CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The articles used in this research agree that Marungko Technique and
Fuller Approach are
useful approaches for instructors to utilize to improve the reading ability
to struggle readers of
every learner and to determine the effectiveness of Marungko and
Fuller's approaches.

Marungko's Approach aims to provide students with the skills they

need to
improve their reading. It also serves as a training manual for teachers.
This strategy allows
students to gradually learn the fundamentals of reading. This strategy is
one of the most used
strategies in teaching reading.
According to the Teach Pinas research, which involved using the
Marungko technique with 30 grade 1 pupils from a particular elementary
school in the Philippines, the approach was examined and shown to be a
useful tool for teaching reading.
In the Year 2022, Agafe M. Balgua, Shirley H. fabunan, and Elizabeth
N. Farin, strongly encouraged teachers to participate in in-service
training to become familiar with how to apply and integrate the
Marungko Approach in the teaching and learning process.
In the year 2019, the research of Richard Bañez, Ma Teresa, and
Masangkay Urayan about Unpacking Pupils' Reading Ability:
Examining the Effect of Marungko Approach-Based Intervention
Program for Non-Reader Pupils. They used pre-test and post-test of the
participants on reading comprehension in their first language.
In the year 2020, Carmela M. Santos and Gemma M. De Vera created a
questionnaire and provided reading performance evaluations to the
respondents. Based on their research, there is no significant relationship
between the level of reading performance of Grade 1 students exposed to
the Marungko Approach in reading instruction and the profile variables
they were assigned
In the year 2021, Marilou T. Boltron and Ariel L. Ramos said that it
should include a list of reading-related YouTube links, while also
planning and scheduling a day to visit municipal or barangay libraries as
part of an off-campus activity. As a result, Marungko Approach is used
as a reading resource for Grade 1 learners facing difficulty in reading
during the off-campus activity.
Fuller Approach is instructional material for teaching reading. This
includes lessons on letter sounds, words, phrases, sentences, and story
reading, as well as picture-matching activities.
The Fuller Technique is the strategic instructional material used in
teaching reading. This includes lessons on letter sounds, words, phrases,
sentences, and story reading, as well as picture-matching activities, Ma
Carmen Nielo (2019).
This study was done to see how well the Fuller Method worked at
improving the reading skills of struggling readers. According to the
results of the school-Based Pre-Reading Assessment for the School Year
2018– 2019, which was evaluated by the teachers, Grade Two students
had the highest percentage of struggling readers, consisting of 10 males
and 12 females, Sevilla Lubuguin and her co-researchers (2019).
The teacher-advisers used the Fuller Method, a combination of the
alphabet, phonics, and whole methods of teaching word recognition, to
test the extent to which it improved the reading skills of these struggling
readers (Jalal, et. al,2007).
Classroom teachers must demonstrate a passion for reading, act as model
readers for their students, understand how children perceive the value of
reading, and assist them in developing a positive self-image by having
them work with text at their current reading level to motivate children to
read (Gunning 2003).
Teachers play an important role in helping students develop and
maintain a positive attitude toward learning and literacy. To motivate
children to read, classroom teachers must demonstrate a love of reading,
act as model readers for their students, understand how children perceive
the value of reading, and assist them in developing a positive self-image
by having them work with text at their current reading level (Silverman,
2007).
For us researchers, this study is related to our topic wherein, we are
about to test the reading skills of every struggling reader of Bayombong
South Elementary School. It is a useful study to determine the skills of
readers and how to level up or improve their reading performances. The
researchers in the articles commonly used Pre-test and Posts- tests upon
the application of the Fuller and Marungko approaches.
Based on our study, the researchers test the reading skills of every
struggling reader if Marungko Approach and Fuller Approach is an
effective tools for helping pupils in elementary, especially for pupils in
Grade 1. Since our respondents are the struggling readers of Bayombong
South Elementary School, we are not about to focus on one Grade only.
We would like to improve the reading performances of every reader of
this school.