composed of 24 senators for a term of six years.
The House of Representatives, in the other hand, consists of not more than 250 district
representatives, with 20 percent of which are held by party-list representatives. The
Executive branch is responsible for the execution and implementation of the laws and
resolutions created by the legislative branch. It is vested upon all government offices headed
by the President or any head of government. The general categories of these executive offices
are the office of the president, the executive cabinet or the different state departments, and
the executive office of local governments such as the office of the provincial governor, the
office of the mayor and barangay heads. The last branch of government, the Judiciary
branch is responsible for settling actual controversies involving the welfare, protection, and
preservation of rights of any entity so long as it is legally sanctioned and available to the
persons concerned. Apart from that, it is also tasked in ensuring that the government strictly
follows the laws stipulated in the constitution. The judicial power is vested on the Supreme
Court and all of its lower courts, to which both are headed by the Chief Justice as well as the
other court justices.
Branch Legislative Executive Judiciary

Exercising Body(ies) Congress President, Executive Supreme Court and
(Senate & House of Cabinets, Heads of all other lower courts
Representative) Local governments
Functions
Table 1.2 Branches of the Government

Economics
Too often do people associate economics with money and wealth, but in reality,
economics covers a larger scope than that. Economics is the social science that studies the
proper allocation of scarce resources to meet the unlimited needs and wants of people. It is
largely concerned in answering its three fundamental questions, (1) what to produce? (2)
How/How much to produce? (3) For whom to produce? “What to produce?” refers to finding
out the necessary product or service that the people demand. This is largely influenced by
the concept of needs and wants. Needs refer to goods and services that is required to sustain
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a person’s survival. Examples of this are food, air, water, house, and clothing. On the other
hand, Wants are products and services that are special and unique to every individual. Both
needs and wants of a market affect the demand for a certain product or service, which in
turn also influence the answer to the first fundamental question.
Take this as an example

The CoViD 19 virus poses a huge threat to everyone. Because of this pandemic,
more and more people now need to buy face masks and store a lot of alcohol to protect
themselves from the virus. This rise in the need of face masks and alcohol has provided
a lot of companies to think that face masks and alcohol is what should be produced in
these challenging times.
In the example given above, it can be seen that because of the existing health threat, the best
option to produce in order to meet the needs of the society is alcohol and face masks.
Producing the goods do not only satisfy the need of the people for a secure health but also to
ensure that producers or the companies get the most profit in return.
Meanwhile, the question of “How/How much to produce?” is concerned with the factors of
production. The factors of production refer to the different aspects that a producer needs to
acquire in order to produce a certain good or product. The factors of production are; (1)
Land, which refers to the area in which the producer conducts his production and
enterprise. (2) Labor, the skilled manpower responsible for producing the good/service. (3)
Capital denotes the paid facilities (e.g. machineries, trucks, mills, etc.) that are used to
produce the good/service. (4) Entrepreneurship pertains to the dynamic and enthusiastic
characteristic of the producer that helps him/her overcome the problems in production and
sustain it to produce profit.
In order to produce a home-made Halo-Halo dessert, Gabriel, an entrepreneur, must
consider the following factors:
Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship

House His mixer Halo-halo cups His enthusiasm
-used as a place for -with at least
Spoon His perseverance
production certification of
experience in making Kitchen Utensils His confidence
desserts
Blender Leadership Skills
His Cashier Refrigerator Marketing Skills
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Ice Crusher
Table 1.3. Factors of Production

Lastly, in answering the third fundamental question which is, “For Whom to Produce?”
economics gives focus on the concept of distribution. This is concerned about finding the
sector with the highest rate of consumption of a certain product. In other words, this is about
distributing a certain product/service to the people who can consume it more.

The recent eruption of Taal Volcano has disrupted the farms of Tagaytay and the
supply of rice in the city. Because of this, government officials decided to reduce the tax
imposed on rice vendors and suppliers in the area. This encouraged many individuals to
invest in selling rice in the area. With so many rice sellers in the area, prices of rice
started to decline and more people form the lower class are now able to buy rice for their
houses.
In the given example, distribution is not merely shown as the outright giving of goods and
services but that it is about laying the conditions for a consumption to happen. In this sense,
the most acceptable condition for distribution to happen is the people’s capacity to enter into
a give-and-take transaction. In this case, it is about people’s ability to buy a certain
good/service. Smartphones are incredibly distributed at areas where people can afford to buy
one, and are highly computer literate. Fruits are highly cheap in rural areas because there is
where they are most abundant, while they are expensive in the city for the exact opposite
reason. Whatever the condition of distribution or production, it the focus of economics to
study them both, together with all other economic concepts descriptively, so that later on,
economists, lawmakers, officials, professionals, and even ordinary people may be able to
understand the ever-changing conditions of our society’s economy. With the knowledge of
economics, people can overcome economic challenges, as well as sustain any major economic
achievement that can truly better the living conditions of society.
Topic 2: Nature of Society & Culture
Learning Outcomes:
1. Construct a personal definition of society and culture
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2. Write concrete examples of the concepts of Social Institutions and Composition of

