Integration 4

Chapter Snapshot
What You’ll Learn Why It’s Important
4.1 Antidifferentiation Is it possible to determine the distance a vehicle has
4.2 Antiderivatives as Areas traveled if we know its velocity function? Can we
4.3 Area and Definite Integrals determine a company’s total profit if we know its
4.4 Properties of Definite Integrals marginal-profit function? We can, using a process called
4.5 Integration Techniques: Substitution integration, which is one of the two main branches of
4.6 Integration Techniques: Integration by Parts calculus, the other being differentiation.We will see that
4.7 Integration Techniques: Tables we can use integration to find the area under a curve,
which has many practical applications in science,
business, and statistics.

Where It’s Used

CHANGING RATE
OF
CREDIT M ARKET
y
DEBT
NATIONAL CREDIT MARKET DEBT
For the years 2005 through 2009,
the annual rate of change in the
Credit market debt

national credit market debt, in

billions of dollars per year, could be
modeled by the function D (t) = −810.3t 2 +
1730.3t + 3648
2
D ¿ (t) = -810.3t + 1730.3t + 3648,
where t is the number of years since
2005. (Source: Federal Reserve
System.) Find the national credit 2005 2006 2007
market debt in 2009, given that 2008 2009 t
Year
D(0) = 41,267.

This problem appears as Exercise 60 in

Exercise Set 4.1. 389
390 CHAPTER 4 • Integration

Antidifferentiation
4.1 Suppose we do the reverse of differentiation: given a function, we find another func-
tion whose derivative is the given function. This is called antidifferentiation, and it is a
part of the larger process of integration. Integration, the main topic of this chapter, is
OBJECTIVES the second main branch of calculus, the first being differentiation. We will see that in-
• Find an antiderivative tegration can be used to find the area under a curve over a closed interval, which has
of a function. many important applications.
• Evaluate indefinite integrals Antidifferentiation is the process of differentiation in reverse. Given a function
using basic rules of f1x2, we determine another function F1x2 such that the derivative of F1x2 is f1x2; that
antidifferentiation. d
is, F1x2 = f1x2.
• Use initial conditions to dx
determine an antiderivative. For example, let f1x2 = 2x. The function F1x2 = x 2 is an antiderivative of f1x2
d
since x 2 = 2x . However, other functions also have a derivative of 2x. For example,
dx
y = x 2 + 1, y = x 2 - 10, and y = x 2 + 250 also differentiate to 2x; the x 2 term
differentiates to 2x , and the constant term differentiates to zero. Therefore, an anti-
derivative of f1x2 = 2x is any function that can be written in the form F1x2 = x 2 + C,
where C is a constant. This leads us to the following theorem.

THEOREM 1
The antiderivative of f1x2 is the set of functions F1x2 + C such that

3F1x2 + C4 = f1x2.
d
dx
The constant C is called the constant of integration.

Theorem 1 can be restated as follows: if two functions F1x2 and G1x2 have the same de-
rivative f1x2, then F1x2 and G1x2 differ by at most a constant: F1x2 = G1x2 + C .
If F1x2 is an antiderivative of a function f1x2, we write

L
f1x2 dx = F1x2 + C.

This equation is read as “the antiderivative of f1x2, with respect to x, is the set of func-

bol 1 is the integral sign and is a command for antidifferentiation. The function f1x2 is
tions F1x2 + C.” The expression on the left side is called an indefinite integral. The sym-

called the integrand, and the meaning of dx will be made clear when we develop the
geometry of integration in Section 4.2.

■ EXAMPLE 1 Determine these indefinite integrals. That is, find the antiderivative
of each integrand:
a) 1 8 dx; b) 1 3x 2 dx; c) 1 e x dx;
Lx
1
d) dx.

Solution You have seen these integrands before as derivatives of other functions.
a) 1 8 dx = 8x + C 18x + C2 = 8.
d
Check:
dx

b) 1 3x 2 dx = x 3 + C 1x + C2 = 3x 2 .
d 3
Check:
dx

c) 1 e x dx = e x + C 1e + C2 = e x .
d x
Check:
dx

Lx
1
1ln x + C2 = .
d 1
d) dx = ln x + C Check:
dx x
Always check each antiderivative you determine by differentiating it.
 4.1 • Antidifferentiation 391

The results of Example 1 suggest several useful rules of antidifferentiation, which

are summarized in Theorem 2.

