BECE 212 WK 6 - 9

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
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Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes 3 (ULO): At the end of the unit, you
are expected to
a. identify the code of ethics for ECE practitioners in different relations
b. outline RA 8792
c. outline RA 3846 and NTC Laws
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 3-a. identify the code of ethics for
ECE practitioners in different relations
Metalanguage
Engineering ethics places issues within a philosophical framework, and it seeks to exhibit their
social importance and intellectual challenge. The goal is to stimulate reasoning and to provide
the conceptual tools necessary for responsible decision making.
To demonstrate the outcomes of this section, you have to be familiar of the use of the following
terms as you may encounter these in the following discussions:
a. State refers to The Philippines in this context.
b. Electronics engineering practitioner refers, in general, to Professional Electronics Engineers
(PECE), Electronics Engineers (ECE), and Electronics Technicians (ECT).
c. Peers/Colleagues refer to fellow electronics engineering practitioners.
Essential Knowledge
The fundamental canons of the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) are:
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
6. Engineers shall conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully to enhance
the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
NSPE is an organization established in 1934 in New York City dedicated to the nontechnical
concerns of licensed professional engineers across all disciplines. In the Philippines, we have
Professional Regulatory Boards (PRB) that exercise administrative, quasi-legislative, and quasi-
judicial powers over their respective professions. These PRBs are under the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) which is a government entity under the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) whose mandate is to regulate and supervise the practice of the
professionals (except lawyers, who are handled by the Supreme Court of the Philippines). The
code of ethics, standards and guidelines of professional practice, obligations, contracts, and the
likes, that we abide as Filipino professionals are stated under PRBs and PRC.
For this entire section, I do not advise to memorize all the sections word by word. Instead, identify,
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understand, and try to comprehend with real-life situations. Case studies will be given at the end
of this ULO-a for you to demonstrate your knowledge. But with the Articles, sometimes it is
necessary to memorize as it often comes out as board exam questions (even the number of
sections per article, number of articles, date signed, date implemented, signatory, and so on).
Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles, and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc. Also, in this course, the Code of Ethics
for Electronics Engineering Practitioners are fully downloadable from the PRC’s official website.
A link is provided at the end of ULO-a.
Keywords
Ethics Relations
State Integrity
Electronics Engineering Practitioner Professional Regulation Commission
Code of Ethics for Electronics Engineering Practitioners
Article I. General Duties and Rationale
The keystone of professional conduct is integrity. Hence, it behooves every electronics

practitioner (Registered and Licensed Professional Electronics Engineer, Electronics Engineer,
and Electronics Technician) to discharge his/her duties with fidelity and competence to the
public, his/her employers and clients, and with fairness and impartiality to all. It is his/her duty to
interest himself in public welfare, and to be ready to apply his/her special knowledge for the
benefit of mankind and the environment. He/She shall uphold the honor and dignity of his/her
profession and avoid association with any enterprise of questionable character. In his/her
dealings with fellow practitioners, he/she shall be fair and just.
Ethics is defined as the rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good or
bad. Honesty, justice, and courtesy constitute the foundation of ethics. In combining
many design goals and constraints, engineering projects integrate multiple moral values
connected with those goals and constraints. An electronics engineer must recognize his
duty to practice his profession according to the Code of Ethics and Conduct. Bear in
mind that integrity is the keystone of professional conduct. An engineer must avoid
relations with any enterprise of disputed records. He/She must participate in one but
honest and legal enterprises. Fairness, fidelity, and welfare of the public, clients, and
employees should be upheld paramount. Therefore, technical skill and morally good
judgment need to go together in solving ethical dilemmas.
The Code and its supplemented Guidelines are intended to serve as a basis for ethical
decision making in the conduct of professional work. Secondarily, it may serve as a
basis for judging the merit of a formal complaint on violation of professional ethical
standards.
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The following are the code of ethics in different relations:
Article II. Relations with the State
Sec 1. Each and every engineer shall recognize and respect the supreme authority of
the State as expressed through its laws and implemented by its agencies, whenever and
wherever such laws do not infringe upon the rights and privileges of citizens as
guaranteed by the Constitution.
An electronics engineering practitioner works under the Philippines’ constitution

and bylaws. Hence, every transaction must abide by the State’s rules and
regulations as it is the authority supreme to all.
Sec 2. He shall recognize that the well-being of the public and the interest of the State are
above the well-being and interest of any individual.
An electronics engineer practitioner is oathed to ensure the welfare of his/her client and
the public as he/she delivers his/her utmost service. As an expert to the field, an
electronics engineer practitioner must not imbalance competence from safety,
conscientiousness from security, and excellence from ethics. Remember that he/she
shall strive to protect the interests and well-being of the majority in any engagement.
Sec 3. In the interest of justice, he shall aid the State, if and when the technology is
needed for the prevention and/or prosecution of unjust, criminal, or unlawful acts.
An electronics engineering practitioner shall help the State with his/her expertise in
technology and related works needed concerning giving justice.
Sec 4. In the interest of good government, he shall in every way possible extend
cooperation to the State in the accomplishment of its goals and objectives.
The same as Article II Section 4, that an electronics engineering practitioner shall allow
him/herself to aid the State in any way his/her expertise is capable.
Sec 5. In the interest of social efficiency, he shall extend assistance, guidance and
training to all subordinates under his jurisdiction in order to increase their skill and
ability, knowledge and experience for the purpose of eventually increasing their
responsibilities.
An electronics engineering practitioner shall do a professional extension to his/her

coworkers in forms of seminar and trainings to further demonstrate the scope of work
and for the further efficient workforce. He/She shall strive to dedicate himself to the
dissemination of engineering knowledge to his/her colleagues and others.
Sec 6. In the interest of the national economy and well-being, he shall always strive in the
execution of his work with optimum efficiency, economy and safety.
The State counts for a full measure of performance to achieve optimum efficiency and
eventually contribute to the national economy and well-being.
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Sec 7. In the interest of national security, the State shall be given primary considerations
in all his inventions and/or devices on electronics and related fields that are useful for
national security and defense.
Any inventions related to electronics that provide security and defense are always
encouraged. If in cases the invention may best contribute to the State’s security and
defense, then the State must be considered as the primary beneficiary.
Sec 8. In the event of national emergency, he shall offer his technology, skill, ability and
experience to the service of the State, even if it will involve personal sacrifices.
Article III. Relations with the Public
Sec 9. He/She shall partake him/herself in public welfare and be ready to apply his/her
special knowledge and expertise for the benefit of mankind and the environment.
It is the sworn duty of an electronics practitioner to put the safety, health, and welfare of
the public as paramount in all its actions and decisions. The code is violated when the
engineer’s actions do not consider the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
Sec 10. He/She shall at all times guard against conditions that are dangerous or
threatening to life, limb or property on work for which he is responsible, or if he/she is
not responsible, he/she shall promptly call such conditions to the attention of those
responsible so that the latter can immediately and effectively correct them.
As an electronics engineering practitioner, he/she must be responsible for his/her

subordinates and workplace. That includes the responsibility of looking over every work
given to his/her workforce, identify the weight of each workload, recognize the possible
hazard/danger in a given work, and around the workplace. And that he/she shall do
proper supervision to maintain safety and avoid unfortunate conditions.
Otherwise, if his/her professional judgment is overruled under circumstances he/she

shall inform the person-in-charge whenever he/she observes any events in his/her
knowledge may impose future danger.
Sec 11. He/She shall give due regard for the safety of life and health of the public who
may be affected by the work for which he is responsible.
That is why big projects have to comply with the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) requirements before proceeding to operation. The EIA document itself is a
technical tool that identifies, predicts, and analyzes impacts on the physical environment,
as well as social, cultural, and health impacts. It must be known to the public of the
environmental and social consequences of implementing the proposed project.
Also, an engineering practitioner must approve or do only those engineering plans,

design, and documents that are safe to the public in conformity with the standards. The
code is violated if an engineer approves a document that is not safe for public health,
property, or welfare, or if he/she approves a document that does not follow with the
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accepted standards.
Sec 12. He/She shall endeavor to extend public knowledge of electronics engineering
and he shall strive to win or maintain the public confidence by discouraging the spread
of untrue, unfair and exaggerated statements regarding his profession.
In any case, an electronics engineering practitioner has always a say regarding the truth
of his/her profession/field. The track of academe in the electronics engineering
profession must uphold this code in an oath to provide engineering education.
Sec 13. As a witness before a court, commission and/or other tribunal, he shall express
an opinion only when it is founded on adequate knowledge and honest conviction.
Sec 14. He/She shall not issue statements on matters connected with public policy, any
ex-parte statements, criticisms, or arguments which are inspired or paid for by private
interest unless he/she identifies on whose behalf he is making the statements.
Ex-parte refers to the proceedings where one of the parties has not received notice, and
therefore, is neither present nor represented. If a person received notice of a hearing
and decided not to attend, then the hearing would not be called ex-parte.
An electronics engineering practitioner must issue public statements only in an objective

and truthful manner.
Sec 15. He/She shall refrain from expressing any public opinion on an engineering
subject unless he/she is fully familiar and knowledgeable with all the facts relating
thereto.
Engineers perform services and express public statements only in areas of their
competence and expertise.
Sec 16. His/Her integrity shall be unquestionable and he/she shall discharge his/her
duties and responsibilities with fidelity to the public, his/her employers and clients and
with fairness and impartiality to all.
Article IV. Relations with Clients and Employers
Sec 17. He/She shall act in professional matters as a faithful agent or trustee, and treat as
confidential all matters and information concerning the business affairs, technical
processes, etc., of his/her clients and/or employers.
An electronics engineering practitioner must act in professional matters for his/her

employer and clients as faithful agents or trustees. Generally, the disclosure of sensitive
employee and management information can lead to a loss of employee trust,
confidence, and loyalty that can eventually affect the whole business. Work
confidentiality can be classified into employee information, management information,
and business information.
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Employee information includes personal identifying information such as a home address,

ID and license numbers, contact numbers to name a few. Management information often
includes disciplinary actions, employee investigation of misconduct, terminations, and
the likes. Finally, business information as the most crucial refers to proprietary
information or “trade secrets”. These are those not common to the public and even to
competitors such as technical processes, manufacturing methods, business plans,
forecasts, computer programs, client/customer records, ingredient formulas and recipes,
membership, etc.
An engineer’s knowledge formulates design ideas to achieve the desired process and
output, and trade secrets form part of this knowledge base. In most cases the employers
do not allow employees to change the job until the project is finished; this helps to
preserve company confidentiality.
Sec 18. He/She shall inform his/her client or employer of any financial interest on
inventions, devices, equipment or any other thing, before undertaking any engagement
in which he/she may be called upon to decide on the use thereof.
Before engaging in projects or contracts, it is a moral obligation of an electronics

engineering practitioner to declare his/her any interest of the output.
Sec 19. He/She shall not accept any other compensation, financial or service or
otherwise, except from one interested party for a particular service or other services
related therewith without the consent of all parties concerned.
The code is relevant when an engineering practitioner accepts compensation from Party
1 for services on a project, at the same time, accepts compensation from Party 2 for
services of the same project. The code is violated when the practitioner does not fully
disclose the circumstances to all interested parties or all interested parties do not
consent to the circumstances. On the other hand, if either the practitioner discloses the
details to both parties or the parties consent to the circumstances, then the code is not
violated.
Section 20. He/She shall exercise fairness and justice when dealing with contracts
between his/her clients or employers and the contractors.
This is the same as saying that engineering practitioners shall not allow any involvement
in business ventures or contracts for which he/she believes are fraudulent and
dishonest.
Section 21. He/She shall not accept any commissions or allowances, directly or indirectly
from contractors, suppliers and all other parties dealing with his clients and/or
employers in connection with the work for which he/she is responsible.
It is a moral duty of an electronics engineering practitioner not to do any form of

deceptive solicitation of professional employment.
Section 22. He/She shall not be financially interested in the bid or bids of contractors,
suppliers and other interested parties participating in a competitive work or job on which
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he/she has been employed as an electronics practitioner without full knowledge and
consent of his clients or employers.
Section 23. He/She shall promptly inform his/her clients or employers of any business in
which he/has has any interest, business connection or affiliation which may compete
with or affect the business of his clients or employers.
An electronics engineering practitioner shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of