Culture that have been observed in the community on a frequent basis.
3. Create a thematic collage about different societies and post it on Facebook with the
personal insights on the importance of studying society as its caption.
Overview/Introduction:
As a review of the previous topic, Social Science is a systematic body of knowledge about
society. In order to grasp a higher understanding of this body of knowledge, it is important to
first understand the essence of society. How is it related to culture? How is it different from
culture? And what are its aspects? This topic will give light to these questions and discuss
nature of society that most people claim to be familiar of already. By studying this topic,
students will be able to relate with day-to-day experiences and the explanation of how and
why these events or things happen. Students are also expected to elaborate more on their
perspective of society as they understand the different ideas and principles concerning its
nature. Lastly, students will be able to develop a sense of pride in their personality as a
member of society and appreciate diversity in their community.
Nature of Society
The word society is an English term derived from the Latin word “societas”, which
translates to a person’s “friendly association with others”. It can also be further derived from
the Latin term “socius” which means “a companion, an associate, a comrade, a friend, or a
business partner”. Upon understanding the origins of the term society, it can be seen that
society is a form of partnership between people, a relationship, and a connection from one
person to another. It can then be seen that society is about people sharing a form of
connection or relationship with one another. To further elaborate, Society refers to a group of
people sharing their own culture. It is a complex group of people that establish a connection
brought by their own ways of dealing with day-to-day activities. In other words, this group of
people has bonded with one another because they find that they have something in common.
Three people who like to watch American movies can find themselves as a society of
American movie lovers. One thousand students of a school who have long been interacting
with each other for the last seven days can be considered as a society because they have a
common place to go, which is the school, and a common activity done, which is to study.
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Difference between Society and Culture

Too often are the words society and culture interconnected with one another, but it
can never be interchanged as these concepts are not synonymous. Society and Culture are
different for the following reasons:
Society Culture
A large group of people that formed into a Consists of learned and shared ways of
relatively organized into a relatively acting, thinking, and feeling.
organized, self-sufficient and enduring
group
Refers to people who share a common Refers to patterns or ways of group life.
culture
From the differences presented above, it can be seen that society is simply the organization of
people who follow, more or less, the same culture. Examples of which may include the
Philippine society, which are people who identify themselves to be Filipino because they
share the same cultural traits as with other Filipinos like the “mano po” practice, the use of
“po”, “opo” and “oho” when conversing with other people, and the love for lechon and fiestas.
Another is the society of Zamboanga del Sur, wherein people identify themselves as
Zambusurians because they adhere to the same provincial government, same laws, same
language, and same customs and practices. Meanwhile, culture refers to the ways of life that
the people in the society share. This is what connects people into societies. Culture can range
from explicit culture to implicit culture. Explicit culture refers to all material and observable
traits and practices that the people in the society possess. In the case of Pagadian City, this
can refer to the unique orientation of tricycles to adapt to its elevated areas, the major
buildings and shopping centers in the area, the city’s laws and ordinances, the professions
present in the city, and even the “mano-po” practice that the locals follow are all part of the
explicit culture of the Pagadianon society. Implicit culture, on the other hand, refers to the
unseen cultural traits that people adhere to. Examples of these are Filipino values, history,
feelings, and principles in life that define a Filipino.
Basic Social Institutions
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Sociologists often compare society with the human body for being a complex system
that is made up of a network or organs and organ systems. Similarly, society is also treated
as a complex system of parts known as institutions. Institutions are seen as a pattern of
norms (folkways and mores) whose goal is to provide for basic societal needs. In sociology,
there are five basic or primary societal institutions in society namely, family, state
(government), economy, education, religion.
Basic/Primary Social Function Secondary Institutions

Institution
Family Continuation of society Parents, Relatives, Marriage
through Procreation and
Socialization.
State (government) Provide for the legitimate use Democracy, Party system,
of power Interest groups
Economy Regulating the distribution Trading, Property, Banking,
of goods and services Credit
Education Transmitting knowledge School, College, University
from one generation to the
next
Religion Regulating the relationship Church, Temple, Mosque
with the supernatural
Table 2.1 Functions of the Basic Social Institutions
The basic social institutions are the primary parts of society that function in order to sustain
society itself and achieve its intended goals for an improved way of life. Like the human body
parts, the social institutions also have different functions, that which are outlined above.
First of the basic social institutions is the Family. It is the social institution that is composed
of people related by blood, affinity (feeling of closeness) and co-residence. The most basic
form of the family is a group compose of a couple and one or more offspring(s). However, the
couple itself can already be considered as a family. As people sanctioned by society to operate
freely and be given utmost protection, it is the responsibility of the family to engage in
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procreation. Procreation refers to the reproduction of children especially by legally married