THEOREM 2 Rules of Antidifferentiation

A1. Constant Rule:

L
k dx = kx + C.

A2. Power Rule (where n Z - 1):

L
1
x n dx = x n + 1 + C, n Z - 1.
n + 1
A3. Natural Logarithm Rule:

Lx
1
dx = ln x + C, x 7 0.

A4. Exponential Rule (base e):

L
1 ax
e ax dx = e + C, a Z 0.
a

Let’s use these rules in the following examples.

■ EXAMPLE 2 Find the antiderivative of f1x2 = x 4. That is, determine 1 x 4 dx.

Solution We know that the derivative of a power function has an exponent decreased
by 1, so we might guess that F1x2 = x 5 + C is an antiderivative of f1x2 = x 4. However,
d 5
x = 5x 4, so our guess is not correct. It is close, however: including a coefficient of 51
dx
gives us the desired antiderivative:

a x + Cb = 15x 42 = x 4.
L
1 5 d 1 5 1
x 4 dx = x + C. Check:
5 dx 5 5
Note that 15 times 5 gives the coefficient 1.

Using the Power Rule of Antidifferentiation can be viewed as a two-step process:

1 1. Raise the power by 1.

L
1
x n dx = xn+1 + C 2. Divide the term by the new power.
n + 1
2

■ EXAMPLE 3 Use the Power Rule of Antidifferentiation to determine these indefi-

nite integrals:

a) 1 x 7 dx; b) 1 x 99 dx; c) 1 1x dx;

Lx
1
d) 3
dx.

Be sure to check each answer by differentiation.

Solution
x7+1
L
1
a x + Cb = 18x 72 = x 7.
d 1 8 1
a) x 7 dx = + C = x8 + C Check:
7 + 1 8 dx 8 8
392 CHAPTER 4 • Integration

x 99 + 1
L
b) x 99dx = + C
99 + 1
1 100
a 1100x 992 = x 99.
d 1 100 1
= x + C Check: x + Cb =
100 dx 100 100

c) We note that 2x = x 1>2. Therefore,

x 11>22 + 1 x 3>2
L L
2x dx = x 1>2 dx =
A 12 B + 1
+ C = 3
+ C
2

2 3>2
a x + C b = a x 1>2 b = x 1>2 = 2x.
d 2 3>2 2 3
= x + C. Check:
3 dx 3 3 2
O
Quick Check 1 1
Determine these indefinite d) We note that = x -3. Therefore,
x3
integrals:
a) 1 x 10 dx; x -3 + 1
Lx L
1 -3 1
+ C = - x -2 + C
b) 1 x 200 dx;
3
dx = x dx =
-3 + 1 2

c) 1 2x dx; 1
Check: ¢ - x -2 + C ≤ = - 1 - 2x -32 = x -3 = 3 .
d 1 1 1
6
= - 2 + C.
2x dx 2 2 x

L
1
d) 4
dx.
x O Quick Check 1

The Power Rule of Antidifferentiation is valid for all real numbers n, except for
n = - 1. Attempting to use the Power Rule when n = - 1 will result in a 0 in the
denominator of the coefficient. However, as we saw in Example 1(d), if n = - 1, we have
1
x -1 = , which is the derivative of the natural logarithm function, y = ln x. Therefore,
x

Lx
1
dx = ln x + C, for x 7 0.

Lx
1
Caution! Note the key difference between the indefinite integrals 3
dx and

Lx
1
dx. Although they look similar, the first of these integrals is determined by the
Power Rule, while the second is determined by the Natural Logarithm Rule.
d x
The exponential function f1x2 = e x has the property that e = e x; therefore, we
can conclude that 1 e x dx = e x + C. In Example 4, we explore the case of f1x2 = e ax.
dx

■ EXAMPLE 4 Determine the indefinite integral 1 e 4x dx.

d x
Solution Since we know that e = e x, it is reasonable to make this initial guess:
dx

L
e 4x dx = e 4x + C.

