EAPP Parenthetical citations
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water
PURPOSES OF CITING SOURCES
● to give credit to the original author of a work;
● to promote scholarly writing;
● to help your target audience identify your
original source
FORMS OF CITATION
IN-TEXT CITATION
- requires the writer to cite the details of the reference
used in a certain part of his/her essay. The format of in-
text citations varies per style.
Example (APA style)
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-internet and internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that
the frequency of each modality's use was significantly
linked to the strength of the particular relationship
(Cummings et al., 2002).
2 Types of In-Text Citation
● Narrative Citation- written at the beginning/ first part of
the sentence. Only the year of publication is inside the
parenthesis.
● Parenthetical Citation – is written at the end/last part of
the sentence and usually inside the parenthesis.
One work by one author
Narrative citation
● Lee (2016) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap
water.
Parenthetical citation
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Lee,
2016).
One work by two authors Narrative citation
● Lee and Richards (2016) investigated the risks inherent
in drinking tap water.
Parenthetical citation
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water
(Lee & Richards, 2016).
One work by three or more authors
Narrative citation
● Lee et al. (2016) investigated the risks inherent in
drinking tap water.
(Lee et al., 2016).
Groups (with well-known abbreviations) of authors First
narrative citation
● The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002)
investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water.
Subsequent narrative citations
● The CDC (2002) investigated the risks inherent in
drinking tap water.
First parenthetical citation
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Centers
for Disease Control [CDC], 2002).
Subsequent citations
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (CDC,
2002).
Groups (without well-known abbreviations) as authors
First narrative citation
● The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the risks
inherent in drinking tap water.
Subsequent narrative citations
● The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the risks
inherent in drinking tap water.
First parenthetical citation
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (University
of Minnesota, 2007).
Subsequent citations
● There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (University
of Minnesota, 2007).
Multiple citations for one sentence
● There are inherent risks in drinking tap water (Lee &
Richards, 2016; North et al., 2017; Zebra, 1999).
REFERENCE CITATION
- refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. This appears in the
reference list found at the last part of the paper.
REFERENCES
In-text citation source must appear in the reference list.
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-internet and internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that
the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly
linked to the strength of the particular relationship
(Cummings et al., 2002).
Basic Format
- Include the complete citation at the end of your paper
in a references section.
- References are organized by the author's last name in
alphabetic (A-Z) order.
- Use a hanging indention to separate each list item.
Basic Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of the work.
Source where you can retrieve the work/Journal. URL or
DOI if available
 Journal Article
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initial
as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an
ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a
greater whole (e.g. articles, chapters), use sentence
case. Only the first word of the title, subtitle, first word
after the colon, and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Journal, Note: Italicize and capitalize each
word in the journal.
5. Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If
there is no issue, include a comma before the
page range.
6. (Issue), Note: If there is an issue number in addition to
a volume number, include it in parentheses.
7. Page range. Note: If there is no page range within the
journal volume/issue, this can be excluded.
8. DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Example:
Ashing‐Giwa, K. T., Padilla, G., Tejero, J., Kraemer, J.,
Wright, K., Coscarelli, A., Clayton, S., Williams, I., & Hills, D.
(2004). Understanding the breast cancer experience of
women: A qualitative study of African American, Asian
American, Latina and Caucasian
cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology, 13(6), 408- 428.
Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.750
Online News/Article
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and
initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use
an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: You do not need to
abbreviate the month.
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a
greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence
case. Only the first word of the title, subtitle, first word
after the colon, and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the online newspaper or publication. Note:
Capitalize each word in the publication and italicize. If
the publication has an associated newly newspaper in
print.
5. URL
Example:
Rogers, O. (2021, July 9). Why naming race is necessary
to undo racism. Psychology Today. Retrieved from:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/who-am-