couples. The second primary task of the family is to socialize. Socialization is the process of
adopting the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture (Universal Dictionary, 2020). By
doing these two functions, the family is able to extend or continue society both biologically
and socially. Procreation enables the family to add more people in the society while
socialization teaches these new people to function well in the society. Without the family, or
the protection of families, the society will have long experienced a decline in population of
people that can improve living conditions in the society. This is the reason why most societies
prefer creating large families hoping that this creates more chances to improve their lives.
This is because they believe that every child is a potential investment that could change the
family’s lives into better conditions.
However, aside from bearing children, it is also the family’s responsibility to make sure that
their children grow into responsible and self-sufficient individuals in society. Otherwise,
instead of helping them improve their lives, unrefined children could be the cause of greater
problems in their future. Therefore, families have, if not the most, important role in the
society as without it, society would continue to decline until none is left.
Meanwhile, the state (government) is the institution designed to regulate the holding of
legitimate power in the society. Legitimate power refers to the authority that is authorized or
sanctioned by law to govern the society, its people and everything within it. Whosoever holds
the legitimate power holds the three branches of government that have just been discussed
in the previous topic. As an institution established by law, all its affairs must always be
confined under the conditions of the law. In other words, the government cannot operate or
do things if it is not permitted by law.
Laws are created as a result of a social need. Laws are identified as a set of rules and
standards of behavior, with the corresponding penalties in case these rules are violated or
misused. The set of rules or standards are created in order to ensure that the social need is
addressed. The penalties are then the compelling force with which everybody must cooperate
with the law otherwise the social need will not be addressed effectively. Laws are created for
the purpose of attaining the highest social good and not to restrict one’s freedom to do
whatever he/she wants. However, should the practice of one’s freedom harm others in the
society, it is also the law’s responsibility to compromise one’s freedom and prevent any
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further harm to other people in the society. As a basic social institution, it is the
government’s job to uphold the law and see to it that it serves its rightful purpose.
Economy, on another hand, is the institution responsible for proper distribution and
consumption of goods. Economics, as a social institution, basically refers to all places,
offices, people, farms, establishments where people are able to get the goods/products and
services they need daily to survive. Examples of economy as a social institution include
markets, malls, stores, hospitals, shops, public utility vehicles and all other places and
opportunities where people exchange their money or their assets for the goods/services that
they need or want to survive. Without the proper management of economics there might be
an imbalance in the distribution of resources in the society. Without the distribution and
consumption of resources, people would not be able to improve their lives, let alone survive.
Thus it is only important that economic activities (e.g. work, employment, consumption,
wages) continue in order make sure that people get the resources they need every day to
function well in the society and contribute to their community. In the ancient and medieval
times when societies follow an aristocratic and monarchical government, most of the
resources are only concentrated on the elites and the nobility, leaving the commoners with
only the minimum amount to get through the day. For the common people and the lower
class, economic activities at that time was limited only to their day-to-day activities like
farming, fishing, hunting where they exchange their hard work and energy for the food that
they harvest. Today, changes in technology has opened more opportunities to the commoners
as they are now able to get more of the resources because of the existence of currency or
money. Now, the more people exert effort, the more they get money. The greater the money,
the greater will also be the resources that they would be able to acquire. ‘
Aside from the functions of the previous institution, it is also important that society educates
its people in order to sustain itself in the upcoming years and generation. As such it is the
function of Education to transfer knowledge to the young generation and make sure that they
continue the culture that has kept them together for many years. Aside from the imparting
the knowledge of their preset culture, Education also teaches society with the necessary
skills to continue improving people’s lives. It is through education that the bond between
people in the society remains strong and continue to expand. Starting from educating
children up to old adult people, education equips them with the knowledge gained from past
generations and teaches them to do the same by contributing new knowledge that the society
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can use to better itself. While education is closely associated with schools, education as a
social institution goes beyond the walls of the school campus, but that it happens anytime at
any place.
There are three types of education that is simultaneously happening in the society today
namely, formal, informal, non-formal.
Type of Education Characteristics Examples
Formal ● Formal education is ● Learning in a classroom
structured hierarchically. ● School
● It is planned and grading/certification,
deliberate. college, and university
● Scheduled fees are paid degrees
regularly.
● It has a chronological
grading system.
● It has a syllabus and
subject-oriented. The
syllabus has to be
covered within a specific
time period.
● The child is taught by the
teachers
Informal ● It is independent of ● Teaching the child some

boundary walls. basics such as numeric
● It has no definite characters.
syllabus. ● Someone learning
● It is not pre-planned and his/her mother tongue
has no timetable. ● A spontaneous type of
● No fees are required as learning, “a person
we get informal education always goes to the
through daily experience vulcanizing shop will
and by learning new eventually learn how to
things. fix a flat tire.”
● It is a lifelong process in
a natural way.
● The certificates/degrees
are not involved and one
has no stress for learning
the new things.
● You can get from any
source such as media,
life experiences, friends,
family etc.
Non-formal ● The nonformal education ● Boy Scouts and Girls

is planned and takes Guides develop some
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place apart from the sports program such as

school system. swimming comes under
● The timetable and nonformal education.
syllabus can be ● Fitness programs.
adjustable. ● Community-based adult
● Unlike theoretical formal education courses.
education, it is practical ● Free courses for adult
and vocational education. education developed by
● Nonformal education has some organization.
no age limit.
● Fees or certificates may
or may not be necessary.
● It may be full time or
part-time learning and
one can earn and learn
together.
● It involves learning of
professional skills.
-Source: Passionineducation.com, 2020
Table 2.2 Types of Education
Based from the table above, it can be seen that education happens not only in school but
everywhere. If the purpose of a person is to learn about something found in their culture,
then that is already the start of education. Education happens regardless of not having any
books or internet. As long as the person learns something that he/she can use to contribute
to the society, then education is present. Moreover, it should always be remembered that the
goal of education in transmitting knowledge is to produce productive and contributing
members of society. If a person who claims to be educated does not contribute to the good of
society, then there is a lapse in education. If education is disregarded, then society will
eventually to start to perform badly until it loses the culture that connected all of its people.
Even so, education will continue as long as people are eager to survive, for it is only through
learning the necessary knowledge and skills in life that survival becomes possible.
Religion is the last basic social institution but its significance is never less than any other
institution. Religion, as defined by Emile Durkheim, is “a unified system of beliefs and
practices relative to sacred things, beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
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community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915). More than that, religion
has played an important role to people in the society by providing an idea about life, death,
and other events in nature that are beyond human understanding, and provide a positive
outlook in life that guides people in their day-to-day activities, among others. Religion plays a
vital role in culture building as it is founded on an organized set of rules, norms, and
practices that which becomes the basis of cultural practices of a society. Furthermore, these
religious practices and affairs are always directed to provide the needs of the people in the
society.
To provide a specific view of the needs provided by religion, refer to the outline below:
1. Teachings of goodwill and the golden rule (do unto others)