interest to their employers or clients. The code is violated when he/she does not inform
the employer of association, interest, or other circumstances which could influence their
judgment or the quality of his services or compete with the business/employer.
Sec 24. He/She shall not allow any decision in connection with his work for which he has
been employed or on which he may be called upon to perform, to be affected by interest
in any business.
This goes true with Article IV Sec 23.
Sec 25. He/She shall present clearly the consequences to be expected from deviations
proposed if his engineering judgment is overruled by a non-technical authority in cases
where he is responsible for the technical adequacy of engineering work.
An electronics engineering practitioner, in cases of misunderstanding. must present in

detail the significances, pros and cons, and scope and limitation of his work or project. It
is important to make known that you are the expert of your field and that your knowledge
and analysis of the work in concern matters.
Sec 26. He/She shall undertake only those engineering assignments for which he/she is
qualified. He/She shall engage or advise his/her employer or client to engage specialists
and shall cooperate with them whenever his/her employer’s or clients interests are
served best by such an arrangement.
This is a very common issue and you should remember that, a good moral engineer
shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents dealing with the subject matter
in which they lack competence, nor to any plan or document not prepared under their
direction and control. He/She may refer his/her employer or clients to specialists if
he/she feels incompetent do such work.
The code also entails that the engineering practitioner, as part of his/her work, shall
honestly advise his/her clients or employers when he/she believes a project will not be
successful. At the same time provide sufficient explanation and mitigation.
Article V. Relations with Co-electronics Practitioners
Sec 27. He/She shall individually or collectively with others in the profession protect the
profession from misunderstanding and/or misrepresentations.
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Good moral engineering practitioners must strive to protect the interests and the good name of
their profession.
Sec 28. He/She shall not directly or indirectly injure the professional reputation,
prospects, advancement and/or practice of his/her peers. However, if he has proof or
personal knowledge that such peer has been unethical and/or illegal in his/her practices,
he/she shall inform in writing the proper authorities for appropriate action.
This code says that an engineering practitioner shall not directly or indirectly disclose
statements regarding anyone who has shown himself unworthy of the profession unless
otherwise given enough proof. The code is violated when a practitioner’s comments are
an attempt to maliciously or falsely injure the professional reputation, prospects, practice
or employment of his/her peers. It is unethical to demerit copractitioners with falsehood
and insufficient facts to support. However if given the facst and believed to be true,
he/she shall present such information to the proper authority for action.
Sec 29. He/She shall uphold the principle of appropriate and adequate compensation for
his/her peers, including those in the subordinate capacities, in the interest of public
service and maintenance of the standards of the profession.
The code is violated when a practitioner does not pay appropriate and adequate
compensation for the engineering work.
Also, this code is relevant when an engineer hires/employs another engineer. That
he/she must offer a salary that is commensurate with the hired engineer's qualifications.
Sec 30. He/She shall not try to supplant another peer in a particular employment after
becoming aware that definite steps have been taken toward the other’s employment.
Aside from this, he/she shall not attempt to attract an engineer from another employer by
false or misleading pretenses.
Sec 31. He/She shall not compete, by underbidding, through reduction in his/her normal
fees on the basis of charges for work, after having been informed of the charges
submitted by another peer.
Sec 32. He shall be fair and tolerant in his dealings with his/her peers and give credit to
those to whom credit is properly due.
As an engineering practitioner asks for the same full measure of work ethics to his/her
colleagues, he/she must maintain respect and fair dealing with peers. It is very unethical
and disrespect to claim the success of a project for which he/she did not plan or design
or work.
Sec 33. He/She shall uphold the honor and dignity of his/her profession and avoid
association in responsibility for work with engineers who do not conform to ethical
practices.
In the same way as Article IV Sec 20.

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Sec 34. He/She will exercise due restraint in criticizing his/her peer’s work in public,
recognizing the fact that the engineering societies and the engineering press provide the
proper forum for technical discussion and criticism.
In the same way as Article V Sec 28.
Article VI. Relations to the Profession
Sec 35. He/She shall cooperate in extending the effectiveness of the engineering
profession and endeavor to be well-informed of the latest development in the profession
by sharing or exchanging information and experience with his/her peers, other
professionals and students; and by contributing to engineering publications and schools
and by participating in the activities of engineering societies.
It is highly encouraged to conduct seminars, training, and exhibits to colleagues,

students, and communities to extend and exchange information on the latest
development in the electronics engineering profession. To actively participate in
research and development for innovation of the electronics engineering field. To comply
with RA 9292 which mandates the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) points
as a requirement for the renewal of the license, which were discussed in the week 4-5.
Sec 36. He/She shall cooperate in upholding the integrity, dignity and honor of the
profession by avoiding all conducts and practices that will be discrediting and injurious
to the profession.
Sec 37. He/She shall be dignified and modest in explaining or discussing his work and/or
merit and shall refrain from self-laudatory advertising or propaganda.
Article VII. Administrative and Penal Sanctions
Sec 38. Disciplinary action of revocation or suspension of the Certificate of Registration

or cancellation of a Special Temporary Permit of an electronics practitioner under Sec.
23, Art. IV of RA 9292 shall be imposed thereto in case of violation of any provision of
this Code.
Sec 39. Criminal penalty of fine and imprisonment, or both shall be meted out to any
violator of this Code pursuant to Sec 35., Subsec (i) Art VI of RA 9292.
RA 9292 shall be discussed in week-4-5 of this course.
Article VIII Separability Clause
Sec 40. Any section or part thereof in this Code has been declared as not valid or as
unconstitutional shall not affect the other portion of such section and the other sections
therein in the enforcement of this code.
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Sample Case Study
Engr. dela Cruz is a professional engineer with expertise in electronics engineering and radio
communications. He designs specialized antenna systems for broadcast stations in Davao City.
A particular antenna system design was necessitated by the location of a large municipal highway
department maintenance facility on the radio station’s property. He designs a specialized antenna
system and signed and sealed those preliminary drawings. The construction of the new building
for the highway department was about to begin. A meeting was called so that all parties involved
could wrap up last-minute details so the project could proceed. During the meeting, he was asked
to clarify some details about the antenna system’s relationship to the foundation of the building to
address some other technical questions. He was not able to answer the questions because he
was never provided with the final plans for the build – he only did the preliminary drawings and
plan. After the meeting, the project manager sent Engr. dela Cruz a full set of drawings. His
preliminary drawings were not omitted but an unknown person had crossed out his notes on each
page of his signed and sealed drawings without his knowledge or permission. He then knew that
there is Engr. San Juan, one of the prime consultants made the changes. Engr. San Juan rather
signed and sealed the drawings and the changes should not have been made without Engr. dela
Cruz’s approval. The project manager said that the changes were made to avoid the delay in
distributing the bid documents.
Was it ethical for Engr. San Juan a prime consultant, to make changes to Engr. dela Cruz’s work?
References:
Article V. Sec 32. He shall be fair and tolerant in his dealings with his/her peers and give credit
to those to whom credit is properly due.
Discussion:
While Engr. San Juan may have had a general right to sign and seal a set of final drawings as
the prime design engineer, it is also clear that Engr. San Juan could not ethically sign and seal
drawings that were prepared by another engineer, were preliminary in nature and then represent
those drawings as final, regardless of the time constraints involved. This case involves a basic
disregard for the work product of another licensed professional engineer.Engr. San Juan used
but did not recognize the preliminary work of Engr. dela Cruz but instead he crossed out Engr.
dela Cruz’s notes. Engr. San Juan should have informed all concerned parties for any changes
or revisions if he wishes to change or add for the final design. While it is frequently a basic reality
in today’s engineering practice that time is of the essence, time considerations should never
supersede to the need for competent engineering practice and the need for those with the
appropriate level of knowledge and expertise to provide the necessary technical information as
required in order to make the project successful for the benefit of the client and for the protection
of the public.
Conclusion:
It was not ethical for Engr. San Juan, a prime consultant, to make changes to Engr. dela Cruz’
work.
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In case-study discussions, it is important to enumerate the relevant codes as reference. Often

cases involve one or more references (sections and articles) that may have violated. Next, follow
up with necessary discussions to justify the violated sections. A strong discussion includes the
discussion of relevant case/s and discussions leading to findings. Discussion of relevant case/s
includes previously encountered closed-cases that are very similar to the current case. These are
facts that may help the conclusion and decision making. The example above only have discussion
leading to findings. Lastly, a conclusion should be made to answer the question of ethics.
Self-Help: You can also download the original document of “Code of Professional
Ethics and Conduct for Registered and Licensed Electronics Engineering
Practitioners” by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
https://www.prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/COEELECTRONICS%20AND%20COMM
UNICATION%20ENGINERRING%202013-01.pdf
Textbook: Martin, Mike (2010), Introduction to Engineering Ethics (2nd

Edition), Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
In A Nutshell
What have you learned and realizations upon knowing the proper ethics and conduct in the practice of
the Electronics Engineering Profession? Discuss the main points for COE necessary to uphold honesty
and integrity in the Electronics Engineering Profession.
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Let’s Check
Activity 1. Identification
Problem 1. Identify the code’s Article and Section under COE of ECE Practitioners that is
violated if the practitioner:
__________ a. does not conform with the state registration laws.
__________ b. untruthfully criticizes another engineer's work.
__________ c. is influenced by conflicting interests in his professional duties.
__________ d. discloses or does not have prior consent to disclose the company’s confidential
information
__________ e. (if given all the supporting facts) does not tell the proper authority about the
suspected unethical or illegal practice of the other practitioner
__________ f. approves a document that is not safe for public health, property, or welfare
__________ g. does not cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing information or
assistance
__________ h. actions are likely to deceive the public
__________ i. assumes credit for work performed by others
__________ j. does not pay appropriate and adequate compensation for the engineering work
Problem 2. Fill in the blanks

The Code of Professional Ethics and Conduct for Registered and Licensed Electronics Engineering
Practitioners was done in the City of _________, this ______ day of _______________. Signed by
the Professional Regulatory Board of Electronics Engineering Chairman ____________ and
member ___________.
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 2. Discussion
Problem 1. Discuss why and why not this is ethical and support your discussions
with COE.
Engineer's statement(s) omits a material fact in his design to persuade the
approval of his client/employer.
(Always state the Reference, Discussion, then Conclusion.)
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Problem 2. Case Study

Engr. dela Cruz, now employed by the Electronics Solutions Co., is assigned by his
supervisor, Engr. San Juan, to develop a wireless device for instrumentation and
controls. In his previous employment with the First Electronics Co., Engr. dela Cruz
participated in the development of a similar device and so he is familiar with the
principles of the design and fit to the said job. The technical information concerning
the device has not been published in the technical press or otherwise released.
Engr. San Juan expects him to use this knowledge to develop a similar device for
Electronics Solutions Co. Engr. dela Cruz then does his current employer’s request
and assists in the development of the device. Engr. dela Cruz's previous employer
is not asked and does not give consent.
Was it ethical for Engr. dela Cruz to apply his knowledge from a previous
employer to the development of a device for Electronics Solutions Co., without
the consent of First Electronics Co? (Support your discussions with COE)
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Three electronics engineering firms were separately invited to discuss various aspects of an
engineering design project which the client has under consideration. The client made clear that
this meeting ensures that the firm may be selected for the project. The three firms are
unknown to each other, without the idea that there are three of them that are being
interviewed and solicited with a proposal. Each firm is asked to submit in writing a detailed
proposal of the scope of the services to be furnished, including a statement of the estimated
charges for engineering services and budget estimates. Before submitting such a proposal, each
firm finally knew that there are also others who were interviewed and have been asked to
furnish similar information. Firm 1 decides to continue with the client, but firms B and C decide
to withdraw.
After knowing that the client was making price comparisons before the selection of a firm, was
it ethical for Engineering Firm A to participate further?
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A technical research paper was peer-reviewed and awarded as the best paper. There are three
co-authors of the said paper and two of them were awarded at a national convention by their
Accredited Profesional Organization (APO). The other author was not given an award under the
organization’s rule that the awardees should be an active member of the APO for the latest 5
years. The nonactive co-author was not given credit at the award presentation.
Was it unethical for the organization not to give an award to one of the co-authors?
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An engineering firm proposes to sponsor a league basketball team. The team would carry the
name of the firm, and the name of its name would be printed to the players’ game uniforms.
Is it a violation to the code of ethics to use the firm’s name on the shirts of players on a
basketball team?
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are expected to

b. outline RA 8792
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 3-b. outline RA 8792
Metalanguage
The achievement of this ULO helps you to further understand the Electronics
Engineering role applied in global marketplace. To demonstrate such, the following
salient information of the Act will help you go through:
1. RA 8792 gives legal recognition of electronic data messages, electronic

documents, and electronic signatures.
2. The Act recognizes the use of contracts in electronic form, which, has the
same legal rights, validity, and enforceability as other forms of contract.
3. The Act allows the electronics implementation of the transport of documents.
4. Hacking, cracking, piracy is a crime under RA8792
5. The Act states the penal provisions of different types of violations such as
hacking, piracy, electronic data privacy, and such.
Essential Knowledge
Anyone who uses the Internet, computer, cellular phone, and other IT-enabled
devices must know RA8792 which is an Act providing for the recognition and use
of electronic commercial and non-commercial transactions and documents,
penalties for unlawful use thereof, and for other purposes.
The Act consists of 42 Sections, signed by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada.
Keywords
e-commerce e-document piracy cracking
e-data message electronic key hacking internet
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REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 8792: ELECTRONICS COMMERCE ACT OF 2000
An act providing for the recognition and use of electronic commercial and non-
commercial transactions and documents, penalties for unlawful use thereof, and for other
purposes.
Part I: Short Title and Declaration of Policy