iwho-are-we/202107/why-naming-race-is-
necessaryundo-racism
Books
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and
initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use
an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the book. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g.
books, reports), italicize the title. Only the first word of the
title, subtitle, first word after the colon, and proper nouns
are capitalized.
4. (Edition). Note: If there is an edition or volume, include
it in parentheses and use abbreviations of ed. or vol.
5. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the
publisher location or databases where you retrieved it.
Example:
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017). Evidence-based
practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of
research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.
Miciano, M. (2016). Enhanced English engagements
English for academic and professional purposes. Don
Bosco Press, Inc.
Book Chapter with Editors
1. Author(s). Note: List each chapter author's last name
and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the chapter. Note: For works that are part of a
greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence
case. Only the first word of the title, subtitle, first word
after the colon, and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. In Editor(s), Note: List each editor's last name and
initials as A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editors, include
(Ed.) or (Eds.) in parentheses, and end with a comma.
5. Title of the book Note: For works that stand alone (e.g.
books, reports), italicize the title.Only capitalize the first
word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
6. (pp.xx-xx).
7. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the
publisher location or databases where you retrieved it.
Example:
McCormack, B., McCance, T., & Maben, J. (2013).
Outcome evaluation in the development of person-
centred practice. In B. McCormack, K. Manley, & A.
Titchen (Eds.), Practice development in nursing and
healthcare (pp. 190-211). John Wiley & Sons.
Web Page
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and
initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. If
there is no author, spell out the name of the organization
or site.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date
as is available. Use the date last updated, but not the
date last reviewed or copyright date. If the month and
date are included, include them, too, but if none,
include the year only. If there is no date, use (n.d.).
3. Title of page or section. Note: Italicize the title of the
page.
4. Source. Note: Usually the official name of the website.
If the source would be the same as the author, you can
omit the source to avoid repetition.
5. URL
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.).
Preventing HPV-associated cancers. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic_info/prev
ention.htm/
Dissertation/Thesis
1. Author. Note: List the author's last name and initials as
Author, A. A. There is usually only one author for a thesis
or dissertation, you don't need to include any faculty
advisers.
2. (Year). Note: Provide as specific a date as is
available.
3. Title of the dissertation or thesis [Doctoral dissertation
or Master's thesis, Name of University]. Note: For works
that stand alone (e.g. books, dissertations, theses),
italicize the title. Only the first word of the title, subtitle,
first word after the colon, and proper nouns are
capitalized.
4. The title page will indicate whether it's a Doctoral
dissertation or Master's thesis and list the name of the
university granting the degree.
5. Source. Note: Include the name of the database or
institutional repository where you can access the work
(e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Global, PQDT Open, CSU ScholarWorks) here.
6. URL Note: If available it's available.
Example:
Valentin, E. R. (2019). Narcissism predicted by Snapchat
selfie sharing, filter usage, and editing [Master’s thesis,
California State. University Dominguez Hills]. CSU Scholar
Works. Retrieved from:
STYLE GUIDES
1. The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual of Style
Style Guides in Specific Disciplines
SUMMARIZING, Paraphrasing and direct quoting
SUMMARIZING
• Does not match the source word for word;
• Involves putting the main idea/s into your own
words, but including only the main idea;
• Presents a broad overview, so is usually much
shorter than the original text;
• attributed to the original source.
• Summarize a text that has long sections (e.g. a
page or chapter of a book or the book itself; a
paragraph or an essay or the essay itself.)
• Summarize when you want to…
1. avoid or minimize direct quotation; or use
the main idea of the text and write your own
words.
PARAPHRASING
• Does not match the source word for word;
• Involves putting a passage from a source into your
own words;
• Changes the words or phrasing of a passage, but
retains and fully communicates the original
meaning; and
• Must be attributed to the original source.
• Paraphrase a short text with one or two paragraph
with a maximum of five sentences
• Paraphrase when you want to:
a. avoid or minimize direct quotations;
b. rewrite the author’s words by not changing the
message or use your own words to state the
author’s ideas.
DIRECT QUOTING
• Matches the source word for word;
• Is usually a short part of the text;
• Cited part appears between quotation marks;
and
• Must be attributed to the original source.
