Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMPUTING INTRODUCTION
Distributed
Computing
Roger Wattenhofer Distributed
Computing
Mobile Computing
Group
Summer 2003 Group
Summer 2003
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/3 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/4
What is Mobile Computing? Application Scenarios
• Aspects of mobility
– User mobility: users communicate “anytime, anywhere, with anyone”
• Vehicles
(example: read/write email on web browser) • Nomadic user
– Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the • Smart mobile phone
network • Invisible computing
• Wireless vs. mobile Examples • Wearable computing
8 8 Stationary computer
8 9 Notebook in a hotel • Intelligent house or office
9 8 Wireless LANs in historic buildings • Meeting room/conference
9 9 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) • Taxi/Police/Fire squad fleet
What is important?
• The demand for mobile communication creates the need for • Service worker
integration of wireless networks and existing fixed networks
• Lonely wolf
– Local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11 or HIPERLAN
• Disaster relief and Disaster alarm
– Wide area networks: GSM and ISDN
– Internet: Mobile IP extension of the Internet protocol IP • Games
• Military / Security
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/5 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/6
Vehicles Vehicles 2
GSM,
UMTS
GPS
c
ho
ad
DAB
[J. Schiller]
[Der Spiegel]
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/7 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/8
Nomadic user Smart mobile phone
• Nomadic user has laptop/palmtop
• Connect to network infrequently • Mobile phones get smarter
• Interim period operate in disconnected mode • Converge with PDA? [Nokia]
Buil C
[J. Schiller]
150
t
• etc.
B
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/9 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/10
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/11 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/12
Meeting room or Conference Taxi / Police / Fire squad / Service fleet
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/13 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/14
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/15 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/16
Disaster alarm Games
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/17 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/18
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/19 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/20
Mobile devices What do you have? What would you buy?
PDA
Pager • simple graphical displays Laptop • Laptop (Linux, Mac, Windows?) 8
• receive only • character recognition • fully functional
• tiny displays • standard applications • Palmtop (Linux, Mac, Windows?) 8
• simplified WWW
• simple text • PDA/Organizer (Palm, Pocket PC, other?) 8
messages
• Mobile phone
Sensors,
embedded
• Satellite phone
controllers • Pager
Palmtop • Wireless LAN Card 8
• tiny keyboard • Wireless LAN Base Station (for home networking)
Mobile phone
• simple versions
• voice, data • Ethernet Plug in every room (for home networking)
of standard applications
• simple text display
• Bluetooth
• Proprietary device (what kind?)
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/21 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/22
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/23 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/24
History: Antiquity – 1890 History: 1890 – 1920
• Many people in history used • 1895: Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937)
light for communication – first demonstration of wireless
– Heliographs (sun on mirrors), telegraphy (digital!)
flags („semaphore“), ... – long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kW)
– 150 BC: smoke signals for
– Nobel Prize in Physics 1909
communication (Polybius, Greece)
• 1901: First transatlantic connection
– 1794: Optical telegraph by Claude Chappe
• 1906 (Xmas): First radio broadcast
• 1906: Vacuum tube invented
• Electromagnetic waves
– By Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben
– 1831: Michael Faraday (and Joseph Henry)
demonstrate electromagnetic induction
• 1907: Commercial transatlantic connections
– huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)
– 1864: James Maxwell (1831-79): Theory of
electromagnetic fields, wave equations • 1911: First mobile sender
– on board of a Zeppelin
– 1886: Heinrich Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character • 1915: Wireless voice transmission NY – SF
of electrical transmission through space • 1920: First commercial radio station
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/25 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/26
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/27 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/28
History: 1980 – 1991 History: 1991 – 1995
• 1982: Start of GSM-specification (Groupe spéciale mobile) • 1992/3: Start of GSM “D-Netz”/“NATEL D”
– goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming – 900MHz, 124 channels
• 1984: CT-1 standard for cordless telephones – automatic location, hand-over, cellular
• 1986: German C-Netz – roaming in Europe
– analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital – now worldwide in more than 130 countries
signaling, automatic location of mobile device – services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
– still in use today, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98%
coverage • 1994/5: GSM with 1800MHz
– American AMPS: 1983 – today – smaller cells
– PTT NATEL C: 1986 – 1999 – supported by
• 1991: DECT many countries
– Digital European Cordless Telephone. Today: “Enhanced” – SMS
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s – Multiband
data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several phones
10000 users/km2, used in more than 40 countries
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/29 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/30
– already many products (with proprietary extensions) digital 1991: 1991: 1989:
CDMA D-AMPS CT 2
[J. Schiller] 199x:
proprietary
• 1998: Specification of GSM successors 1992: 1992:
1991:
DECT
– GPRS is packet oriented GSM Inmarsat-B
1993: Inmarsat-M
– UMTS is European proposal for IMT-2000 PDC 1995/96/97:
1994: IEEE 802.11,
DCS 1800 HIPERLAN
1998:
• 1998: Iridium Iridium
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/31 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/32
The future: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000 The success story of Mobile “Computing”
• M.687-2 • Mobile Phones
• M.1078
– IMT-2000 concepts and goals – Switzerland February 2002: More mobile phones than fixnet phones
– security in IMT-2000
• M.816-1 – Worldwide: More mobile phones than Internet connections
• M.1079
– framework for services
– speech/voiceband data performance – SMS: “More net profit with SMS than with voice”
• M.817
• M.1167 • Laptops
– IMT-2000 network architectures
– framework for satellites – Switzerland 2001: For the first year less computers sold, but more mobile
• M.818-1
• M.1168 computers; private households buy 18% more laptops than the previous year.