Section 1: Short Title
the "Electronic Commerce Act of 2000."
Section 2: Declaration of Policy
The State recognizes the vital role of information and communications
technology (ICT) in nation-building; the need to create an information-friendly
environment which supports and ensures the availability, diversity and affordability of ICT
products and services; the primary responsibility of the private sector in contributing
investments and services in telecommunications and information technology; the need to
develop, with appropriate training programs and institutional policy changes, human
resources for the information technology age, a labor force skilled in the use of ICT and
a population capable of operating and utilizing electronic appliances and computers; its
obligation to facilitate the transfer and promotion of technology; to ensure network
security, connectivity and neutrality of technology for the national benefit; and the need
to marshal, organize and deploy national information infrastructures, comprising in both
telecommunications network and strategic information services, including their
interconnection to the global information networks, with the necessary and appropriate
legal, financial, diplomatic and technical framework, systems and facilities.
Part II: Electronic Commerce in General
Chapter I
Section 3: Objective
This Act aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings, transactions,
arrangements, agreements, contracts and exchanges and storage of information
through the utilization of electronic, optical and similar medium, mode,
instrumentality and technology to recognize the authenticity and reliability of
electronic documents related to such activities and to promote the universal
use of electronic transaction in the government and general public.
Section 3 states the objective of this Act, that is, to facilitate the utilization
of electronic data and documents in general. The legal recognition of
electronic data messages, electronic documents, and electronic signatures
Section 4: Sphere of Application.

This Act shall apply to any kind of data message and electronic document used
in the context of commercial and non-commercial activities to include domestic and
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international dealings, transactions, arrangements, agreements, contracts and

exchanges and storage of information.
Section 4 states the scope of this Act.
Section 5: Definition of Terms

For the purposes of this Act, the following terms are defined, as follows:
a) Addressee – refers to a person who is intended by the originator to receive

the electronic data message or electronic document. The term does not include
a person acting as an intermediary with respect to that electronic data message or
electronic document.
b) Computer – refers to any device or apparatus which, by electronic, electro-
mechanical or magnetic impulse, or by other means, is capable of receiving,
recording, transmitting, storing, processing, retrieving, or producing information, data,
figures, symbols or other modes of written expression according to mathematical and
logical rules or of performing any one or more of those functions.
c) Electronic Data message – refers to information generated, sent, received or
stored by electronic, optical or similar means.
d) Information and communication system – refers to a system intended for and
capable of generating, sending, receiving, storing or otherwise processing
electronic data messages or electronic documents and includes the computer
system or other similar device by or in which data is recorded or stored and any
procedures related to the recording or storage of electronic data message or
electronic document.
e) Electronic signature – refers to any distinctive mark, characteristic and/or
sound in electronic form, representing the identity of a person and attached to
or logically associated with the electronic data message or electronic
document or any methodology or procedures employed or adopted by a person and
executed or adopted by such person with the intention of authenticating or approving
an electronic data message or electronic document.
f) Electronic document – refers to information or the representation of
information, data, figures, symbols or other modes of written expression,
described or however represented, by which a right is established or an obligation
extinguished, or by which a fact may be proved and affirmed, which is received,
recorded, transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved or produced electronically.
g) Electronic key – refers to a secret code which secures and defends sensitive
information that crosses over public channels into a form decipherable only with a
matching electronic key.
h) Intermediary – refers to a person who in behalf of another person and with
respect to a particular electronic document sends, receives and/or stores or
provides other services in respect to that electronic document.
i) Originator – refers to a person by whom, or on whose behalf, the electronic
document purports to have been created, generated and/or sent. The term does
not include a person acting as an intermediary with respect to that electronic
document.
j) Service provider – refers to a provider of any of the following:
a. On-line services or network access, or the operator of facilities thereof,
including entities offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections
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for online communications, digital or otherwise, between or among points

specified by a user, of electronic documents of the user’s choosing; or
b. The necessary technical means by which electronic documents of an
originator may be stored and made accessible to a designated or undesignated
third party;
c. Such service providers shall have no authority to modify or alter the content
of the electronic data message or electronic document received or to make any
entry therein on behalf of the originator, addressee or any third party unless
specifically authorized to do so, and who shall retain the electronic document in
accordance with the specific request or as necessary for the purpose of
performing the services it was engaged to perform.
Chapter II: Legal Recognition Of Electronic Writing Or Document And Data

Messages
Section 6: Legal Recognition of Data Messages

Information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely on the
grounds that it is in the data message purporting to give rise to such legal effect, or
that it is merely referred to in that electronic data message.
Section 6 states that the information in the form of data messages holds
the same validity as any form of information.
Section 7: Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents

Electronic documents shall have the legal effect, validity or enforceability as
any other document or legal writing.
Section 7 also states that if the law requires a document in writing, an
electronic document may be presented in behalf if and only if the electronic
document has remained complete, unaltered, and the same as the original.
In such way that the said electronic document maintains its integrity and
reliability.
Section 8: Legal Recognition of Electronic Signatures

An electronic signature on the electronic document shall be equivalent to the
signature of a person on a written document if that signature is proved by showing
that a prescribed procedure, not alterable by the parties interested in the electronic
document.
Section 8 states that electronic signatures (e-signatures) are recognized as
legal and equivalent to the actual signature of a person, provided, that the
e-signature is verified and not alterable.
Section 9: Presumption Relating to Electronic Signatures

In any proceeding involving an electronic signature, it shall be presumed that:
a) The electronic signature is the signature of the person to whom it
correlates; and
b) The electronic signature was affixed by that person with the intention of
signing or approving the electronic document
Section 9 states that once an e-signature is affixed to an electronic
document, then it is assumed that the e-signature represents the actual
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signature of the person with the intention of signing the said document.
Section 10: Original Documents

(1) Where the law requires information to be presented or retained in its original form,
that requirement is met by an electronic data message or electronic document if:
(a) the integrity of the information from the time when it was first generated
in its final form, as an electronic data message or electronic document is shown
by evidence aliunde or otherwise; and
(b) where it is required that information be presented, that the information is
capable of being displayed to the person to whom it is to be presented.
(2) Paragraph (1) applies whether the requirement therein is in the form of an
obligation or whether the law simply provides consequences for the information not
being presented or retained in its original form.
(3) For the purposes of subparagraph (a) of paragraph (1):
(a) the criteria for assessing integrity shall be whether the information has
remained complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any endorsement
and any change which arises in the normal course of communication, storage and
display; and
(b) the standard of reliability required shall be assessed in the light of the purpose
for which the information was generated and in the light of all relevant
circumstances.
Section 11: Authentication of Electronic Data Messages and Electronic Documents
Section 12: Admissibility and Evidential Weight of Electronic Data Message and
Electronic Documents
In assessing the evidential weight of an electronic data message or electronic
document, the reliability of the manner in which it was generated, stored or
communicated, the reliability of the manner in which its originator was identified, and
other relevant factors shall be given due regard.
Section 13: Retention of Electronic Data Message and Electronic Document

The requirement in any provision of law that certain documents be retained in their
original form is satisfied by retaining them in the form of an electronic data message
or electronic document which –
i. Remains accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference;
ii. Is retained in the format in which it was generated, sent or received, or in a
format which can be demonstrated to accurately represent the electronic data
message or electronic document generated, sent or received;
iii. Enables the identification of its originator and addressee, as well as the
determination of the date and the time it was sent or received.
Section 14: Proof By Affidavit
Section 15: Cross-Examination
Chapter III: Communication Of Electronic Data Messages And Electronic

Documents
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Section 16: Formation and Validity of Electronic Contracts

Except as otherwise agreed by the parties, an offer, the acceptance of an offer and
such other elements required under existing laws for the formation of contracts
may be expressed in, demonstrated and proved by means of electronic data
message or electronic documents and no contract shall be denied validity or
enforceability on the sole ground that it is in the form of an electronic data
message or electronic document, or that any or all of the elements required under
existing laws for the formation of the contracts is expressed, demonstrated and
proved by means of electronic documents.
Section 16 states the validity of all contracts expressed in electronic data
or electronic documents. This section allows the formation of contracts in
electronics form. Part of this section also validates electronic transactions
made through networking among banks. Makes banking transactions done
through ATM switching networks absolute once consummated.
Section 17: Recognition by Parties of Electronic Data Message or Electronic Document
Section 18: Attribution of Electronic Data Message
Section 19: Error on Electronic Data Message or Electronic Document

Section 19 states that errors on electronic data or electronic documents
are considered if it has resulted from the transmission or if it sent to an
information system that is not so designated by the addressee.
Section 20: Agreement on Acknowledgment of Receipt of Electronic Data Messages or

Electronic Documents
This section states the significance of receipt acknowledgment from the
addressee and whether or not the originator stated the importance of
acknowledgment. Meaning:
1. If both the originator and addressee agreed that acknowledgment should
be given, then both shall do so to validate the transaction.
2. If the originator stated the importance of acknowledgment receipt, then
the transaction is considered unsent unless the addressee did not
acknowledge.
3. If the originator did not state the importance of acknowledgment and no
acknowledgment was received, then the originator may treat the
electronic data message as though it had never been sent.
Section 21: Time of Dispatch of Electronic Data Messages or Electronic Documents

Section 21 defines the time of dispatch (time sent) of electronic data or
document at the time when it enters an information system outside the
control of the originator.
Section 22: Time of Receipt of Electronic Data Messages or Electronic Documents

In case to case bases, time of receipt may be:
• at the time when the electronic data message or electronic
document enters the designated information system
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• at the time when the electronic data message or electronic

document is retrieved by the addressee
Section 23: Place of Dispatch and Receipt of Electronic Data Messages or Electronic
Documents
a. If the originator or the addressee has more than one place of business, the place
of business is that which has the closest relationship to the underlying transaction or,
where there is no underlying transaction, the principal place of business.
b. If the originator or the addressee does not have a place of business, reference is
to be made to its habitual residence; or
c. The "usual place of residence" in relation to a body corporate, means the place
where it is incorporated or otherwise legally constituted.
Section 24: Choice of Security Methods

Section 24 states that both parties are given the right to choose the type
and level of security methods that suit their needs.
Part IV: Electronic Commerce In Specific Areas
Chapter I: Carriage of Goods
Section 25: Actions Related to Contracts of Carriage of Goods
Section 26: Transport Documents

Part IV states the electronic implementation of transport documents to
facilitate carriage of goods. This includes documents such as, but not
limited to, multi-modal, airport, road, rail, inland waterway, courier, post
receipts, transport documents issued by freight forwarders, marine/ocean
bill of lading, non-negotiable seaway bill, charter party bill of lading.
Part V: Electronic Transaction in Government
Section 27: Government Use of Electronic Data Messages, Electronic Documents and
Electronic Signatures
This section states that all government departments, bureaus, offices, and
agencies of the government, as well as all government-owned and
controlled corporations, can do e-commerce within two (2) years from the
date of the effectivity of this Act. This means all government offices shall
honor and apply the provisions of this Act within two years from the date of
effectivity. That includes filing, acceptance, issuance, and such of
documents, permits, payments, receipts, etc using e-data messages, e-
documents, and e-signatures.
Section 28: RPWEB To Promote the Use Of Electronic Documents and Electronic Data
Messages In Government and to the General Public
Section 28 states the implementation of installing an electronic online
network following Administrative Order 332 and House of
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Representatives Resolution 890, otherwise known as RPWEB. RPWeb

is a strategy that intends to connect all government offices to the Internet
and provide universal access to the general public. The Department of
Transportation and Communications, National Telecommunications
Commission, and National Computer Center will come up with policies and
rules that shall lead to substantial reduction of costs of telecommunication
and Internet facilities to ensure the implementation of RPWeb.
This section also mandates that the physical infrastructure of cable and
wireless systems for cable TV and broadcast (excluding the programming)
shall be considered within the scope of telecommunications.
Section 29: Authority of the Department of Trade and Industry and Participating Entities
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) shall direct and supervise the
promotion and development of electronic commerce in the country with relevant
government agencies.
The DTI is empowered to:

• promulgate rules and regulations of this Act
• provide quality standards or issue certifications
• installation of an online public information
• quality and price monitoring system for goods and services aimed at
protecting the interests of the consuming public availing of the advantages of
this Act (examples of these are electronic products with seals of ‘DTI
approved’)
Part V: Final Provisions
Section 30: Extent of Liability of a Service Provider

Service provider merely provides access if liability is founded on:
• The obligations and liabilities of the parties under the electronic data message
or electronic document;
• The making, publication, dissemination or distribution of such material or any
statement made in such material, including possible infringement of any right
subsisting in or in relation to such material: Provided, That
i. The service provider does not have actual knowledge, or is not aware of the
facts or circumstances from which it is apparent, that the making, publication,
dissemination or distribution of such material is unlawful or infringes any rights
subsisting in or in relation to such material;
ii. The service provider does not knowingly receive a financial benefit directly
attributable to the unlawful or infringing activity; and
iii. The service provider does not directly commit any infringement or other
unlawful act and does not induce or cause another person or party to commit any
infringement or other unlawful act and/or does not benefit financially from the
infringing activity or unlawful act of another person or party
To summarize, this section provides guidelines as to when a service

provider can be liable. That is, the service provider is not liable in any cases
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as it disseminates/distributes the e-data message or e-document if the

service provider is not aware of the facts of the e-message or e-document
or does not receive any financial benefit/bribe, or does not directly commit
to any infringement to the message or document.
Section 31: Lawful Access

Access to an electronic file, or an electronic signature of an electronic data message
or electronic document shall only be authorized and enforced in favor of the individual
or entity having a legal right to the possession or the use of the plaintext, electronic
signature or file and solely for the authorized purposes. The electronic key for identity
or integrity shall not be made available to any person or party without the consent of
the individual or entity in lawful possession of that electronic key.
Section 31 states that the authorized access of e-data message, e-
document, and e-signatures are only for the individual or entity in legal
possession. This and the electronic key shall not be shared without
consent. Example of this is the one-time-pin or one-time-password (OTP)
generated valid for access.
Section 32: Obligation of Confidentiality

Except for the purposes authorized under this Act, any person who obtained
access to any electronic key, electronic data message, or electronic document,
book, register, correspondence, information, or other material pursuant to any powers
conferred under this Act, shall not convey to or share the same with any other
person.
Section 33: Penalties

The following Acts shall be penalized by fine and/or imprisonment, as follows:
a) Hacking or Cracking
Definition: Unauthorized access into or interference in a computer system/server
or information and communication system; or any access in order to corrupt, alter,
steal, or destroy using a computer or other similar information and communication
devices, without the knowledge and consent of the owner of the computer or
information and communications system, including the introduction of computer
viruses and the like, resulting in the corruption, destruction, alteration, theft or
loss of electronic data messages or electronic document.
Penalties: minimum fine of one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) and a
maximum commensurate to the damage incurred and a mandatory
imprisonment of six (6) months to three (3) years
b) Piracy
Definition: Unauthorized copying, reproduction, dissemination, distribution,
importation, use, removal, alteration, substitution, modification, storage, uploading,
downloading, communication, making available to the public, or broadcasting of
protected material, electronic signature or copyrighted works including legally
protected sound recordings or phonograms or information material on protected
works, through the use of telecommunication networks, such as, but not limited
to, the internet, in a manner that infringes intellectual property rights.
Penalties: minimum fine of one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) and a
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maximum commensurate to the damage incurred and a mandatory

imprisonment of six (6) months to three (3) years
c) Consumer Act (RA 7394)
Definition: Republic Act No. 7394 and other relevant or pertinent laws through
transactions covered by or using electronic data messages or electronic
documents. All existing laws such as the Consumer Act of the Philippines also
applies to e-commerce transactions.
Penalties: penalized with the same penalties in which law it is under
d) Other Violations of the Provisions of this Act
Definition: confidentiality, lawful access, and the likes
Penalties: maximum penalty of one million pesos (P1,000,000.00) or six (6) years
imprisonment
Section 34: Implementing Rules and Regulations

The DTI, Department of Budget and Management and the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas are hereby empowered to enforce the provisions of this Act and issue
implementing rules and regulations necessary, in coordination with the
Department of Transportation and Communications, National
Telecommunications Commission, National Computer Center, National
Information Technology Council, Commission on Audit, other concerned
agencies and the private sector, to implement this Act within sixty (60) days after its
approval.
Section 35: Oversight Committee
Section 36: Appropriations
Section 37: Statutory Implementation

The generally accepted principles of international law and convention on electronic
commerce shall likewise be considered.
Section 38: Variation by Agreement
Section 39: Reciprocity
Section 40: Separability Clause
Section 41: Repealing Clause
Section 42: Effectivity

This Act shall take effect immediately after its publication in the Official Gazette or in
at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
Important Persons and Dates of RA 8792:

• Manuel B. Villar, Jr – Speaker of the House of Representatives
• Franklin M. Drilon – Senate President
• Joseph Ejercito Estrada – President of the Philippines
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• Senate Bill no. 1902

• House Bill no. 9971
• Passed to the house of representatives on June 7, 2000
• Passed to the Senate on June 8, 2000
• Approved on June 14, 2000
• Effectivity on June 19, 2000
Reference:
“Republic Act No. 8792”, June 14, 2000, Accessed on: June 19, 2020 [Online]. Available
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2000/06/14/republic-act-no-8792-s-2000/
J. Toral, Salient Features of Republic Act 8792 – The e-commerce Law, Digital Filipino, Accessed
on: June 19, 2020. [Online]. Available https://digitalfilipino.com/salient-features-of-republic-act-
8792-the-e-commerce-
law/#:~:text=Salient%20Features%20of%20Republic%20Act%208792%20%E2%80%93%20Th
e%20E%2DCommerce%20Law,-
Janette%20Toral2013&text=In%201999%2C%20the%20Philippines%20Y2K,online%20by%20t
he%20private%20sector.&text=It%20is%20a%20landmark%20legislation,player%20in%20the%
20global%20marketplace.
Self-Help: You can visit the official document of Republic Act No.
8792 as published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of the
Philippines from the link below.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2000/06/14/republic-act-no-8792-s-
2000/
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1: Discussion
It is said that the Act implies landmark legislation in the history of the Philippines.
Discuss the importance of RA 8792 and the effect of its formulation to the country.
Activity 2:
Discuss the relevance of RA 8792 to the Electronics Engineering course and field.
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1: Modified True or False

1. The e-Commerce is the buying and selling of products or services over the electronic
systems.
2. The e-Commerce Law recognizes the data messages as evidence in court.
3. The R.A. 8792 is also known as the e-Commerce Act of 2000.
4. Another term for hacking is cracking.
5. The DTI is the only implementing agencies of the E-Commerce Law.
6. The maximum imprisonment for hacking is 6 years.
7. Piracy can cost you P5M or 10 years of imprisonment.
8. Piracy is the unauthorized dissemination, importation, use, removal, alteration of
files/documents.
9. The maximum imprisonment for piracy is 3 years.
10. The introduction of computer viruses is also categorized as hacking.
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Outline RA 8792, simpliest possible.
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are expected to

b. outline RA 8792
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 3-c. Outline Act 3846 and NTC
Laws
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential features of Radio Broadcasting relevant to the
field of Electronics Engineering is discussed. To demonstrate an operational
understanding of ULO 3-b, you may refer to these definitions in case you encounter
difficulty in understanding concepts.
1. Radio Station – in general, shall refer to a radio transmitting station and its
receiving equipment, a radio receiving station used for commercial
purposes
2. Secretary of Commerce and Communication – heads the regulation and
implementation of Act 3846
3. NTC – National Telecommunications Commission
Essential Knowledge
When can a radio station can officially operate? How important is the license and
franchise for radio stations before the operation? Who regulates the Act? Act 3846,
also known as Radio Control Law, is an act providing for the regulation of radio
stations and radio communications in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes.
This section is a summary of the full context of the Act. You may refer to the full
context in the given link in Self-help.
The NTC Laws includes the General Rules and Regulations (GRR) of Act 3846 and
salient notes are listed for your understanding.
Keywords
radio station Secretary of Commerce and Communication
franchise National Telecommunications Commission
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ACT 3846: RADIO CONTROL LAW
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION OF RADIO STATIONS AND RADIO

COMMUNICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
Section 1:
No person, firm, company, association or corporation shall construct, install,
establish, or operate a radio station within the Philippine Islands without having
first obtained a franchise therefor from the Philippine Legislature; Provided
however, That no franchise from the Legislature shall be necessary for the
construction, installation, establishment or operation of a broadcasting station, an
amateur station, an experimental station, a training station, a station on board a
mobile vessel, train, or aircraft, or a private station in a place without any means of
communication.
Unless otherwise stated, ‘station’ or ‘radio station’ as used in this Act, in
general, shall refer to a radio transmitting station and its receiving
equipment, a radio receiving station used for commercial purposes.
No person, firm, company, association or corporation shall possess or own

transmitters or transceivers without registering the same, nor sell or
transfer to another without prior approval, and no person, firm, company,
association or corporation shall construct or manufacture, or purchase
radio transmitters or transceivers without a permit issued.
Section 2:
The construction or installation of any station shall not be begun, unless a permit
therefor has been granted by the Secretary of Commerce and Communications.
No station shall be operated except under and in accordance with the provisions of a
license issued therefor by the Secretary of Commerce and Communications. The
license shall state the dates between which the station may be operated. If a
renewal is desired, the licensee shall submit an application to the Secretary of
Commerce and Communication at least two (2) months before the expiration date
of the license to be renewed. The Secretary of Commerce and Communication shall
determine the period for which each license is issued; Provided, that no license shall
be issued for a longer period than three (3) years.
Section 2:
The Secretary of Commerce and Communication is hereby empowered to
regulate the establishment, use, and operation of all radio stations and of all forms
of radio communications and transmissions within the Philippine Islands and to issue
such rules and regulations as may be necessary.
Powers and duties of the Secretary of Commerce and Communication:
a) He shall classify radio stations and prescribe the nature of service to be

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rendered by each class and by each station within any class;