• Quote a text that conveys powerful message or
will show less impact if it is paraphrased or
summarized (e.g. Constitution, government
documents, philosophies, monographs, or other
scholarly journals.)
• Quote directly when you want to:
a. begin your discussion with the author’s
stand; or
b. highlight the author’s expertise in your claim,
argument, or discussion.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
1. Read the text and understand its meaning.
2. Highlight the key words or main idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea highlighted.
4. Write in your own words what you understood
about the ideas on the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your
paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning.
7. Check the sentence structure.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text.
9. Compare your output to the original text. Look for
accuracy and redundancy.
10. Record the details of the original source.
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]).
11. Format your paraphrase properly.
Guidelines in Direct Quoting
1. Read the text and understand its meaning.
2. Highlight the key words or main idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea highlighted.
4. Write in your own words what you understood
about the ideas on the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your
paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning.
7. Check the sentence structure.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text.
9. Compare your output to the original text. Look
for accuracy and redundancy.
10. Record the details of the original source.
(author’s name/s, date of publication, title,
publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]).
11. Format your paraphrase properly.
Guidelines in Direct Quoting
1. Copy exactly the part of the text you want to
use.
2. Use quotation marks.
3. Record the details of the original source. Include
the pages.
 4. Format your quotation properly.
Writing a Reaction Paper, Review, and Critique
➢ These are specialized forms of writing in
which a reviewer or reader evaluates any
of the following:
• SCHOLARLY WORK
• DESIGNS
• A WORK OF ART
• GRAPHIC DESIGNS
➢ Usually range in length froTh 250 to 750
words
➢ Critical assessThents, analyses or
evaluation of different works.
➢ Reviewers use both proofs and logical
reasoning
➢ Presents an analytical response to a book
or article.
➢ These are not siThply suThTharies Critique
= cynicisTh and pessiThisTh Do not rely
only on There opinions
Critical Approaches in Writing a Critique
Formalism
mainly to do with structural purposes of a
➢
particular text. It is the study of a text
without taking into account any outside
influence.
➢ The name of the author is not important
➢ The time in which the author lived is not
important
➢ The political belief of the author is not
important
➢ The actual reader is not important
➢ Intrinsic properties and treats each work
as a distinct work of art.
➢ The key understanding a text is through
a text itself
Common aspects looked into in formalism
➢ Author’s techniques in resolving contradictions
within the work.
▪ Central passage that sums up the work
▪ Relationship of the form and the content
▪ Unity in the work
Feminism
➢the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of
the equality of the sexes.
➢ Feminist literary criticism recognizes that since
literature both reflects culture and shapes it,
literary studies can either perpetuate the
oppression of women or help to eliminate it.
➢ Presents women as subjects of socio- political,
psychological and economic oppression
Common aspects looked into in feminism:
✓ It is the belief that literature reflects this class
struggle and materialism
✓ It investigates how literature can work as a force
for social change.
✓ Differences between economic classes and
implications of a capital system.
✓ Continuing conflicts between the working class
and the elite.
Common aspects looked into in Marxism
▪ Social class as represented in the work
▪ Social class of the characters
▪ Conflicts and interactions between economic
classes.
Other critical approaches you can use:
▪ Post modern criticism
▪ Post-colonial criticism
▪ Structuralism
▪ Psychological criticism
▪ Gender criticism
▪ Ecocriticism
▪ Biographical criticism
▪ Historical criticism
▪ Mythological criticism
Guidelines
For Articles and Journals
▪ Read to the work to be reviewed carefully.
▪ Relate the content of the work to what you
already know about the topic.
▪ Focus on discussing how the book treats the topic
(this book /work presents/author argues)
For Articles and Journals
▪ Report the type of analysis or mode of
presentation.
▪ Examine whether the findinf are adequately
supported
▪ Suggest points for improvement of the reasoning
▪ Point out other interpretations that the writer
missed out.
For artworks and other media
▪ Use speculative verbs (evoke, create, appear, &
suggest)
▪ Make sure to describe it to the reader (do not spoil
key events)
▪ Describe the material in simple terms (artworks)

▪ How culture determines gender.

▪ How gender equality is presented in the text
▪ How gender issues are presented in literary works.
▪ How women are socially, politically,
psychologically and economically oppressed by
patriarchy.
Reader Response Criticism

✓ Reviewer’s reaction as an audience of a work.

✓ A text does not have meaning until the reader

reads it.

Common aspects looked into in reader response:

▪ Interaction between the reader and the text

in creating meaning.
▪ The impact of reader’s delivery of sounds and
visuals on enhancing and changing meaning.
Marxist Criticism