2. Promoting ethics and good morals in political life
3. Inner strength and courage to do the right thing
4. The message of forgiveness
5. Religious art/music
6. Sense of community and belonging
7. Selfless Service
Sociologists and other professionals in the academe support the idea that humans are more
than just matter but that they are also spiritual beings imbued with values, virtues, and the
essence of good and bad, that man is both material and spiritual. This characteristic of man
also needs to be given emphasis and concern that which is given by religion. The spiritual
values of man guides him/her in all aspects of his/her life and provides the motivation to do
the things that he/she is expected to do. Without developing the spiritual values, Man would
simply have little to no direction and motivation in life and will remain vulnerable to the
downside effects of the ever-changing times.
Theories on the Basic Social Institutions
There are two major theories considered by sociologists in discussing about Social
Institutions, these are Functionalist Theory and Conflict Theory..
Functionalist Theory, also known as Structural Functionalist Theory, discusses that society
is a complex and organized system that is composed of several elements which we call as
Social Institutions. Furthermore, these elements of institutions are interrelated, if not
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interdependent, with each other. The theory surrounds itself with the idea that all the
elements must engage in a consensus or agreement with each other to attain balance and
stability in the society. Being an interdependent system, this means that every institution
functions together with all the other institutions. In order to achieve a good educational
institution, it has to get the support of the economy, the family, and the government.
However, if these institutions do not achieve a consensus or agreement, then it may be a
possible cause for an imbalance or problem in the society. Just like the human body which is
composed of several parts with different functions but each strive to gain consensus with one
another so as to maintain the balance and well—being of the body, Society is also divided
into institutions that function differently but strive to attain consensus for the sake of the
good of society.
Provide for daily needs and Produce more tax

resources payer
Family
Provide social
Produce more welfare projects State
consumers and
Economics sellers
valid
Provide
Produce learning Produce moral
more skilled materials citizens that
workforce contribute to national
Encourage people to
progress
learn well Provide
protection
Education through laws
Encourage people to Religion
appreciate values
Sample Illustration 2.1 Structural-Functional Society
The sample illustration above provides an idea the specific functions of each institution and
how each of their functions support one another. If all of the affairs of an institution supports
the betterment of other institutions then there is a consensus in the society. However, if one
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institution fails to support the needs of other institutions, then it will create an imbalance in
the society. Thus, it is important that in every society, institutions must always see to it that
there is consensus among them otherwise, they will need to do something that could help
maintain their balance in society.
Conflict Theory, also known as Social Conflict Theory or the “Dialectic Perspective”, is a
theory that focuses on changes that happen in society brought by conflict and instability.
While consensus is an important aspect of society, it cannot always be maintained, thus
resulting to an imbalance which later on turns into conflicts. These social conflicts can
happen either among the social institutions or in the social structure of the society. For
example, if the government cannot provide enough social welfare projects for the families,
then this could create a conflict between the families who benefitted less from the social
welfare projects and the present administration of government. For conflict theorists, this
conflict between could either worsen the situation of the families or replace the present
administration with a better line of government leaders that can effectively improve living
conditions. Moreover, conflict theory suggests that these changes could either make or break
society, however, these conflicts are born out of a need for change that is why conflicts are
necessary to improve conditions in the society that need to be polished. Conflict naturally
occurs in society and that it should not be, in any way, hated (aside from conflict for the sake
of violence).
Composition of Culture
Culture is a complex system whose major concepts can be classified into two categories;
material and non-material culture.
Material Culture refers to the material and tangible objects that people use and produce in
their day-to-day activities, that which becomes part of their way of life. Material culture refers
to every material used in a certain society such as computers, gadgets, ornaments, jewelries,
ceramics, and clothes, among all others which have played a major role in the lives of the
people. These objects become part of the culture’s identity which can be used to understand
the culture of a certain society.
Non-material Culture, on the other hand, refers to intangible elements of culture like
norms, values, beliefs, and language.
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Norms refer to rules or patterns of behavior that are accepted and shared by everyone
in a certain culture to become their standards of behavior. An example of which is when
someone becomes a professional, he/she is expected to groom properly at all times and
practice utmost courtesy. Another example would be if a member of the family becomes a
professional and remains to be unmarried, he /she is given high respect from his/her family
members and is expected to give a share of his/her salary to his/her parents and family.
Norms may be classified into two types namely, folkways and laws.
Folkways are customary (nakasanayan) rules of conduct done in certain
occasions, events, or situations. Folkways are handed down from one generation of a society
to another generation. Aspects of folkways include rules for eating, sleeping, dressing,
cooking, rituals, ceremonies and many more such as pamamanhikan and dowry.
Laws, commonly referred as formal norms, are norms that are recorded and are
forcefully implemented by a legitimate governing authority. With laws, norms can be enforced
to guide people in their daily action and manage any violation in the area. Examples of laws
are republic acts, executive orders, ordinances, and policies.
Values are standards of morality in which a person is desired to achieve in order to
attain a good social life. Values also become the standards of good and bad traits that people
in the society may develop. Values are diverse and varies across different cultures. Examples
of values are honesty, integrity, honor, merit, etc.
Beliefs refer to the ideas of people about the universe and everything that surrounds
them. Beliefs can also be understood as a people’s perception about the things found in their
surroundings, which eventually affect the way people behave, decide, and feel. Beliefs may
range from superstitions, folklore, myths, fables, proverbs, theology, art and sciences.
Language refers to the way in which people communicate through the use of symbols.
Examples of these symbols used in language are letters, gestures, numbers, colors, status,
objects, flags, tones, words, sounds, characters, images or drawings. It is through these
symbols that humans are able to communicate and bond together to form their own culture.
In other words, symbols are the foundations of culture for without it all other compositions
would not have been made possible. Language has always been used every day in almost
everywhere for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. Humans are the only beings seen to
be capable of harnessing these symbols to their advantage thereby making it possible for
them to agree and develop all the other components of culture.
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Topic 3: Social Change
Learning Outcomes:
1. Complete a conceptual matrix by evaluating major historical events and its social
changes brought to the modern day world.
2. Write an argumentative paper possible social changes to be brought by a given current

social event.
Overview/Introduction:
Society is composed of people, and what happens in society reflects the lives and nature of
the people that comprise it. As it is a natural event for human people’s lives to experience
change, so it is also to society. Society changes in different ways, means, and reasons which
happen intentionally or inevitably. This chapter tackles about how society changes, the
reasons for social change and what affects the process of change in the society.
Understanding Social Change