This includes the classification of radio stations as Class A, B, C, etc. as
you have learned in Acoustic and Broadcasting.
b) He shall assign call letters and assign frequencies for each station licensed
by him and for each station established by virtue of a franchise granted by the
Philippine Legislature and specify the stations to which each such frequency may be
used;
Call sign (call letters) are used to identify broadcast stations.
c) He shall make rules and regulations to prevent and eliminate interference
between stations and to carry out the provisions of this Act and the provisions
of International Radio Regulations: Provided however, that changes in the
frequencies or in the authorized power, or in the character of omitted signals, or in
the type of the power supply, or in the hours of operation of any licensed station, shall
not be made without first giving the station a hearing;
d) He may establish areas or zones to be served by any station;
e) He may make special rules and regulations applicable to radio stations
engaging in chain broadcasting;
f) He may make general rules and regulations requiring stations to keep records of
traffic handled, distress, frequency watches, programs, transmissions of
energy, communications or signs;
g) He may conduct such investigations as may be necessary in connection with
radio matters and hold hearings, summon witnesses, administer oaths and compel
the production of books, logs, documents and papers;
h) He may prescribe rules and regulations to be observed by radio training
schools; he may supervise the course and method of instruction therein, and he
may refuse to admit to examinations for radio operators' licenses graduates of
any radio school not complying with the regulations;
i) He shall prescribe rates of charges to be paid to the Government for the inspection
of stations, for the licensing of stations, for the examination of operators, for the
licensing of operators, for the renewal of station or operator licenses, and for such
other services as may be rendered;
j) He is hereby empowered to approve or disapprove any application for the
construction, installation, establishment or operation of a radio station;
k) He may approve or disapprove any application for renewal of station or
operator license: Provided however, that no application for renewal shall be
disapproved without giving the licensee a hearing;
l) He may, at his discretion, bring criminal actions against violators of the radio law or
the regulations; or simply suspend or revoke the offender's station or operator's
licenses; or refuse to renew such licenses; or just reprimand and warn the
offenders;
m) The location of any station, and the power and kind or type of apparatus to
be used shall be subject to his approval;
n) He shall prescribe rules and regulations to be observed by stations for the
handling of SOS messages and distress traffic: Provided, that such rules and
regulations shall not conflict with the provisions of the International Radio
Regulations.
Section 4:
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No radio station license shall be transferred to any person, firm, company, association
or corporation without express authority of the Secretary of Commerce and
Communications, and no license shall be granted or transferred to any person who is
not a citizen of the United States of America or of the Philippine Islands; or to any firm
or company which is not incorporated under the laws of the Philippine Islands or any
state or territory of the United States of America; or to any company or corporation
twenty percent (20%) of whose capital stock may be voted by aliens or their
representatives, or by a foreign government or its representatives, or by any
company, corporation, or association organized under the laws of a foreign country.
Section 5:
The privileges granted in any station license shall not be exclusive.
Section 6:
The President of the United States of America, or the Governor-General of the
Philippine Islands, in time of war, public peril, calamity, or disaster, may cause
the closing of any radio station in the Philippine Islands; or may authorize the
temporary use or possession thereof by any department of the Government
upon just compensation to the owners.
Section 7:
A person to whom or through whom a message has been submitted for transmission
shall not willfully publish or divulge the contents, substance, purport, effect, or
meaning thereof to any unauthorized person; and no person not being authorized by
the sender or the addressee shall intercept any message or communication and
willfully divulge or publish the contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such
intercepted message or communication to any person; and no person not being
entitled thereto shall receive, or assist in receiving, any message or communications
and use the same or any information therein contained for his benefit or for the benefit
of another not entitled thereto; and no person having received such intercepted
message or communication, or having become acquainted with the contents,
substance, purport, effect, or meaning of the same or any part thereof, knowing that
such information was so obtained, shall divulge or publish the contents, substance,
purport, effect, or meaning of the same or any part thereof, or use the same or any
information therein contained for his own benefit or for the benefit of another not
entitled thereto: Provided, that this section shall not apply to the transmitting,
receiving, divulging, publishing or utilizing the contents of any message or
communication broadcasted or transmitted by amateurs or others for the use of the
general public or relating to ships in distress.
Section 8:
The Secretary of Commerce and Communication is hereby authorized to create a
Radio Regulation Section, Division, or Office, which shall take charge of carrying out
the provisions of this Act and of the regulations prescribed by him, or to delegate
temporarily the duties herein conferred upon him and the enforcement of the
regulations prescribed by him, to any bureau or office under his department, subject
to his general supervision and control.
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Section 9:
The provisions of this Act shall not apply to radio stations of the United States
Government and those of the Philippine Government. Foreign mobile stations
temporarily located within the Philippine Islands shall be exempt from the
provisions of this Act: Provided, however, That they shall be subject to the
provisions of the International Radiotelegraph Regulations.
Section 10:
The powers vested in and the duties imposed upon the Director of Posts by Act
Numbered Thirty-three hundred and ninety-six are hereby transferred to the
Secretary of Commerce and Communication, who is hereby empowered to include
in the general radio regulations under this Act, regulations governing radio apparatus
compulsory required on vessels of Philippine registry by Act Numbered Thirty-three
hundred and ninety-six, notwithstanding the fact that such regulations may be
different from those specifically provided in said Act Numbered Thirty-three hundred
and ninety-six: Provided however, that such regulations shall not be inconsistent with
the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea: Provided
further, that this section or any part thereof shall not be construed as in any way
affecting the provisions of Act Numbered Thirty-three hundred and ninety-six making
compulsory the installation of radio apparatus on certain vessels and penalizing
violations thereof.
Act 396 of the year 1949 is an Act in the amendment of Act 184 and Act
466, otherwise known as the National Revenue Code.
Section 11:
Act Numbered Thirty-two hundred and seventy-five, entitled, "An Act to Amend Article
One of Chapter Fifty-two and Section Twenty-seven hundred and fifty-seven of the
Administrative Code, Providing for the Effective Radio Control," is hereby repealed:
Provided however, that such repeal shall not affect any act done, or any right accrued,
or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any criminal or civil cause, prior to
said repeal.
Repealing Acts for Act 3275.
Section 12:
Any person who shall violate any mandatory or prohibitory provision of this Act, or
any mandatory or prohibitory provision of the regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Commerce and Communication under this Act, or any mandatory or prohibitory
provision of the International Radio Regulations, upon conviction thereof by a court
of competent jurisdiction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred
pesos or by imprisonment for not more than three months, or both, for each and every
offense.
Section 13:
Any firm, company, corporation or association failing or refusing to observe or
violating any provision of this Act, or any provision of the regulations prescribed by
the Secretary of Commerce and Communication under this Act, or any provision of
the International Radio Regulations, shall be punished by a fine of not more than
one thousand pesos for each and every offense.
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Section 14:
This Act shall take effect three months
Published on August 10, 1963.
NTC LAWS
The following laws are the most relevant in the field of broadcasting and are
summarized for better understanding.
A) Department Order 11 (D.O. 11)

General Rules and Regulations (GRR) governing the construction, installation,
establishment or operation of radio stations and the possession or ownership,
construction or manufacture, purchase, sale and transfer of transmitters or
transceivers in the Phils.
GRR according to the provisions of Act 3846 also known as Radio Control
Law.
The GRR is composed of 33 Sections. The following are the important

notes of the said GRR:
• (Section 2) No person, firm, company, association or corporation shall

possess or own radio transmitters or transceivers (combination transmitter-
receiver), without registering the same with the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications, nor sell or transfer the same with the Secretary of Public
Works and Communications, nor sell or transfer the same to another without
his prior approval, and no person, firm, company, association or corporation
shall construct or manufacture, or purchase radio transmitters or transceivers
without a permit issued by the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications.
• (Section 3) This registration of radio transmitters and transceivers shall,
however, not apply to persons, firms, companies, association or corporations
who own or possess transmitters or transceivers already covered by radio
station licenses issued by the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications.
• (Section 4) No franchise from Congress shall be necessary for the
construction, installation, establishment, or operation of an amateur station,
an experimental station, a training station, a station on board a mobile vessel,
a train, or aircraft, or a private station in a place so outlying and so remote as
to afford no public communication system with the outside world.
• (Section 5) The construction or installation of any radio station or radio
transmitter or transceiver shall not be begun unless a permit therefore has
been obtained from the Secretary of Public Works and Communications.
• (Section 9) Construction permits may be issued for either a period of 30 days,
60 days or 90 days, depending upon the class or radio service to be
established.
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• (Section 13) Station licenses shall be issued for a period not exceeding three
(3) years. It shall state the inclusive dates during which the station may be
operated and such other particulars.
• (Section 16) Station and operator licenses are conspicuously posted in the
premises.
• (Section 17) Revocation of license for the reasons of:
o false statement on material facts upon application for construction
permit or license
o when the licensee fails to operate the station substantially in
conformity with the provisions set
o willful violations of the radio laws and regulations,
• (Section 17) That no such permit shall be revoked without giving the permittee
a hearing.
• (Section 22) The transfer or change of ownership of a radio station, transmitter
or transceiver without prior authority from the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications is absolutely prohibited.
• (Section 30) In the broadcasting service, as well as in the fixed service,
whether domestic or international each frequency shall be assigned a
separate call sign and considered a station.
• (Section 32) Any person who shall violate any provision of these regulations
shall be punished by a fine of not more than two thousand pesos or by
imprisonment of not more than two years, for each and every offense, or both
in the discretion of the court.
B) Memorandum Order 01-06-2012 (M.O. 01-06-2012)

Pursuant to Act 3846, the following frequencies are allocated for exclusive use and
operation systems for disaster management and emergency communications.
TX/RX: 440.225 / 445.225 MHz

TX/RX: 440.375 / 445.375 MHz
Reference:
“Act No. 3846”, Accessed on: July 01, 2020 [Online]. Available
https://region7.ntc.gov.ph/images/LawsRulesAndRegulations/RA/RA_3846_Radio_Law.pdf
“Laws, Rules, and Regulations”, National Telecommunications Commission, Accessed on: July
01, 2020 [Online]. Available http://ntc5.ntc.gov.ph/?page_id=635
Self-Help:
You can visit the official document of Act No. 3896 as published in the Official
Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
https://region7.ntc.gov.ph/images/LawsRulesAndRegulations/RA/RA_3846_Radio_
Law.pdf
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1: Enumeration
Give at least three (3) NTC Laws and Regulations and outline/summarize.
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Let’s Analyze!
Identify whether the Act 3846 is violated by ABS-CBN, or not. If yes, enumerate and
discuss any legal bases and on the relevance of Act 3846 to the current news on
ABS-CBN franchise renewal. If no, explain why.
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Week 8-9: Unit Learning Outcomes 4 (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to
a. Outline of RA 7925
b. know the National Building Code of the Philippines and the Philippine
Electronics Code
c. Outline – RA 10121
d. Know the basics of Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the
Philippines
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 4a. outline RA 7925
Metalanguage
The operational demonstration of knowledge in this outcome requires a clear and
workable identification of the policies for the telecommunications industry in the
Philippines. In this section, an outline of the Act looking at the regulations affecting
the industry to fulfill the national objectives such as the availability of the services as
a tool for nation-building and development.
Proceeding to the achievement of this outcome requires the following definitions used
herein:
1. Telecommunications - any process which enables a telecommunications
entity to relay and receive voice, data, electronic messages, written or printed
matter, fixed or moving pictures, words, music or visible or audible signals or
any control signals of any design and for any purpose by wire, radio or other
electromagnetic, spectral, optical or technological means.
2. Local exchange operator - an entity providing transmission and switching of
telecommunications services, primarily but not limited to voice-to-voice
service, in a geographic area anywhere in the Philippines.
3. Inter-exchange carrier - an entity, sometimes referred to as carrier's carrier or
national backbone network operator, authorized to install, own and operate
facilities that connect local exchanges within the Philippines and to engage in
the business of inter-exchange national long-distance services.
4. International carrier - an entity primarily engaged in the business of providing
transmission and switching of any telecommunications service between the
Philippines and any other point of the world to which it has an existing
correspondent or prospective interconnection agreements.
Essential Knowledge
RA 7925 signed by President F.V. Marcos is a great leap in eliminating the
monopolization of the Philippine telecommunications. Aligned with the international
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standards and agreements, the importance of this code is to provide

telecommunications services for the best welfare of the consumers and the nation in
general. Provisions are laid to maintain fair and healthy competition between service
providers and promote public welfare. This Act discusses the set of tariffs, inter-carrier
arrangements, requirements, and other regulations to see to it that the service is given
in its widest coverage with an emphasis on the accessibility by persons to basic
services in unserved and underserved areas at affordable rates. At the same time,
appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers
from engaging in or continuing anticompetitive practices
The following discussions are snipped texts from the whole transcript to provide a
summarized lecture. Important notes are made sure to be included in this module.
You may read the whole Act as published in the given link at Self-Help.
Keywords
Telecommunications Public telecommunications entity
Broadcasting Franchise
Local exchange operator Inter-exchange carrier
International carrier Value-added service provider (VAS)
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 7925: PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY ACT OF

THE PHILIPPINES
AN ACT TO PROMOTE AND GOVERN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE DELIVERY OF PUBLIC
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
Article I: General Provisions
Section 1: Short Title

"Public Telecommunications Policy Act of the Philippines."
Section 2: Scope and Application

