Summarize

Ivan Pavlov born Sept. 26, 1849, Ryazan, Russia—died Feb. 27, 1936, Leningrad), Russian physiologist.
He is known chiefly for the concept of the conditioned reflex. He won a 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on
digestive secretions. After the Russian Revolution he became an outspoken opponent of the communist
government. His ability to reduce a complex situation to a simple experiment laid the basis for analysis
of behaviour.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. He is psychologist
known for his impact on behaviorism. His father was a lawyer and his mother a homemaker. He grew up
with a brother who died at the age of 16 due to a cerebral hemorrhage.

He was identified as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century. As a boy, he enjoyed building
and inventing things, a skill he would later use in his own psychological experiments.

Edward Thorndike was born August 31, 1874 in Williamsburg, Massachusetts. He received his
undergraduate degree from Wesleyan University and began his graduate work at Harvard. By age 23, he
completed his PhD from Columbia University.

He began his professional career as a teacher at Teachers College at Columbia University in 1899. His
research focused largely on evaluating learning process and testing intelligence; he died in 1940 at the
age of 83. His law of effect, which established the fundamental foundation for empirical laws in behavior
psychology, had a significant influence on reinforcement theory and behavior analysis. His greatest
contributions to education—where the law of effect has a significant impact in the classroom—came
from his work in the field of behavioral psychology.

Friedrich Froebel', is a famous German educationalist, who implemented revolutionary ideas to improve
the educational system. He re-defined the concept of education and emphasized using gifts and play
materials in education.

Froebel coined the term 'Kindergarten' which means 'a garden for children' and was adapt for the new
concept of education he developed. He married Henrietta Wilhelmine Hoffmeister in 1818, and the
couple lived together until his death.
Belief

He believed that using these tools would help teachers identify the interests and aptitudes of their
students.

Maria Montessori, (born Aug. 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy—died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk
aan Zee, Neth.), Italian educator. Montessori took a degree in medicine (1894) and worked in a clinic for
retarded children before going on to teach at the University of Rome.

She opened her first children's school in 1907. For the next 40 years she traveled throughout Europe,
India, and the U.S. lecturing, writing, and setting up schools.The Montessori system is based on belief in
children’s creative potential, their drive to learn, and their right to be treated as individuals. Maria
Montessori is considered one of the most influential educators of all time, and her methods are still
taught today in schools around the world.

John Dewey, (born Oct. 20, 1859, Burlington, Vt., U.S.—died June 1, 1952, New York, N.Y.), U.S.Dewey
was one of the founders of pragmatism and a pioneer in functional psychology. He was also a leader of
the Progressive movement in U.S. education. Dewey received a Ph.D. (1884) from Johns Hopkins
University and taught 10 years at the University of Michigan.In the 18th and 19th centuries, Thomas
Hobart was an influential philosopher who developed a theory of knowledge that saw ideas as tools for
the solution of problems encountered in the environment. He believed modern science provided the
most promising approach to social and ethical problems.

Belief

He believed that effective learning required students to use previous (and prevailing) experiences to
create new meaning–that is, to 'learn.

SIG.
Learner-centered learning suggests students engage actively as doers in education settings. These
learners should be empowered to decide on what, when, where, and how to learn. Subsequently,
“Learner-centered teachers teach students how to think, solve problems, evaluate evidence, analyze
arguments, generate hypotheses—all those learning skills is essential in mastering material in the
discipline”.