1e + C2 = 4e 4x, with the coefficient 4 in the deriva-

d 4x
But this is (slightly) wrong, since
dx
tive resulting from application of the Chain Rule. We modify our guess by inserting 41 to
obtain the correct antiderivative:

L
1 4x
e 4x dx = e + C.
O 4
Quick Check 2
a e + C b = 14e 4x2 = e 4x; multiplying and 4 gives 1.
d 1 4x 1 1
Find each antiderivative: This checks:
a) 1 e -3x dx;
dx 4 4 4

b) 1 e 11>22x dx. O Quick Check 2

 4.1 • Antidifferentiation 393

Two useful properties of antidifferentiation are presented in Theorem 3.

THEOREM 3 Properties of Antidifferentiation

P1. A constant factor can be moved to the front of an indefinite integral:

3c # f1x24 dx = c #
L L
f1x2 dx.

P2. The antiderivative of a sum or a difference is the sum or the difference of

the antiderivatives:

3f1x2 ; g1x24 dx =
L L L
f1x2 dx ; g1x2 dx.

In Example 5, we use the rules of antidifferentiation in conjunction with the prop-

erties of antidifferentiation. In part (b), we algebraically simplify the integrand before
performing the antidifferentiation steps.

■ EXAMPLE 5 Determine these indefinite integrals. Assume x 7 0.

a) 1 13x 5 + 7x 2 + 82 dx;
4 + 3x + 2x 4
L
b) dx.
x
Solution
a) We antidifferentiate each term separately:

13x 5 + 7x 2 + 82 dx =
L L L L
By Antidifferentiation
3x 5 dx + 7x 2 dx + 8 dx Property P2
By Antidifferentiation
= 3 A 16 x 6 B + 7 A 13 x 3 B + 8x Property P1 and
Rules A1 and A2
= 21 x 6 + 73 x 3 + 8x + C.
Note the simplification of coefficients and the inclusion of just one constant of
integration.
b) We algebraically simplify the integrand by noting that x is a common denominator
and then reducing each ratio as much as possible:
4 + 3x + 2x 4 4 3x 2x 4 4
O = + + = + 3 + 2x 3 + C.
Quick Check 3 x x x x x
Determine these indefinite Therefore,
integrals:
a) 1 12x + 3x - 7x ¢ + 3 + 2x 3 ≤ dx
4 + 3x + 2x 4
L L x
4
4 3 2 dx =
x
+ x - 52 dx;
b) 1 1x - 522 dx;
By Antidifferentiation
= 4 ln x + 3x + 12 x 4 + C. Properties P1 and P2 and
x 2 - 7x + 2
L
Rules A1, A2, and A3
c) dx.
x2 O Quick Check 3

Initial Conditions
The constant of integration C may be of interest in some applications. In such cases,
we may specify a point that is a solution of the antiderivative, thereby allowing us to
solve for C. This point is called an initial condition.
394 CHAPTER 4 • Integration

■ EXAMPLE 6 Find a function f such that f ¿1x2 = 2x + 3 and f112 = - 2.

Solution The antiderivative of f ¿1x2 = 2x + 3 is

12x + 32 dx = x 2 + 3x + C.
L
f1x2 =

Since f112 = - 2, we let x = 1 and f112 = - 2, and solve for C:

- 2 = 1122 + 3112 + C.
Simplifying, we have - 2 = 4 + C, which gives C = - 6. Therefore, the specific anti-
derivative of f ¿1x2 = 2x + 3 that satisfies the initial condition is
f1x2 = x 2 + 3x - 6.
y

10
f(x) = x 2 + 3x − 2
f(x) = x 2 + 3x − 4
5
f(x) = x 2 + 3x − 6
f(x) = x 2 + 3x − 8
f(x) = x 2 + 3x − 10
!3 !2 !1 1 x
!2
O !5 (1, !2)
Quick Check 4
Find an antiderivative of
g1x2 = e 2x such that the !10

point 10, 32 is a solution of

the antiderivative. O Quick Check 4

The antiderivative of a function has many applications. For example, in Section 1.8,
we saw that velocity is the derivative of a distance function, and, therefore, distance is
the antiderivative of a velocity function. If information about the distance of an object
at some time t is known, it provides us with an initial condition.