Basically, social change refers to the changes in the way society traditionally functions in
terms of its social organization, structure, institution, as well as inter or intragroup behaviors
over time. Social change can happen in two important ways;
1. By invention or discovery of new elements or ideas within the society
- When people discover something new that can significantly improve and disrupt the
conditions in society, new ways of functioning, or social change occurs. An example of
this is the discovery of the cellular phone. When cellphones were discovered, it
significantly change the way of communication in the society. Long distance
communication was made faster and cheaper. This enabled people to connect and
relate more with their friends from far places. However, this did not just bring good
things, but it also had its share of disadvantages. One of which is that people became
more attached to their cellphones to find entertainment and eventually left out other
important life aspects like spending more time talking to family members, helping with
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household chores, and engaging themselves in community activities. Ultimately, the

means of change is similarly described by the pop saying that goes “kaya nagbago
dahil may bago”. Without these new inventions and discoveries, societies would not
evolve and experience new conditions that would help its people survive in these
changing times.
2. By diffusion or borrowing of cultural elements, traits, or patterns from other societies
- Diffusion means the adoption of cultural aspects from another society. However,
society has the capability to totally adopt another culture, to adopt some selected
aspects of it, or even to adopt and modify it. Once these new cultural aspects are
introduced to the society, changes in their culture start to happen. An example of this
is the Filipino adoption of American jeans as a mode of dressing. Originally, Filipinos
do not wear jeans but use only simple wool garments for almost all occasions. When
Americans introduced jeans to the Filipino market, a lot of people appreciated its
comfort and style. This has become a popular product for Filipinos for a long time that
even future generations see it already as an important part of their life. The rise in the
demand for jeans lowered Filipino preference on wool garments and eventually
changed the line of fashion in the country. Though borrowing cultural aspects from
other societies may provide a good impact to society, this may pose a threat to the
traditional and ethnic culture of a certain society, as it may cause the new culture to
overshadow the society’s original culture and identity.
Major Types of Societies

To further understand the nature of society, Social scientists classified a society into two
major types; Communal/Folk Society (Gemeinschaff) and Associational/Urban Society
(Gesellschaff).
Gemeinschaff Gesellschaff
Typically small, isolated and rural in nature Densely populated, industrialized, and
urban in nature
People share a feeling of community because People perceive little sense of commonality;
they have more or less similar background people are more occupied with their
and life experiences difference in background and life
experiences
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There is a spirit of unity and solidarity More focused on self-interests

Individual privacy is not so common Privacy is important
Informal laws dominate Formal laws dominate
Gives more importance to ascribed social Gives more focus in achievements
titles
Social change is slow due to limited Social change is fast because of enhanced
interaction with other societies interaction with other societies and focus on
scientific improvements
Example societies are indigenous tribes, Example societies are major cities like
those living in mountainous areas, and Manila, Cebu, Pagadian
those secluded from the central areas of the
city like the Badjaos.
Though these two categories are observable in some aspects, no society is fully described by
only one of the two. Societies in reality, no matter where they may be, will always possess
some aspects of communal/folk and some aspects of associational/urban society.
Theories of Social Change

It has been discussed earlier that social change is an inevitable occurrence. Whether people
like it or not, change will still prevail because as culture is dynamic, society also is and
should be dynamic. However, social scientists still aim to scientifically explain the reasons for
social change and the conditions for achieving it. There are three main theories that explain
the nature of society that enables social change; Evolutionary theory, Equilibrium theory, and
Conflict theory.
Evolutionary Theory- is the theory claiming that society naturally undergoes a
smooth, cumulative change whose purpose is to make society a more complex and adaptable
system. This is based on Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection wherein it likens
society to a human being. According to Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection,
biological beings started as simple organisms. But because of the natural challenges in the
environment, these organisms are pushed to evolve into more complex organisms capable of
adapting to such natural challenges. Thus, this explains why the human body, for example,
as a product of evolution, is a very complex organism. Similarly, this is said to also happen in
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society. Historically, social life is just concerned about survival and protection of each
member by providing food, shelter and security through simple means like farming, hunting
and gathering. As time progressed, evolution took place and resulted to the complex society
that people have now. Now, society is not just concerned about the survival of its members
but also its culture. Today, survival and protection is achieved not just through farming,
hunting, and gathering, but also through trade, diplomacy, education, and even online
involvement. Even now, society continues to grow and evolve by developing its culture and
striving to improve the lives of tis members amidst the challenges of nature.
Equilibrium Theory – This theory likens society to the human body as having
multiple organs with different tasks but function interdependently. Society, like the human
body, also has several parts (e.g. institutions) the carry different tasks, but could not
function well without the support of another. The school cannot function effectively without
the support of the government or religion. Same is true with family whose basic needs are
highly dependent to that of the economy. By preserving this interdependence among the
different parts of society, stability and order is achieved. This stability is then referred to as
the equilibrium state of society. To sustain this equilibrium, society must strive to maintain
the interdependence of each part amidst the ever-changing setup of the society’s
environment. An example of this is to maintain interdependence of family and religion in a
time where young people often lose faith in values as more and more cases of broken families
and family abuse continue to rise. However, some would argue that this theory is mainly
conservative in nature and is hard to realize because it is more focused on maintaining the
current status of society rather than focusing on how society changes.
Conflict Theory – In this theory, conflict is seen as the primary stimulus for change.
For people who support this theory like Karl Marx, “without conflict there is no progress”.
Conflict creates a tension between two opposing principles, that whosoever dominate in the
conflict is led to start something new in the society. This is evidently practiced in congress
and in any policy-making body that uses a debate-like method of proving the validity of
certain argument or case.
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At the time when the Reproductive Health Bill was presented in Congress and to
the public for hearing and deliberation, it created a division of the Filipino sentiment into
two factions; those who support the ratification of the bill (Pro) and those who are
against its ratification (Con). These two factions have always had conflict in principle,
and have collided with each other in Congress hearings and deliberation practices.
However, aside from the conflict between these two groups of people, the bill itself
is also in conflict with the conservative norms of Philippine society wherein life and the
propagation of life should never be compromised, and that sexual engagement should
only be done for the purpose of reproduction. By supporting the bill, people are
challenging the present values of their culture.
Now that the bill has been passed as a law, social changes have now taken place
like the open access of adults, both married and unmarried to contraceptives, a more
tolerant view of contraceptives and, in some cases, in pre-marital sex. But the most
anticipated social change brought by this new law is the significant drop of teenage
pregnancy, rate of school dropouts, and unsafe sexual intercourse.
This theory does not encourage aggression in the society, but that it is to explain that one of
the main reasons why society changes is conflict. Conflict is seen as the prime mover of
society and that these conflicts should not be condemned rather it should be critically
analyzed as to what direction of change this conflict will lead the society to.
Sources of Social Change
Social change may come into different forms as the reason for change may come from the
different sources. Social scientists have identified at least 5 sources of social change namely;
natural environment, population, conflict, ideas, and collective behavior.
Natural Environment – Social change may be brought by the various influence of the
natural environment. Natural environment refers to the geographical and ecological setup of
society. Examples of which are the different land and water forms, natural resources, biomes,
and even natural occurrences like rain, drought, typhoons, waves, earthquakes, etc.
Anything that happens to any of these examples have the capacity to affect the culture of a
certain society.

