1.

All necessary equipment was obtained and cleaned with distilled water before beginning the
experiment
2. A solution of unknown concentration was made by measuring a precise amount of analyte
3. The analyte was Quantatively transferred into a beaker or Erlenmeyer Flask. All the solid analyte was
rinsed into the beaker or Erlenmeyer flask using distilled water
4. Additional distilled water was added until the analyte was fully dissolved. All volumes of the
aqueous solutions were measured and recorded, the process of titration was used to solve the
concentration of this solution.
5. Five drops of appropriate colour indicator was added into the beaker
6. The beaker was swirled in order to mix the aqueous solution of the analyte and drops of indicators
was also used
7. The burette was filled with excess amounts of titrant. The titrant was in its aqueous form and was
known as the standard solution of the known concentration
8. 8 The burette was clamped carefully and it was ensured that the tip of the burette was not touching
any surfaces
9. The beaker or Erlenmeyer flask containing the aqueous solution of unknown solution was placed
under the burette
10. The initial volume of the burette was calculated. The bottom of the meniscus was measured
11. The stopcock (tap) of the burette was turned on/ opened so that the standard solution can be added
to the beaker. This caused a colour change so the beaker or Erlenmeyer Flask was swirled until the
colour disappeared.
12. The above step was repeated until the colour does not disappear. The indicated that the endpoint
has been met.
13. The experiment came to a pause when the endpoint was met, this is known as the point when the
reactant within the solution concentration has been completely neutralized. The endpoint was seen
because of the colour change.
14. 14. The final volume of the burette was measured and recorded. The volume of the standard
solution was calculated by subtracting the initial volume measurement from the final volume
measurement of the burette
15. The necessary calculations were performed in order to obtain the concentration of the unknown
solution.