■ EXAMPLE 7 Physical Sciences: Height of a Thrown Object. A rock is thrown

directly upward with an initial velocity of 50 ft> sec from an initial height of 10 ft. The
velocity of this rock is modeled by the function v1t2 = - 32t + 50, where t is in sec-
onds, v is in feet per second, and t = 0 represents the moment the rock is released.
a) Determine a distance function h as a function of t (in this case, “distance” is the same as
“height”). Be sure to consider the fact that at t = 0, the rock is 10 ft above the ground.
b) Determine the height and the velocity of the rock after 3 sec.
Solution
a) Since distance (height) is the antiderivative of velocity, we have the following:

1- 32t + 502 dt
L
h1t2 =

= - 16t 2 + 50t + C.
The constant of integration C can be determined since we know the initial height
of the rock, which gives us the ordered pair (0, 10) as an initial condition. We sub-
stitute 0 for t and 10 for h(t), and solve for C:
10 = - 161022 + 50102 + C
10 = C.
Therefore, the distance function is h1t2 = - 16t 2 + 50t + 10.
b) To determine the height of the rock after 3 sec, we substitute 3 for t in our distance
function:
h132 = - 161322 + 50132 + 10 = 16 ft.
 4.1 • Antidifferentiation 395

The velocity after 3 sec is

v132 = - 32132 + 50 = - 46 ft>sec.
Thus, the rock is 16 ft above the ground, but the negative velocity indicates that it
is moving downward.

■ EXAMPLE 8 Life Sciences: Change in Population. The rate of change of the pop-
ulation of Phoenix, Arizona, is modeled by the exponential function P¿1t2 = 11.7e0.026t ,
where t is the number of years since 1960 and P¿1t2 is in thousands of people per year.
In 1980, Phoenix had a population of 790,000. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau.)
a) Find the population model P(t).
b) Estimate the population of Phoenix in 2012.
Solution
a) We antidifferentiate the rate-of-change model:

L
P1t2 = 11.7e 0.026t dt

O
Quick Check 5
A town’s rate of population
change is modeled by
P¿1t2 = 34t + 16, where t
is the number of years since
1990 and P¿1t2 is in people
per year.
a) Find the population model
for this town if it is known
that in 2000, the town had
a population of 2500.
b) Forecast the town’s
population in 2015.
11.7 0.026t
= e + C By Antidifferentiation Property P1 and Rule A4
0.026
= 450e 0.026t + C
The population in 1980 is treated as the initial condition: (20, 790). We make the
substitutions and solve for C:
790 = 450e 0.0261202 + C
790 = 756.9 + C
C = 33.1.
Therefore, the population model is P1t2 = 450e 0.026t + 33.1.
b) The year 2012 corresponds to t = 52, so we make the substitution:
P1522 = 450e 0.0261522 + 33.1
= 1772.
According to this model, the population of Phoenix in 2012 should be about
1,772,000. Given that Phoenix had a population of 1,567,000 in 2008, this
prediction is reasonable.
O Quick Check 5

TECHNOLOGY CONNECTION

Antiderivatives and Area

Base, x Height, f 1x2 Area of region, A1x2
A graphing calculator can calculate the area under the graph
of a function. In the Y= window, enter the function 1 2 1
f 1x2 = 2x, for x Ú 0, and graph it in 30, 10, 0, 204. Press
F and m and then select 1 f 1x2 dx from the list. For 2 4 4
“Lower Limit,” type in 0, and press [. For “Upper
Limit,” let x = 1, and press [. The calculator will shade 3
in the region and report the area in the lower-left corner.
Do this for a series of x-values, and put the information 4
in a table like that to the right.
5

(continued)
396 CHAPTER 4 • Integration

Antiderivatives and Area (continued)