The “tricycle” has always been part of the Filipino culture of local transportation
in the modern times. However, in Pagadian City where the landscape is mostly
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mountainous, the locals were forced to change the traditional form of the tricycle. They
elevated the front rear of the cab to avoid crashing to the ground when entering a slope.
This unique invention of the Pagadian City locals eventually became part of their
culture and added a new idea about how the Filipino Tricycle can be so adaptable and
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In the example given, the natural environment of being an area mainly composed of
mountains changed the traditional concept of the tricycle in Pagadian and that has made a
lasting effect by producing more of their unique vehicle and making it as the major mode of
public transportation in the area.
Population – the population, particularly the size and distribution of people, in an

area can affect society and its culture. In a place where there are a lot of old-aged people, it
can be expected that the government in the area might provide more social services for the
old like pensions, health care subsidies, grocery discounts, and protection of senior citizen
rights. People might also be giving more importance to old values like respect for the advice of
old people and their contribution to the society. For societies where there are a lot of people
who were not able to finish their high school studies, they might focus more on improving
their educational system by allocating their highest budget to building new schools,
improving the quality of teachers, subsidizing tuition fee costs, and buying new learning
materials for students and teachers.
However, the changes that can be done by population may only depend on the
geographical and economic resources of a society. For instance, a society with a high
population of old people, cannot immediately provide all the social support that they need if
the society’s revenue cannot afford to do so. Even so, it does not deny the fact that
population is a major concern for identifying the direction of social change and it can only be
as effective if it also has the support of other external factors.
Conflict – From time and time again, conflict has always been discussed as an
important bringer of change. A quick example of which, though an aggressive one, is the
conflict between the Maute Rebel Group and the Armed Forces of the Philippines during the
battle in Marawi City. Such conflict brought about a number of evident changes in the lives
of the people in the city. Among the greatest changes was the destruction of the physical
structures of the city while the change in non-material culture of the city was the people’s
enhanced cooperation with the authorities to prevent any future recurrence of their tragic
experience. It has also opened an opportunity to develop as the government has allotted a
huge budget to repair and modernize the city and ensure that it becomes better than it was
before the conflict.
Ideas – introducing new ideas, may it be personally made or adopted from another
culture, can possibly change a society’s culture. Ideas have the capacity to contribute to the
emergence of a new social order. Examples for Ideas may include bills, policies, advocacies,
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philosophies, among others. These ideas have the capacity to influence the social institutions
and create social change. For instance, if a lot of people would support feminism, they could
elect a female candidate over males in a government position. In the case of the religion, a
feminist idea may result to giving equal opportunities for both male and female to hold high
positions in the church. Another example would be, if a society adheres to the idea of
egalitarianism, or the principle of social equality where all people must enjoy equal rights and
privileges, then that society might impose laws that discourage discrimination and open job,
as well as political opportunities to all citizens regardless of their race, political inclination,
gender, or social status.
Collective Behavior – This refers to the unplanned, temporary, emotional, and

somewhat unpredictable social behavior of the people. Example scenarios of this include: (1)
crowd behavior and riots like protest movements on the issue of abuse done by the Chinese
in the West Philippine Sea; (2) panics brought by the rise of prices of basic commodities; (3)
social movements like fighting for women’s rights and improved protection of the
environment.
Collective movements like those mentioned above are not always predicted but does not also
last long as it may be affected by the emotional management of the people involved. Change
in this source is created in the response of the social institutions towards the unpredictable
collective behavior. For instance, the government may consider spending more budget on the
military and sending more troops to guard the West Philippine Sea because of the protest
movements about the issue of Chinese claims in the area.
Stages in Social Change
Social scientists have identified two kinds of Social Change; Spontaneous Social Change and
Planned Social Change.
Spontaneous Social Change – This refers to change that is “natural” as it occurs