This Act shall apply to all public telecommunications entities in the Philippines.
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Section 3: Definitions Interpretations
Article II: Policy and Objectives
Section 4: Declaration of National Policy

a. A fundamental objective of the government is to develop and maintain a
viable, efficient, reliable and universal telecommunication infrastructure
using the best available and affordable technologies, as a vital tool to nation-
building and development;
Telecommunications herein is defined as any process which
enables a telecommunications entity to relay and receive voice,
data, electronic messages, written or printed matter, fixed or moving
pictures, words, music or visible or audible signals or any control
signals of any design and for any purpose by wire, radio or other
electromagnetic, spectral, optical or technological means.
b. The expansion of the telecommunications network shall give priority to
improving and extending basic services to areas not yet served – with
emphasis on the accessibility by persons to basic services rates;
This is to reach wider coverage, especially in the rural areas, to
ensure the public of greater access to telecommunications.
c. The radio frequency spectrum is a scarce public resource that shall be
administered in the public interest and in accordance with international
agreements and conventions to which the Philippines is a party and granted
to the best qualified. The government shall allocate the spectrum to
service providers who will use it efficiently and effectively to meet public
demand for telecommunications service and may avail of new and cost-
effective technologies in the use of methods for its utilization;
The electromagnetic spectrum is a natural resource and should be
conserved. The frequency allocation for telecommunications is
regulated by NTC in accordance to the international standard-giving
bodies such as the FCC.
d. The regulatory body shall develop tariff structures based on
socioeconomic factors and on financial, technical and commercial
criteria.
e. Public telecommunications services shall be provided by private
enterprises. The private sector shall be the engine of rapid and efficient
growth in the telecommunications industry;
“Public” telecommunications don’t mean owned by public entities,
instead, those are services that are offered to the public. According
to this Act, only private companies can offer said service. It is true
as you may observe that there are no telecommunications service
providers that are government-owned.
f. Telecommunications carriers are free to make business decisions and to
interact with one another in providing telecommunications services, with the
end in view of encouraging their financial viability while maintaining affordable
rates;
g. A fair and reasonable interconnection of facilities of authorized public network
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operators and other providers of telecommunications services is necessary

h. The government shall give all the assistance and encouragement to
Philippine international carriers in order to establish interconnection with
other countries so as to provide access to international communications
highways on a competitive basis;
International carrier herein is defined as an entity primarily engaged
in the business of providing transmission and switching of any
telecommunications service between the Philippines and any other
point of the world to which it has an existing correspondent or
prospective interconnection agreements.
i. Regulation of telecommunications entities shall rely principally on an
administrative process that is stable, transparent and fair, giving due
emphasis to technical, legal, economic and financial considerations;
j. No single franchise shall authorize an entity to engage in both
telecommunications and broadcasting, either through the airwaves or by
cable;
This limitation can be stated in other words as no
telecommunications franchise shall offer any broadcasting services
(radio or tv) either terrestrial broadcast or cable. And vice versa.
k. Ownership of public telecommunications entities to as wide a number of
people as possible, preferably to its customers, in order to encourage
efficiency and public accountability and to tap personal savings shall be
encouraged;
l. The development of a domestic telecommunications manufacturing
industry to meet the needs of the Philippines and to take advantage of
export opportunities shall be promoted without preventing, deterring or
hampering the goal of full universal service; and
m. Human resources skills and capabilities must be harnessed and
improved to sustain the growth and the development of
telecommunications under a fast changing telecommunications
environment.
These human resources are the professional practices of our field.
Article III: Administration
Section 5: Responsibilities of the National Telecommunications Commission

The National Telecommunications Commission (Commission) shall be the
principal administrator of this Act and as such shall take the necessary measures to
implement the policies and objectives set forth in this Act. Accordingly, in addition to
its existing functions, the Commission shall be responsible for the following:
a. Adopt an administrative process which would facilitate the entry of
qualified service providers and adopt a pricing policy which would
generate sufficient returns to encourage them to provide basic
telecommunications services in unserved and underserved areas;
The Commission provides the approval of franchise to operate as a
telecommunications service provider, provided, that the franchisee
shall meet the qualifications set by the Commission.
b. Ensure quality, safety, reliability, security, compatibility and inter-
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operability of telecommunications facilities and services in conformity with

standards and specifications set by international radio and
telecommunications organizations to which the Philippines is a signatory;
The Commission sees to it that the overall administration of this Act
is aligned with international standards.
c. Mandate a fair and reasonable interconnection of facilities of authorized public
network operators and other providers of telecommunications services
through appropriate modalities of interconnection and at a reasonable
and fair level of charges, which make provision for the cross subsidy to
unprofitable local exchange service areas so as to promote telephone density
and provide the most extensive access to basic telecommunications services
available at affordable rates to the public;
d. Foster fair and efficient market conduct through, but not limited to, the
protection of telecommunications entities from unfair trade practices of
other carriers;
This is to ensure a healthy market between telecommunications
service providers.
e. Promote consumers welfare by facilitating access to telecommunications
services whose infrastructure and network must be geared towards the
needs of individual and business users;
f. Protect consumers against the misuse of a telecommunications entity's
monopoly or quasi-monopolistic powers by, but not limited to, the
investigation of complaints and exacting compliance with service standards
from such entity; and
Public telecommunications (Telco) entity is herein defined as any
person, firm, partnership or corporation, government or private,
engaged in the provision of telecommunications services to the
public for compensation.
g. In the exercise of its regulatory powers, continue to impose such fees and
charges as may be necessary to cover reasonable costs and expenses for
the regulation and supervision of the operations of telecommunications
entities.
Section 6: Responsibilities of the National Telecommunications Commission

The Department of Transportation and Communications (Department) shall not
exercise any power which will tend to influence or effect a review or a modification of
the Commission's quasi-judicial functions. In coordination with the Commission,
however, the Department shall, in accordance with the policies enunciated in this
Act, be responsible for:
a. the development and maintenance of a long-term strategic national
development plan for telecommunications to serve as a guide to
the industry and potential investors as well as to the
Commission;
b. the coordination of research and development activities in
government with the work of other institutions in the field of
telecommunications;
c. the representation and promotion of Philippine interests in
international bodies, and the negotiation of the nation's rights and
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obligations in international telecommunications matters; and

d. the operation of a national consultative forum to facilitate
interaction amongst the telecommunications industries, user
groups, academic and research institutions in the airing and resolution
of important issues in the field of communications.
Article IV: Telecommunication Entities
Section 7: Categories of Telecommunication Entities

A telecommunications entity shall be authorized to operate in one or more of the
telecommunications categories mentioned in this Act provided each category is
covered by its franchise.
An example of Telco entities year 2018 with nationwide coverage is
listed in this document stating their franchise coverage and the
nature ad scope of the franchise.
http://ntc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/LIST-OF-TELCOS-
PUBLISH.pdf
Section 8: Local Exchange Operator

A local exchange operator shall:
a. provide universal basic telephone service to all subscribers who applied
for such service, within a reasonable period and at such standards as may
be prescribed by the Commission and at such tariff as to sufficiently give it
a fair return on its investments.
b. be protected from uncompensated bypass or overlapping operations of
other telecommunications entities in need of physical links or connections
to its customers in the area except when it is unable to provide, within a
reasonable period of time and at desired standard, the interconnection
arrangements required by such entities.
c. have the first option to provide pay telephone services or public calling
stations in the area covered by its network
d. be entitled to a fair and equitable revenue sharing arrangement with the
inter-exchange carrier or such other carriers connected to its basic network.
Inter-exchange carrier herein is defined as an entity, sometimes
referred to as carrier's carrier or national backbone network operator,
authorized to install, own and operate facilities that connect local
exchanges within the Philippines and to engage in the business of
inter-exchange national long-distance services.
Recently, the major Telecom firms sign agreements to resolve the

issue of call revenue sharing. In which the inter-exchange carriers
agreed to reduce lower rates for the consumers. A reading assignment
for Section 8 (d) is provided with the link below.
https://www.philstar.com/business/2001/07/11/91865/6-top-telecom-
firms-sign-agreements-resolve-issue-call-revenue-sharing
The market of telecommunications easily depreciates with time as the

advancements are continuous and because of the vision for greater
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accessibility. I remember before, during the cellular communications

at its inception, the charge was P2.50 per text with the same network.
And that there were no service promos such as unlimited call/text
between different networks. Unlike today, service charges between
inter-exchange carriers are far cheaper because of revenue sharing
arrangements.
Section 9: Inter-Exchange Carrier

The number of entities allowed to provide inter-exchange national long
distance services may be limited, but as a matter of policy, where it is economically
viable, at least two (2) carriers, shall be authorized: Provided, however, That a local
exchange carrier shall not be restricted from operating its own inter-exchange
carrier service if its viability is dependent thereto. Such inter-exchange carrier shall
have the following obligations:
a. It shall interconnect with other networks in the same category and with
local exchange carriers or other telecommunications entities, upon application
and within a reasonable time period, and under fair and reasonable level
charges, in order that domestic and international long distance services
are made possible; and
b. It shall have the right to establish and operate its own tandem switching
facilities to which international calls or overseas carriers have to course
their messages or signals.
Section 9 states that telecommunications services shall be offered and
available between Telco entities – to enable subscribers of different
carriers to communicate with one another or enjoy the services of
other carriers. Examples are, Ana is a Globe subscriber and wants to
connect thru calls with Mary which is a Smart subscriber; cellular
phone to landline calls; domestic to international connections. This
section promulgates that the inter-exchange of services shall be made
possible between the two. Provided, that the phone call or service
charge, in general, is reasonable and fair. The same is true when a
TM subscriber can SMS a TNT user and vice versa with the same
amount of required load per text. Unlimited calls and texts to all
networks promo is also a way to exercise this section.
Section 10: International Carrier

Only entities which will provide local exchange services and can demonstrably
show technical and financial capability to install and operate an international
gateway facility shall be allowed to operate as an international carrier.
Section 10 states that an entity cannot operate as an international
carrier nor provide international telecommunications services without
being a local exchange carrier.
The entity so allowed shall be required to produce a firm correspondent or
interconnection relationships with major overseas telecommunications
authorities or carriers within one (1) year from the grant of the authority.
The international carrier shall also comply with its obligations to provide the
local exchange service in unserved or underserved areas within three (3) years
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from the grant of the authority as required by existing regulations.
Failure to comply with the above obligations shall be a cause to cancel its authority
or permit to operate as an international carrier.
Section 11: Value Added Service Provider

Provided that it does not put up its own network, a VAS provider need not secure a
franchise.
Value-added service provider (VAS) herein is defined as the an entity

which, relying on the transmission, switching and local distribution
facilities of the local exchange and inter-exchange operators, and
overseas carriers, offers enhanced services beyond those ordinarily
provided for by such carriers.
Check the link given for the scope of services classified as VAS.
http://ntc5.ntc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/MC-02-05-
2008.pdf
Section 12: Mobile Radio Services

In a local telephone exchange area, more than one duly enfranchised provider of
mobile radio services, distinct and separate from the local exchange carrier,
may be allowed to operate.
The operator of a mobile radio telephone system shall comply with its obligations to
provide local exchange service. Failure to comply with this obligation within (3) years
from the grant of the authority shall be a cause to cancel its authority or permit to
operate.
Section 13: Radio Paging Services

Duly enfranchised radio paging services involving either voice or data messages,
shall be allowed to compete freely in rates, number of operators, or variety of
operating modalities, subject only to the norms on radio frequency spectrum
utilization.
Article V: Other Services and Facilities
Section 14: Customer Premises Equipment

Telecommunications subscribers shall be allowed to use within their premises
terminal equipment, such as telephone, PABX, facsimile, data, record, message and
other special purpose or multi-function telecommunication terminal equipment
intended for such connection: Provided, That the equipment is type-approved by
the Commission.
Section 15: Radio Frequency Spectrum

The radio frequency spectrum allocation and assignment shall be subject to periodic
review. The use thereof shall be subject to reasonable spectrum user fees. Where
demand for specific frequencies exceed availability, the Commission shall hold open
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tenders for the same and ensure wider access to this limited resource.
Article VI: Franchise Rates and Revenue Determination
Section 16: Franchise

No person shall commence or conduct the business of being a public
telecommunications entity without first obtaining a franchise.
The Commission, in granting a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity

(CPCN), may impose such conditions as to duration and termination of the
privilege, concession, or standard or technical aspects of the equipment, rates,
or service, not contrary to the terms of the franchise. In no case, however, shall
the CPCN be shorter than five (5) years, nor longer than the life of the franchise.
A CPCN expiring at the same time as the franchise shall be deemed to have been
renewed for the same term if the franchise itself is also renewed or extended.
Section 17: Rates and Tariffs

The Commission shall establish rates and tariffs which are fair and reasonable
and which provide for the economic viability of telecommunications entities and a fair
return on their investments considering the prevailing cost of capital in the domestic
and international markets.
Section 17 states that the Commission shall either establish a floor
or ceiling on the rates or tariffs.
Section 18: Access Charge/Revenue Sharing

The access charge/revenue sharing arrangements between all interconnecting
carriers shall be negotiated between the parties and the agreement between the
parties shall be submitted to the Commission.
Section 19: Uniform System of Accounts