EXERCISES 2. Repeat parts (a) through (e) of Exercise 1 for f 1x2 = 3,
1. a) Fill in the entire table. and look for a pattern in an relationship between the
b) If x = 20, what is the area under the graph of f ? area function A and the given function f.
3. Repeat parts (a) through (e) of Exercise 1 for f 1x2 = 3x 2 ,
c) What is the relationship between the value of x in the
first column and the area in the third column?
and look for a pattern in the relationship between the
d) Form your observation from part (c) into an area
area function A and the given function f.
function A1x2.
e) What is the relationship between the area function A
from part (d) and the given function f ?

Section Summary
• The antiderivative of a function f1x2 is a set of functions • The Constant Rule of Antidifferentiation is 1 k dx = kx + C.
F1x2 + C such that • The Power Rule of Antidifferentiation is

L
3F1x2 + C4 = f1x2,
d 1
x n dx = x n + 1 + C , for n Z - 1.
dx n + 1
where the constant C is called the constant of integration. • The Natural Logarithm Rule of Antidifferentiation is

the integral sign, 1 . If F1x2 is an antiderivative of f1x2,

• An antiderivative is denoted by an indefinite integral using
Lx
1
dx = ln x + C , for x 7 0.
we write
• The Exponential Rule ( base e) of Antidifferentiation is

L L
f1x2 dx = F1x2 + C. 1 ax
e ax dx = e + C, for a Z 0.
a
We check the correctness of an antiderivative we have • An initial condition is an ordered pair that is a solution of
found by differentiating it. a particular antiderivative of an integrand.

EXERCISE SET
4.1

Lx L x2
Determine these indefinite integrals. dx dx
17. 4
18.

L L
1. x 6 dx 2. x 7 dx

Lx Lx
1 2
19. dx 20. dx

L L
3. 2 dx 4. 4 dx

a
+ 2 b dx a b dx
L L x3
3 5 4 7
21. 22. +
L L
5. x 1>4
dx 6. x 1>3
dx x x x

L 2x L 2x 3
-7 5
1x + x - 12 dx 1x - x + 22 dx
L L
2 2 23. dx 24. dx
7. 8. 3 2 4

L
12t 2 + 5t - 32 dt
L
13t 2 - 4t + 72 dt L L
9. 10. 25. 2e 2x dx 26. 4e 4x dx

Lx Lx L L
1 1 27. e 3x dx 28. e 5x dx
11. 3
dx 12. 5
dx

L L L L
13. 2x dx
3
14. 2x dx 29. e 7x dx 30. e 6x dx

L L L L
2x 5 dx 2x 2 dx
3
15. 16. 31. 5e 3x dx 32. 2e 5x dx
 Exercise Set 4.1 397

where t is the number of years since 2005. (Source: Federal

L L
33. 6e 8x dx 34. 12e 3x dx Reserve System.) Use the preceding information for Exercises
59 and 60.

L L
2 -9x 4 -10x
35. 3e dx 36. 5e dx

15x 2 - 2e 7x2 dx 12x 5 - 4e 3x2 dx

L L
37. 38.

a x2 - 2x + x -4>3 b dx
L
3
39.
2
59. Find the national credit market debt, D1t2, during the
a x4 + b dx
L
1 4 -2>5
40. - x years 2005 through 2009 given that D102 = 41,267.
82x 5
60. What was the national credit market debt in 2009, given
13x + 222 dx (Hint: Expand first.)
L
41. that D102 = 41,267?
61. Total cost from marginal cost. A company determines
1x + 422 dx
L
42. that the marginal cost, C¿, of producing the xth unit of a
product is given by
C¿1x2 = x 3 - 2x.
a - 5e 2x + 2x 7 b dx
L x
3
43. Find the total-cost function, C, assuming that C1x2 is in
dollars and that fixed costs are $7000.
a2e 6x - + 2x 4 b dx
L
3 3
44. 62. Total cost from marginal cost. A company determines
x
that the marginal cost, C¿, of producing the xth unit of a
a - e 5x - b dx
L 2x
7 2 8 product is given by
45.
3 x C¿1x2 = x 3 - x.
Find the total-cost function, C, assuming that C1x2 is in
a e - b dx
L 2
4 3 6x 7
46. + dollars and that fixed costs are $6500.
5
x 4 x
63. Total revenue from marginal revenue. A company
Find f such that: determines that the marginal revenue, R¿, in dollars,
47. f ¿1x2 = x - 3, f 122 = 9 from selling the xth unit of a product is given by

48. f ¿1x2 = x - 5, f 112 = 6 R¿1x2 = x 2 - 3.