without any intended action in the society, but rather it just happens spontaneously or
something done automatically in response to a certain stimulus. This happens when there is
a distortion of the balance of society brought by any of the sources of social change, and that
society’s response to it creates something that is new to the system. When identifying a
spontaneous social change, it is important to take note of the following aspects: (1)
unintended/naturally-occurring distortion, (2) Social Response, (3) initial change.
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Corona Virus
Outbreak in Wuhan, Enhanced
Hoarding of Face
China Quarantine Period
Masks & Alcohol
and Cancellation of
(unintended all Mass-gathering
(Social Response)
distortion) events
(Initial Change)
The example given above shows how the Corona Virus pandemic has spontaneously changed
the society today. It can be seen that the coronavirus was never intended by anyone to
happen and that it was an act of nature that enabled the outbreak of the new coronavirus.
This outbreak has distorted the previous balance of society and as a response, people got
carried away by their fear of the corona that led them to panic-buy a lot of face masks and
alcohol in the market. This hoarding left a lot of people vulnerable to the disease because of
little to no supply of the materials that can be used to protect themselves from the illness.
This eventually brought a rise to the infected population, and resulted to increased counter
and preventive measures by the government by imposing strict rules, curfew, and quarantine
protocol. The enhanced quarantine period and cancellation of mass gatherings are the social
changes that the response and the distortion has made. As a spontaneous social change,
social response may be done in a form of trial and error. This means that social change may
not always end up to something good but that it could create more opportunities for further
social changes in the future.
Planned Social Change – as the name suggest, planned social change is a social
change supported by a clear intention and follows a systematic approach in achieving such.
There are three main processes of the Planned Social Change;
1. Unfreezing Process – this is where a societal leader/change agent stimulates

others toward change. Here, the problem of the old system is reviewed and
the need for change is introduced.
2. Moving Process – this is where the planning takes place particularly on the
definition of concrete aims, goals and objectives, as well as the ways and
means to realize change. Execution of the plan is also included in this
process.
3. Refreezing Process – when the appropriate and intended change is realized,
this change is then assimilated or absorbed into the system or culture of
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society. In other words, this process aims to include this new change into
the regular setup of society through constant monitoring and evaluation.
Unfreezing Process Moving Process Refreezing Process
Due to the threat of CoViD DepEd issues different DepEd conducts evaluation
19, DepEd has issued an guidelines, seminars, and and surveys about how to
order to use online classes other measures to prepare improve the online class
as the new means of the schools and the teachers experience until everyone is
educating the young for the online classes before satisfied and well
generation of the country. the start of the class and encouraged to use online
ensures that all students classes as the new means of
and teachers have all the education.
necessary equipment to start
the online classes.
Resistance and Acceptance to Social Change
Oftentimes Filipinos use the phrase “Change is coming” but a lot of people wonder when it
will really arrive. Well, the answer to that would be to say that no one really knows, because
change does not come easily. The explanation to this is quite simple, society, being a complex
organization of people with various functions, can only achieve change if everyone works to
make change happen. However, change brings various effects to various types of individual
in the society, which makes it easier to say, that not everyone would want or be willing to
accept change, or for the least, not that easily. For instance, the issue of anti-political
dynasty has been given much attention by the people, but politicians especially those who
already practice political dynasties in their area tend give false support on the issue and
oftentimes disregard it. This is because abolishing political dynasties would affect their
interests. Events like this example are often called Resistance to change. However, if the
politicians see the greater value of this issue rather than their interests and give full support
to the real abolishment of political dynasties, then that is what can be called as Acceptance to
change.
In light of this, Social scientists identified several reasons for resistance and acceptance of
social change. Resistance to Social Change are often cause by the Barriers to Social Change
while acceptance is started with the Stimulants to Social Change.
Barriers to Social Change
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Change does not come easily. There exist factors that either delay or reject change. Below are
the factors that social scientists identify as barriers to social change.
Economics
Economics become a barrier to change when the expected change tends to

compromise the economic resources of an individual. An example for this is the ongoing
motion of DepEd to change their mode of instruction for online classes instead of face-to-face
instruction. Though this change is a much safer choice than the previous mode of teaching
in this time of pandemic, the economic barrier that delays its full implementation is the lack
of financial resources of poor Filipino families to install an online hardware device to have a
stable internet connection for the online classes. Should the poor families continue to follow
the change prescribed by the department, it would either add more economic burden to the
family or could negatively affect their health as it would be even harder for them to access
basic commodities like proper food, sanitation, and other resources necessary for their well-
being.
Cultural Values and Traditions
A society’s cultural values and traditions can prevent change from happening if people
continue to close their minds to different possibilities. This factor becomes a barrier to
change when people start doubting or be critical about the change that is introduced to the
society. For instance, Filipino seniors born in the 1940s often scold or discourage their
children and grandchildren from hanging out with friends at night, or having a sleep over at
a friend’s house. This is because people during the 1950s often think that people going out at
night are doing something dangerous or unethical in the dark or that whoever goes out at
night might fall victim to malicious and lawless elements roaming around the streets at
night. What these seniors are missing is the opportunity to provide for a better social life for
their children and an opportunity to contribute to the economic sector at night or people who
only run their business at night time (e.g. street food vendors, night entertainment, concerts,
etc.) These types of people are preoccupied by their traditional and outdated thoughts
making them resist the change in modern society.
Psychological Factor
Psychological factor refers to how people see things as either a threat or a benefit to
their socio-emotional well-being. This becomes a barrier to change when people feel
threatened by change or feel that they will not benefit from it. An example of this is people
who feel that buying an expensive smartphone is pointless and that all they only need are the
old models of cellphones thinking that the only purpose of phones is to call or text someone
when they need to. However, in this age of internet technology and the threat of the
pandemic, more people have now seen the value of smartphones for their ability to connect to
the internet. Now, more people have realized that smartphones are now a necessity for them
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to connect to the internet and expand their livelihood and sources of income in a much safer
and efficient way.
Social Structural Patterns
Social Structural patterns refer to the leader-member relationship of certain groups in