The Commission shall require telecommunications entities to set up a uniform system
of accounts which shall be one of the bases in establishing rates and tariffs. Where a
single entity spans more than one category of telecommunications service, a
separate book of accounts shall be maintained for each category or specialized
classification.
Article VII: Rights of Telecommunication Users
Section 20: Right of End-Users

a. Entitlement of utility service which is non-discriminatory, reliable and
conforming with minimum standards set by the Commission
b. Right to be given the first single-line telephone connection or the first party-
line connection within two (2) months of application for service, against
deposit; or within three (3) months after targeted commencement of service
in the barangay concerned per the original schedule of service expansion
approved by the Commission, whichever deadline comes later
c. Regular, timely and accurate billing, courteous and efficient service at utility
business offices and by utility company personnel; and
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d. Thorough and prompt investigation of, and action upon complaints. The utility
shall endeavor to allow complaints to be received over the telephone and shall
keep a record of all written or phoned-in complaints
Article VIII: Telecommunications Development
Section 21: Public Ownership

In compliance with the Constitutional mandate to democratize ownership of public
utilities, all telecommunications entities with regulated types of services shall make a
bona fide public offering through the stock exchanges of at least thirty percent
(30%) of its aggregate common stocks within a period of five (5) years from
effectivity of this Act or the entity's first start of commercial operations, whichever
date is later. The public offering shall comply with the rules and regulations of the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
Section 22: Privatization of Existing Facilities

The Department shall, within three (3) years from effectivity of this Act, privatize all
telecommunications facilities currently owned and/or operated by the government for
public use, plus those facilities currently being planned under various bilateral funding
arrangements. Unless otherwise authorized by law, privatization of
telecommunications facilities as well as construction of telephone infrastructure shall
be made through public bidding.
Section 23: Equality of Treatment in the Telecommunications Industry

Any advantage, favor, privilege, exemption, or immunity granted under existing
franchises, or may hereafter be granted, shall ipso facto become part of previously
granted telecommunications franchises and shall be accorded immediately and
unconditionally to the grantees of such franchises: Provided, however, That the
foregoing shall neither apply to nor affect provisions of telecommunications franchises
concerning territory covered by the franchise, the life span of the franchise, or the
type of service authorized by the franchise.
Article IX: Final Provisions
Section 24: Transitory Provision

All telecommunications services deregulated hereby and which are operating at the
effectivity of this Act, may continue to have their rates and tariffs approved by the
Commission until the end of the calendar year of the effectivity of this Act.
Existing franchises that are not operating or without pending applications for
certificates of public convenience at the time of effectivity of this Act are deemed
revoked.
Section 25: Separability Clause
Section 26: Repealing Clause

All laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, and other issuances or parts thereof, which
are inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
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Section 27: Effectivity Clause

This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the date of its publication in at least
two (2) newspapers of general circulation.
Begun and held: July 25, 1994

Approved: March 1, 1995
Signed: President Fidel V. Ramos
Reference:
“RA 7925 – Public Telecommunications Policy Act of The Philippines”, Philippine Board of
Investments, Accessed on: July 28, 2020 [Online]. Available
https://boi.gov.ph/sdm_downloads/ra-7925-public-telecommunications-policy-act-of-the-
philippines//
Self-Help:
• For further understanding of the Public Telecommunications Policy Act of the Philippines,
you can check the full manuscript of the Act published in the given link below.
https://boi.gov.ph/sdm_downloads/ra-7925-public-telecommunications-policy-act-of-the-
philippines/
• Suggested RA 7925 related readings:
1. http://xsite.dlsu.edu.ph/research/centers/cberd/pdf/papers/Working%20Paper
2001-01.pdf
2. Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 7925
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1: Enumeration
Give the Philippines ’ top 10 telecommunications service providers with national coverage.
It is said that the telecommunications investment will continue to support high-speed broadband
access in the Philippines, support this claim with facts in 50 to 100 words.
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In a Nutshell
What are your thoughts as the new major player Mislatel, now called Dito Telecommunity, soon
to break the duopoly of PLDT and Globe Telecom?
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expected to
Electronics Code
Philippines
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 4-b. know the National Building

Code of the Philippines and Philippine Electronics Code
Metalanguage
The operational demonstration of knowledge in this outcome requires an
understanding of the roles of Electronics Engineering in the National Building Code
of the Philippines and the Philippine Electronics Code. A quick view of the said codes
are the following:
1. Presidential Decree (P.D.) 1096 is the National Building Code Of The
Philippines (NBCP) revising RA 6541.
2. PD 1096 is a uniform building code which shall embody up-to-date and
modern technical knowledge on building design, construction, use, occupancy
and maintenance;
3. The primary purpose of the Philippine Electronics Code (PEC) is to establish
standards, regulation and requirements for Electronics and Communications
design, planning, manufacture, fabrication, construction, installation, among
others.
4. PEC is applied to all devices, equipment, and plant constructed.
Essential Knowledge
Planning to apply in building construction firms? Building construction is not an
exclusive field for Civil Engineering, instead, it is an integration of different
engineering fields which means Electronics Engineers too are required. Building
construction requires ancillary permits such as Electronics Permit. To secure an
electronics permit needs some knowledge on NBCP. For those who are familiar with
the National Building Code, it is a set of rules and regulations pertaining to the
construction of all real estate projects and buildings here in the Philippines. The
following section discusses the important points of NBCP relevant to electronics
engineering.
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PD 1096 was signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on February 19, 1977.
PD 1096: NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

(IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS)
Rule I: General Provisions
• (Section 1) “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National

Building Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1096)” and shall be referred to as the
“IRR”
• (Section 3) The scope of this IRR shall cover the following disciplines:
architectural, civil/structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary, plumbing, and
electronics.
• (Section 3) This shall also apply to design, location, siting, construction,
alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, and
demolition of, and addition to, public and private buildings and structures.
• (Section 4) General building requirements shall observe adequate safe
construction, environmental safeguards, sanitary and good condition.
Rule II: Administration and Enforcement
• (Section 1) The responsibility for administration and enforcement of this Act is

vested in the Secretary.
• (Section 5) Building Officials are appointed by the Secretary who shall be
responsible for carrying out the provisions of the Code in the field.
• (Section 5) Building Officials are assigned in City/Municipal Engineering
office. Under their supervision are the different fields/sectors of the code such
as the architectural sector, civil/structural sector, electrical sector, mechanical
sector, sanitary sector, plumbing sector, and electronics sector.
• (Section 12) Fines not exceeding ten thousand pesos (P10, 000.00) are
applicable in the following violations and are classified as light, less grave,
and grave.
Light Violations:
Fine of P 5, 000
o Failure to post Certificate of Occupancy/Use/Operation.
o Failure to post Building Permit construction information sign.
o Failure to provide or install appropriate safety measures for the
protection of workers, inspectors, visitors, immediate neighbors and
pedestrians.
Less Grave Violations:
Fine of P 8, 000
o Non-compliance with the work stoppage order for the
alteration/addition/ conversion/repair without permit.
o Use or occupancy of building/structure without appropriate Certificate
of Occupancy/Use/Operation.
Grave Violations:
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Fine of P 10, 000

o Unauthorized change, modification or alteration during construction in
the duly submitted plans and specifications on which the building permit
is based.
o Unauthorized change in type of construction from more fire-resistive to
less fireresistive.
o Non-compliance with order to abate or demolish.
o Non-compliance with work stoppage order for construction/demolition
without permit.
o Change in the existing use or occupancy without Certificate of Change
of Occupancy/Use/Operation.
o Excavations left open without any work being done in the site for more
than one hundred twenty (120) days.
• (Section 15) When any building or structure is found or declared to be
dangerous or ruinous, the Building Official shall order its repair, vacation or
demolition depending upon the degree of danger. This includes the hazards
of different sectors as stated in Section 5.
• (Section 15) Unsafe Electrical Wiring includes:
o All wiring systems or installations which do not conform to the
rules and regulations embodied in the latest Philippine Electrical
Code.
o Inadequately maintained or improperly used electrical wirings,
outlets, devices and/or equipment.
The IRR does not state any about Electronic Wiring
Hazards.
Rule III: Permits and Inspections
• (Section 1) No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or

instrumentality of the government shall construct, alter, repair, convert, use,
occupy, move, demolish and add any building/structure or any portion thereof
or cause the same to be done, without first obtaining a building permit therefor
from the Building Official.
• (Section 1) Permits supplementary to a Building Permit shall be applied for
and issued by the Building Official.
o Architectural Permit
o Civil/Structural Permit
o Electrical Permit
o Mechanical Permit
o Sanitary Permit
o Plumbing Permit
o Electronics Permit (NBC Form No. A-07)
You may check a downloadable NBC Form No. A-07 in City
Government of Davao through this link
https://ocbo.davaocity.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/electronics.pdf
• (Section 1) Accessory Permits are issued by the Building Official for accessory
parts of the project with very special functions. Examples include bank and
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records vaults; swimming pools; firewalls separate from the building/structure;

towers; silos; etc.
• (Section 1) Exemption from permits includes minor constructions and repair
works.
• (Section 2) Five (5) sets of survey plans, design plans, specifications and
other documents prepared, signed and sealed over the printed names of the
duly licensed and registered professionals.
o Geodetic Engineer, in case of lot survey plans;
o Architect, in case of architectural documents; in case of architectural
interior/interior design documents, either an architect or interior
designer may sign;
o Civil Engineer, in case of civil/structural documents;
o Professional Electrical Engineer, in case of electrical documents;
o Professional Mechanical Engineer, in case of mechanical documents;
o Sanitary Engineer, in case of sanitary documents;
o Master Plumber, in case of plumbing documents;
o Electronics Engineer, in case of electronics documents.
• (Section 2) Fields that require electronic documents include wired or
wireless telecommunications systems, broadcasting systems, including radio
and TV broadcast equipment for commercial and training purposes, cable or
wireless television systems, information technology (IT) systems, security and
alarm systems, electronic fire alarm systems, sound-reinforcement systems,
navigational aids and controls, indoor and outdoor signages, electronically-
controlled conveyance systems, electronic/computerized process controls and
automation systems, building automation, management and control systems.
• (Section 2) Electronic plans and technical specifications include, but not
limited to,
o General layout plans with legends
o Single line diagram
o Riser diagram
o Isometry of the system
o Equipment specifications
o Design analysis, as applicable
o Cost estimates
• (Section 3) The processing of Electronics Permit goes through the
Electronics Section/Unit which evaluates building/structure documents as
to compliance to technical requirements.
• (Section 5) In general, the validity of building permits is void and null if the
building or work authorized therein is not commenced within a period of
one (1) year after the issuance of the building permit, or is suspended or
abandoned at any time after it has been commenced for a period of one
hundred twenty (120) days.
Rule VI: Fire-Resistive Requirements In Construction
• (Section 4) The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules and
regulations on the testing of construction materials for flame-spread
characteristics, tests on fire damages, fire tests of building construction and
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materials, door assemblies and tinclad fire doors and window assemblies, the
installation of fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire
protective signaling system, application and use of controlled interior finish,
fire-resistive protection for structural members, fire resistive walls and
partitions, fire-resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for
protection of openings and fire-retardant roof coverings.
PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE
The Philippine Electronics Code (PEC) establishes standards for safety and
protection for Electronics and Communications components. The PECE is composed
of four (4) volumes:
1. Telecommunications Facilities and Distribution System
2. Fire Detection Alarm System
3. Cable Television System
4. Distributed Antenna System
The following are some sections and general rules of PEC. The scope for the
remaining volumes are hereby assigned as you reading assignment. Suggested
internet opensource files are given in self-help.
General Safety
Section I: General Rules

• (1.3 and 1.4)The rules, however, are only for the assurance or safety and
protection and not as a complete construction specifications. For example,
wire sizes specified in the Code may be substituted with its nearest metric
equivalent; the material or type of wire can be substituted as long as the
current-carrying capacity is not less than the original design.
• (1.5) The clearances, strength, and protections found on the code are limiting
expressions expressed in minimum or maximum values.
• (1.7) The obedience of the code does not give a utility firm, entity, or group
the permission not to conform to any legal requirement
Section III: General Electrical Protection and Grounding Requirements

• (3.1) The primary considerations of electrical protection are to minimize
electrical hazards to people, reduce damage to equipments and plant,
eliminate any fire hazards, and minimize acoustic shock.
• (3.1) Lightning is defined as the electrical discharge occuring from clouds to
earth. Surges can appear in various paths of communication systems and
produce explosive effects, dielectric failure, and fusing of conductors. Surges
can reach indoor equipments
• (3.1) Proper electrical protection for proper conduction/ induction includes
good construciton and adequate spacing between communication systems;
rovide path to ground on facilities; insulation on communication systems;
equipments prone to power line contact shall be provided with protections;
adequate protections on contact circuits.
• (3.1) Acoustic shocks occur from abnormal high sound level voltage surge
caused by foreing potential, say lightning.
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• (3.1) Current through the body determines electric shock intensity and is
dependent on circuit and body impedance. Moisture of adult when dry is 1
mega ohm while 1.5 kilo ohms when wet. Any current drawn from in excess
of 30mA drawn through 1.5k ohm shall be classified as hazardous
• (3.2) Protection method includes, shielding (i.e. lightning rod), voltage limiting
(i.e. surge arresters, discharge gaps), current limiting (i.e. fuse), and proper
grounding.
• (3.3) Earth is supposed to be a poor conductor compared to copper, but
because of the area of a path for current is made large enough, resistance
can be quite low and the earth can be a good conductor.
Section V: Indoor Plant Safety Rules