– satellites in IMT-2000
– framework for management
• M.819-2
• M.1223
– IMT-2000 for developing countries
– evaluation of security mechanisms 800
• M.1034-1 Desktop
• M.1224 700
– requirements for the radio interface(s) Mobile
– vocabulary for IMT-2000 600
• M.1035 500
• M.1225
– framework for radio interface(s) and 400
– evaluation of transmission technologies
[R.Weiss]
radio sub-system functions
300
• M.1036 • etc.
200
– spectrum considerations 100
• www.itu.int/imt
0
1996 1997 `998 `999 2000 2001
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/33 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/34
[crt.dk]
[crt.dk]
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/35 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/36
Mobile phones saturation Internet vs. Mobile phones
[crt.dk]
[crt.dk]
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/37 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/38
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/39 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/40
HCPDU
USIM LF WSP/B
SS7 PDC
•
•
FACCHTCH/HS
M-NNI POS
DCCH DS DTIM VC TETRA
MSRN HI CCIR WATM
LAPDm GPS HBR DH PHY
SN CGI T-SAP BW
AK-HCPDU CD HDLC SC
–
–
–
–
–
–
PDO COA RLP DSDV UPT
DT-HCPDUPLI TLS TI HA Auth
GMSC WIM GWL VCC ACID BSS
WLAN VBR RAS TCH/H SEC-SAP
SIG CC PTP TINA MCC
SHF SDCCH DVD MN ASCII MF
CN XOR CS DQPSK SRES FHSS MS
VAD NMAS MSIN SDP
HDTV TFI HIPERL CBR
SIFS MCI HCQoS DVTR TD-CDMA PTM
GPRS WTA
AUS AN
WLL IMT-TC LA CORBA JDC WMLScript GSN NRL
T ISI
RA CPM DDIB GEO MTSAPACS-UB CRC IFS DSMA
USSD RTT BLIRCS VHF W3C FIB DBPSK
MSC OFDM SS EDTV
Supported by
CT RR PT
PSF TIB PNNI HMQoS CTS PAL
SNDCP 3GPP
SMS IMSI ABR S-SAP
W-CTRL ANSI CIDR TCH/FS BCA
Multihop chat
DFWMAC BCCH GTP DAMA NSA BRAN WWW HC
GP
Multihop game
DTMF HEO PSTN TDMA
– WAP exercises
DHCP
– paper exercises
Multihop routing
Chat application
FDD ASP MSC PAD SIM RAND WCAC MEO MSISD ML
BSC N
UWC NFS EIT HO-HMPDU MMF MIB NTSC MCM
EY-NPMA MTC
KID LAI
Neighbor detection
BSSGP ITU-T IMEI SAP CEPT GMM
ROM TMSI CKSN PDA NAV
BCH SFN Codec SDMA SCPAS-TP PCH
TDT CVSD AP
ETSI SFD RA ATIM
MT TFTS UP WML I-TCP M-TCP
ISM UBR
ID WMT ARQ EHF NSS WDP SUMR CW MBS
QPSK CPU
GGSN WAN CDV VDB URI SAAL DVB-C HDACS HEC PDF
DVB-S
HCSDU SGSN Assoc AID PHS MATM HDA TTC GIF
CSMA/CA GSM
FPLMTS TLLI WTLS LAPD
IMT DECT HP ACT
CCCH MOT TIM ACL ASK CSCW ADSL
OMC PMD DCA FR MOC FDMA UNI
ISL CU FT ISO
AAL WTAI MH PRACH T-TCP LEO
MUL UIM
WTP FCCH CDPD AFS JCT MACA VBR-rt ITU MSAP
DC PPP PDTCH Disassoc LED
DCF FM GAP CIF LRU PIN
MOBILE COMPUTING
MOBILE COMPUTING
PDU COS LM RIP WRC CDM DPDCH BSS
PLMN SSL
DVB
IN QoS B-ISDN Loc IMT-MC PCM DLC PPG
ITU-R BTSM
RTR WSP CSD
IMT-SC UE HLR AGCH HDML
PDN ISMA
R. Wattenhofer
R. Wattenhofer
1/43
1/41
XML FSK
AMES ICO
PLL MSK
IP
AESA ECDH
CSMA/CD
Systems
WAP
WML and
WMLscript
Bluetooth
[Pfingsten]
Mobile IP and TCP
Mobile Web
Geometric Routing
Ad-Hoc Networks
[Ostern]
GSM
Wireless LAN
Introduction
card work?
wireless LAN
How does my
Satellites
Course overview: A large spectrum
WAP
MOBILE COMPUTING
MOBILE COMPUTING
hoc network?
Optimal
How do I route
in a mobile ad-
Allocation
"Hello World"
Theory: Cells
Theory: T.b.a.
Multihop Game
Instant Messenger
Multihop Routing 2
Multihop Routing 1
codes
Neighbor Detection
Topology Detection
Theory: Codes/MAC
Orthogonal
R. Wattenhofer
R. Wattenhofer
1/44
1/42
Theory
Course specialties Literature
• We are clueless about the number of students • Ivan Stojmeniovic – Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile
• We are clueless about the availability of systems Computing
• Jochen Schiller – Mobile Communications / Mobilkommunikation
• Maximum possible spectrum of systems and theory • Andrew Tanenbaum – Computer Networks, plus other books
• New area, more open than closed questions • Hermann Rohling – Einführung in die Informations– und
• Lecture and exercises are hard to synchronize Codierungstheorie
• James D. Solomon – Mobile IP, the Internet unplugged
• http://distcomp.ethz.ch/mobicomp • Charles E. Perkins – Ad-hoc networking
Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/45 Distributed Computing Group MOBILE COMPUTING R. Wattenhofer 1/46