society. It is common and natural for a certain group to be composed of a leader(s) and
members. The relationship between these two and the behavioral pattern that they follow in
accordance to their roles (e.g. How a leader of a group should act, how a member of a group
should act) are the more particularly descriptions of Social Structural Patterns. In any group
or society, the most common Social Structural Pattern is that the leader is always referred to
as the role model of the members. Whatever the leader performs or behaves will serve as an
example that the members will eventually follow. This becomes a barrier to change when the
leaders of certain groups in society refuse to implement change.
For example, if the boss of a certain company does not follow the Health & Safety
Protocols of the DOH in these times where CoViD19 cases are still rising, the rest of his
members would most likely do the same by not wearing face masks and not practicing
physical distancing. With this, the company might just be the next source of higher numbers
of CoViD 19 positive cases. With just the simple action of the leader to refuse the health and
safety guidelines, the intended change of the national government for a better health
condition to its citizens have been delayed and compromised.
Stimulants to Social Change
While there are barriers that resist change in the society, there are also factors that
encourage the acceptance to social change. Below are the different factors that stimulate
society to change.
Cultural Values
Though cultural values have been discussed previously to be a potential barrier to

change, it can also function otherwise and be a stimulant to change. Cultural Values can
stimulate change when the change itself is consistent or coherent with the cultural values.
An example for this is the Filipino cultural value of “gaya-gaya”. When some Filipinos often
see new trends and/or products from America or the West, they tend to make gaya or copy
this in the Philippines. This is because of colonial mentality of the Filipinos where they
believe that everything from the West is labelled as genuine, unique, useful, and elegant.
That’s why some Filipinos often regard people and products from the West as something of
high class and value. With the gaya-gaya value, a change from the use of Filipino traditional
products to American inspired lifestyle can be stimulated in society.
Economics
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Similar to the previous stimulant, Economics can also serve as either as barrier of a
stimulant to change. Economics becomes a stimulant when people see change as an
opportunity to improve their economic resources. For instance, when local farmers saw that
the price of selling rice in the market has dropped significantly, they immediately thought to
change their production from rice planting to vegetable gardening. Now, there are more
farmers planting vegetable crops rather than rice crops because there is more economic gain
in vegetable selling than in rice.
Social Traditional Structure
This basically refers to societies that strongly follows tradition in their day-to-day
activities. Social Traditional Structure can be a stimulant to Social Change if it is carefully
enhanced by modernization. Enhancing tradition basically means continuing the practice of
tradition but with certain modifications or innovations. An example for this is the Filipino
tradition of hilot. Before, Hilot is usually done with the use of coconut or palm oil to relieve
muscle pains, or gas pains from a person’s body. However, when scientists discovered that
certain plants have medicinal properties that can ease body ailments, this eventually gave
rise to herbal medicine and herbal body oils (e.g. Talan, Efficascent, Yaki). This became a
popular hit among societies with the tradition of Hilot, until such time that it replaced the
previous use of palm oil in their practice of hilot.
Change comes in many different ways for many different reasons, and which can also
lead to many different outcomes. That is why it is important to understand that the barriers
and stimulants of social change naturally coexist in order to maintain the balance in society.
Not all changes will result to good outcomes. That is why barriers are also important to
protect society from unwanted changes. Stimulants are also important for good changes to
flourish and ensure that society continues to grow and progress. Both groups of factors are
beneficial in their own way. Thus, one should always learn to evaluate these factors in their
day-to-day experience in society. With the knowledge of these factors and by evaluating the
different events in society, a person can wisely decide on what actions to be done to help
stimulate a good change, and resist the dangerous changes that could happen in society.
REFERENCES
For a wholesome learning experience, you may use these online sources for referencing and
further understanding:
● https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/social-change/
● https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-change
Printed Source:
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Saquilayan, V., et al. (2011). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology with family
planning. Malabon City. MUTYA Publishing House, INC.
● https://www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.php#:~:text=In
%20shorthand%20form%2C%20or%20as,found%20among20all%20human
%20groups.
● http://studylecturenotes.com/what-are-the-five-functions-of-social-institutions/
● https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/family/
● http://www.passionineducation.com/types-of-education-formal-informal-non-
formal/#:~:text=Types%20of%20Education,%2C%20Informal%20and%20Non
%2Dformal.
● https://www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/articles/benefits-religion.html
Printed Reference:
Saquilayan, V., et al. (2011). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology with family
planning. Malabon City. MUTYA Publishing House, INC.
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OUR LADY OF TRIUMPH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Disciplines under Social Sciences

Illustration 1.1 The Biological Focus of Anthropology

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Table 1.1 Branches of Anthropology

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Physical Anthropology is a branch of anthropology which centers on the complexity of the

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Person 1: Excuse me Sir. May I ask a question?

Person 2: Hey YOU! Where’s this F12 located?

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

8 Minutes and 46 Seconds: How George Floyd Was Killed in Police

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Incident Possible Consequences

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Branch Legislative Executive Judiciary

Table 1.2 Branches of the Government

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Take this as an example

Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Table 1.3. Factors of Production

Take this as an example

Topic 2: Nature of Society & Culture

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

2. Write concrete examples of the concepts of Social Institutions and Composition of

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Difference between Society and Culture

Basic Social Institutions

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Basic/Primary Social Function Secondary Institutions

Table 2.1 Functions of the Basic Social Institutions

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

procreation. Procreation refers to the reproduction of children especially by legally married

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

Informal ● It is independent of ● Teaching the child some

Non-formal ● The nonformal education ● Boy Scouts and Girls

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

place apart from the sports program such as

-Source: Passionineducation.com, 2020

Table 2.2 Types of Education

Purok Tugas, Balangasan Dist., Pagadian City, Philippines

SOCIAL SCIENCES & PHILOSOPHY

1. Teachings of goodwill and the golden rule (do unto others)