• (5.1) The general rule for all electronics and communications equipment
installed and/or located inside buildings or in sheltered structures, except
consumer products include proper grounding system, markings for further
instructions on points with hazardous voltage, strength consideration for
installation, coordination of electrical protection measures and only those
approved shall be used for protection of the users, among others.
Fire Detection and Alarm System
Section III: Installation Requirements

• Installation of FDAS shall comply with the requirements of the Philippine
electrical code and of Chapter 3.3 to 3.8 and the Revised Fire Code of the
Philippines 2008 and its implementing rules and regulation.
• Installation of FDAS shall be done by a qualified person or by installers under
the supervision of qualified personnel. A PECE or ECE who is an experienced
installer and service provider of FDAS as certified by IECEP.
• All wires and cables shall be protected in a conduit pipe or flexible conduit or
enclosed cable duct/tray/ladder or other raceways that provide protection
against mechanical damage, corrosion, and fire.
• The minimum wire gauge shall be 0.9 sq. mm.
• System Testing includes:
1. Testing the insulation resistance and continuity of wires
2. Verification of installed devices
3. Operation and response of FDAS
4. Testing the operation of initiating devices
5. Measuring sound pressure level generated by notification device
• Final test shall be done on the whole system. Test parameters shall be based
on applicable standards and requirements.
• Operation and Maintenance manuals of the equipments as well as As-built in
drawings shall be provided to the user before final inspection by the Bureau
of Fire Department. A copy shall be on hand at the Fire Command Center or
near the FACP at all times.
Section IV: Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection

• The owner of a protected building shall enter into a maintenance contract with
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the manufacturer, or distributor, or a competent contractor to do regular

maintenance of the installation
• Personnel Qualifications: He/she shall be capable of reading and interpreting
all signals displayed information correctly and take the appropriate actions.
He/she shall be trained for FDAS maintenance and testing, as certified by the
manufacturer, to do inspection, maintenance, repair, and testing of the
system.
• Every system shall keep the following documentation such as a complete set
of operation and maintenance manuals of the manufacturer covering all
equipment used in the system, complete set of as-built drawings, written
sequence of operation, dully filled out Record of Completion, log record book.
• The owner of the protected building shall be responsible in ensuring that the
installation is tested. The results should be recorded in the log records.
Cable Television System
Section II: Service Entry Facility

• Service entrance facility (aerial or underground installations with conduits, pull
boxes and cabinets) starts from the outside plant to main service box of the
building
Section III: Backbone Distribution System

• The backbone cabling system provides the interconnection between entrance
facilities, headend equipment room and horizontal distribution system within
the building and can extend between buildings in a campus environment. (e.g.
network topologies such as coaxial network, hybrid-fiber network, fiber-to-the-
home network)
Section IV: Horizontal Distribution System

• Home- run wiring method shall be done to connect from work area outlets to
the backbone distribution system. The type and layout of the horizontal
pathways shall be designed to accommodate cabling changes and future
addition cabling.
Section VIII: Technical

• Analog transmission. The following requirements apply to the performance of
a cable television system:
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• Digital Transmission. The following requirements apply to the performance of

the cable television system offering digital TV services utilizing DVB-C
standards:
• Digital Transmission. The following requirements apply to the performance of

Data over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) cable internet
only:
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Section IX: Signal Leakage

• Interference due to signal leakage may affect other communication facilities
particularly the radio navigation services, appropriate measures shall be
observed at all times in accordance with the Code.
• Signal leakages from a cable television system using a cut-to-channel
horizontal dipole antenna tuned to any frequency from 54 MHz to 216 MHz
shall be employed.
• Signal leakage measurements shall be done at least four times each calendar
year, with no more than three months between successive tests thereafter.
Distributed Antenna System
Section I: Distributed Antenna System

• (1.1) There are two types of Distributed Antenna System (DAS):
o Individual Distributed Antenna System (IDAS) is a type of DAS in
which services to one service provider or operator only
o Common Distributed Antenna System (CDAS) is a type of DAS in
which several wireless providers or operators utilize a shared or
common system.
Section II: RF Material Specifications

• (2.1) RF Antenna includes the pico-omnidirectional antenna, directional
antenna (60° to 65° beamwidth), and directional antenna for microcell (has
higher gain than a normal directional antenna to penetrate the roof walls)
which is a kind of antenna that is used to provide coverage in lift and elevators.
• (2.2) RF Cables includes all wired transmission lines such as coaxial cable,
jumper cables, radiating cables, fiber optics cable, and twisted pair cable (CAT
5 and CAT 6).
• (2.3) Combiners, couplers, and splitters are also defined as part of the scope.
• (2.4) Type of approval includes different types of tests such as mechanical
test, thermal expansion and temperature test, corrosion test, and
electromagnetic discharge.
• (2.5) Bending of Cable must not exceed to the maximum allowable bend of
the cable based on the material specification sheets.
• (2.5) Fire Retardant RF materials can be mandated or optional based on the
telecommunication operator requirements. It is just to be ensured all the RF
materials are not flammable.
• (2.5) Cable Tray installation and standards should comply with National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Cable tray standards.
• (2.5) Cable Route should be installed based on the installation plan based on
carefully engineers the based possible routes, which consider infrastructures.
• (2.5) Cable Brace can be installed every 1 to 1.5 meters of cable.
Section III: RF Design Criteria

• (3.1) DAS at minimum should provide voice and data services.
• (3.1) DAS at minimum should support both 2G and 3G Technologies
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operating in the following spectrum band of GSM900MHz and GSM1800MHz

in 2g while UMT900MHz and UMT2100Mz for 3G technology.
• (3.2) The capacity design consideration of the site is calculated based on the
foot traffic or total number of seating capacity of the building.
• (3.4) There are two types of passive DAS design:
o Passive DAS Solution – it is a type of DAS design in which it uses
purely passive components and no line amplifier used on the system
components.
o Pure Active DAS Solution – it is a type of design in which every
antenna has a dedicated radio unit. Every radio unit has a Master unit
which fed them through fiber optics.
• (3.4) Each master and remote units shall be monitored od any alarm or faulty.
The DAS shall have a network management system (NMS) capable of alarm,
monitor, configuration, and control of all active components.
Section IV: DAS Installation

• (4.1) Installation of omnidirectional antennas Installation must not be
concealed or covered to reduce penetration loss.
• (4.1) Pannel directional antennas are installed on building corners, long
hallways and places in which it will help fill the shadow area which the Omni
antenna failed to cover.
• (4.4) The Radio Remote Unit is to be placed on a wall mount or a 19” Rack.
The mounting bracket should be included in installation package if wall
mounted. The power source is either DC/AC at -48VDC or 240 VAC,
respectively. AC/DC converter is used accordingly. The maximum length of
DC power cable is 150 meters. Cables greater than this length shall require
an AC power source tapped provided by building authorized personnel.
• (4.4) Fiber optics cable uses Multimode system if it is less than 2 kilometers.
Else, single mode will be deployed.
Section V: DAS Technical Standards

• (5.1) The Minimum Equipment Room Size is 2.5x2.5x3.5 meters.
• (5.1) Sizes of Equipment Room depends on no. of cabinets needed to
provide capacity in a particular building.
• (5.1) The air-conditioning are required to maintain room temp. of 20 degree
Celsius. The equipment room should be properly ventilated to avoid heat
concentration inside the room.
References:
“Presidential Decree No. 1096, s. 1977”, Official Gazzette of the Philippines, Accessed on: July
01, 2020 [Online]. Available https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/02/19/presidential-decree-
no-1096-s-1977/
Telefax: (082)296-1084
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Self-Help:
• For further understanding of the National Building Code of the Philippines you can check
the full text of NBCP published in the Official Gazette of the Philippines in the given link
below.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/02/19/presidential-decree-no-1096-s-1977/
• Philippine Electronics Code suggested readings:
1. https://prezi.com/p/aastdd_gb3at/the-philippine-electronics-code-book-1-volume-2-
building-telephone-facilities-and-philippines-electronic-code-book-2-fire-detection-
alarm-system/
2. https://prezi.com/gpmzcs-xaaym/the-philippine-electronics-code/
3. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/mapua-institute-of-technology/electronics-
engineering/lecture-notes/philippine-electronics-code-volume-1/6485455/view
Let’s Check!
Activity 1: Identification
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Let’s Analyze!
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expected to
Electronics Code
Philippines
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 4-c. Outline – RA 10121

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expected to
Electronics Code
Philippines
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 4-d. know the basics of

Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the Philippines
Hazard Identification - The first step in Safety Risk Management is to identify hazards that the
organization faces in its operational environment.
Risk Assessment - Each identified hazard undergoes a risk assessment to determine its
potential consequences.
Risk Mitigation and Tracking - Mitigating actions should be fully analyzed to ensure that they
address the root cause of the hazard.

BECE 212 WK 6 - 9

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College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, BE Building

Code of Ethics for Electronics Engineering Practitioners

Article I. General Duties and Rationale

The keystone of professional conduct is integrity. Hence, it behooves every electronics

The following are the code of ethics in different relations:

Article II. Relations with the State

An electronics engineering practitioner works under the Philippines’ constitution

An electronics engineering practitioner shall do a professional extension to his/her

Article III. Relations with the Public

As an electronics engineering practitioner, he/she must be responsible for his/her

Otherwise, if his/her professional judgment is overruled under circumstances he/she

Also, an engineering practitioner must approve or do only those engineering plans,

An electronics engineering practitioner must issue public statements only in an objective

Article IV. Relations with Clients and Employers

An electronics engineering practitioner must act in professional matters for his/her

Employee information includes personal identifying information such as a home address,

Before engaging in projects or contracts, it is a moral obligation of an electronics

It is a moral duty of an electronics engineering practitioner not to do any form of

An electronics engineering practitioner shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of

This goes true with Article IV Sec 23.

An electronics engineering practitioner, in cases of misunderstanding. must present in

Article V. Relations with Co-electronics Practitioners

In the same way as Article IV Sec 20.

In the same way as Article V Sec 28.

Article VI. Relations to the Profession

It is highly encouraged to conduct seminars, training, and exhibits to colleagues,

Article VII. Administrative and Penal Sanctions

Sec 38. Disciplinary action of revocation or suspension of the Certificate of Registration

RA 9292 shall be discussed in week-4-5 of this course.

Article VIII Separability Clause

Sample Case Study

In case-study discussions, it is important to enumerate the relevant codes as reference. Often

Textbook: Martin, Mike (2010), Introduction to Engineering Ethics (2nd

Problem 2. Fill in the blanks

Problem 2. Case Study

Problem 3. Case Study

Problem 4. Case Study

Problem 5. Case Study

a. identify the code of ethics for ECE practitioners in different relations

Big Picture in Focus: ULO 3-b. outline RA 8792

1. RA 8792 gives legal recognition of electronic data messages, electronic

The Act consists of 42 Sections, signed by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada.

REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 8792: ELECTRONICS COMMERCE ACT OF 2000

Part I: Short Title and Declaration of Policy

Section 4: Sphere of Application.

international dealings, transactions, arrangements, agreements, contracts and

Section 5: Definition of Terms

a) Addressee – refers to a person who is intended by the originator to receive

for online communications, digital or otherwise, between or among points

Chapter II: Legal Recognition Of Electronic Writing Or Document And Data

Section 6: Legal Recognition of Data Messages

Section 7: Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents

Section 8: Legal Recognition of Electronic Signatures

Section 9: Presumption Relating to Electronic Signatures

Section 10: Original Documents

Section 11: Authentication of Electronic Data Messages and Electronic Documents

Section 13: Retention of Electronic Data Message and Electronic Document

Section 14: Proof By Affidavit

Section 15: Cross-Examination

Chapter III: Communication Of Electronic Data Messages And Electronic

Section 16: Formation and Validity of Electronic Contracts

Section 17: Recognition by Parties of Electronic Data Message or Electronic Document