49. f ¿1x2 = x 2 - 4, f 102 = 7

a) Find the total-revenue function, R, assuming that
R102 = 0.
50. f ¿1x2 = x 2 + 1, f 102 = 8 b) Why is R102 = 0 a reasonable assumption?

51. f ¿1x2 = 5x 2 + 3x - 7, f 102 = 9
52. f ¿1x2 = 8x 2 + 4x - 2, f 102 = 6
53. f ¿1x2 = 3x 2 - 5x + 1, f 112 =
64. Total revenue from marginal revenue. A company
determines that the marginal revenue, R¿, in dollars,
from selling the xth unit of a product is given by
7
2
R¿1x2 = x 2 - 1.

54. f ¿1x2 = 6x 2 - 4x + 2, f 112 = 9

a) Find the total-revenue function, R, assuming that
R102 = 0.
55. f ¿1x2 = 5e 2x , f 102 = 1
2 56. f ¿1x2 = 3e 4x , f 102 = 7
4
b) Why is R102 = 0 a reasonable assumption?

, f 112 = - 5
4 65. Demand from marginal demand. A company finds
57. f ¿1x2 = that the rate at which the quantity of a product that
2x
consumers demand changes with respect to price is
given by the marginal-demand function
, f 112 = 1
2
58. f ¿1x2 =
2x
3 4000
D¿1x2 = - ,
x2

APPLICATIONS
Business and Economics
Credit market debt. From 2005 to 2009, the annual rate of
change in the national credit market debt, in billions of dollars
per year, could be modeled by the function
D œ 1t2 ⴝ ⴚ810.3t 2 ⴙ 1730.3t ⴙ 3648,
where x is the price per unit, in dollars. Find the demand
function if it is known that 1003 units of the product are
demanded by consumers when the price is $4 per unit.
66. Supply from marginal supply. A company finds that the
rate at which a seller’s quantity supplied changes with
respect to price is given by the marginal-supply function
S¿1x2 = 0.24x 2 + 4x + 10,
398 CHAPTER 4 • Integration
where x is the price per unit, in dollars. Find the supply
function if it is known that the seller will sell 121 units
of the product when the price is $5 per unit.
67. Efficiency of a machine operator. The rate at which a
machine operator’s efficiency, E (expressed as a percent-
age), changes with respect to time t is given by
dE
= 30 - 10t,
dt
where t is the number of hours the operator has been at
work.
A machine operator’s efficiency changes with respect to time.
a) Find E1t2, given that the operator’s efficiency after
working 2 hr is 72%; that is, E122 = 72.
b) Use the answer to part (a) to find the operator’s
efficiency after 3 hr; after 5 hr.
68. Efficiency of a machine operator. The rate at which a
machine operator’s efficiency, E (expressed as a percent-
age), changes with respect to time t is given by
dE
= 40 - 10t,
dt
where t is the number of hours the operator has been at
work.
a) Find E1t2, given that the operator’s efficiency after
working 2 hr is 72%; that is, E122 = 72.
b) Use the answer to part (a) to find the operator’s
efficiency after 4 hr; after 8 hr.
Social and Life Sciences
69. Spread of an influenza. During 18 weeks from November
2009 to February 2010, the rate at which the number of
cases of swine flu changed could be approximated by
I¿1t2 = - 6.34t + 141.6,
where I is the total number of people who have contracted
swine flu and t is time measured in weeks. (Source: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.)
a) Estimate I1t2, the total number who have contracted
influenza by time t. Assume that I102 = 1408.
b) Approximately how many people contracted
influenza during the first 8 weeks?
c) Approximately how many people contracted
influenza during the whole 18 weeks?
d) Approximately how many people per 100,000 con-
tracted influenza during the last 7 of the 18 weeks?
70. Memory. In a memory experiment, the rate at which
students memorize Spanish vocabulary is found to be
given by
M¿1t2 = 0.2t - 0.003t 2,
where M1t2 is the number of words memorized in t
minutes.
a) Find M1t2 if it is known that M102 = 0.
b) How many words are memorized in 8 min?
Physical Sciences
71. Physics: height of a thrown baseball. A baseball is
thrown directly upward with an initial velocity of
75 ft/sec from an initial height of 30 ft. The velocity
of the baseball is given by the function
v1t2 = - 32t + 75,
where t is the number of seconds since the ball was released
and v is in feet per second.
a) Find the function h that gives the height (in feet) of
the baseball after t seconds, using the fact that at
t = 0, the ball is 30 ft above the ground.
b) What are the height and the velocity of the baseball
after 2 sec of flight?
c) After how many seconds does the ball reach its high-
est point? (Hint: The ball “stops” for a moment before
starting its downward fall.)
d) How high does the ball get at its highest point?
e) After how many seconds will the ball hit the ground?
f) What is the ball’s velocity at the moment it hits
the ground?
General Interest
72. Population growth. The rates of change in population
for two cities are as follows:
Alphaville: P¿1t2 = 45,
Betaburgh: Q¿1t2 = 105e 0.03t,
where t is the number of years since 1990, and both P¿
and Q¿ are measured in people per year. In 1990,
Alphaville had a population of 5000, and Betaburgh
had a population of 3500.
a) Determine the population models for both cities.
b) What were the populations of Alphaville and
Betaburgh, to the nearest hundred, in 2000?
c) Sketch the graph of each city’s population model and
estimate the year in which the two cities have the
same population.
SYNTHESIS
Find f.
, f 142 = 0
1
73. f ¿1t2 = 2t +
2t
74. f ¿1t2 = t 23, f 102 = 8
Evaluate. Each of the following can be determined using the
rules developed in this section, but some algebra may be
required beforehand.
15t + 422 t 4 dt 1x - 122 x 3 dx
L L
75. 76.
 4.2 • Antiderivatives as Areas 399

1t + 322
11 - t2 2t dt
L L
77. 78. dt Answers to Quick Checks
2t SupersetV 1 11 1 201
1. (a) x + C; (b) x + C;
x 4 - 6x 2 - 7
1t + 123 dt
11 201
L L
79. dx 80. 6 6 1
x3 (c) 2x 7 + C; (d) - 3 + C
7 3x

L In 10 x L
1 dx
2. (a) - e -3x + C; (b) 2e 11>22 x + C
1
81. 82. be ax dx
3
2 5 3 7 1
13x - 5212x + 122 dx
L L
3. (a) x + x 4 - x 3 + x 2 - 5x + C;
264x 4 dx
3
83. 84. 5 4 3 2
1 2
2
(b) x 3 - 5x 2 + 25x + C; (c) x - 7 ln x - + C
t3 + 8 3 x
Lx + 1 Lt + 2
x - 1
85. dx 86. dt 1 5
4. G1x2 = e 2x + 5. (a) P1t2 = 17t 2 + 16t + 640;
2 2
87. On a test, a student makes this statement: “The function (b) P1252 = 11,665 people
f 1x2 = x 2 has a unique antiderivative.” Is this a true
statement? Why or why not?
88. Describe the graphical interpretation of an antiderivative.

Antiderivatives as Areas
4.2 Integral calculus is primarily concerned with the area below the graph of a function
(specifically, the area between the graph of a function and the x-axis). There are many
situations where the area can be interpreted in a meaningful way. In this section, we
OBJECTIVES assume that all functions are nonnegative; that is, f1x2 Ú 0. Consider the following
• Find the area under a examples.
graph to solve real-world
problems. ■ EXAMPLE 1 Physical Sciences: Distance as Area. A vehicle travels at 50 mi/hr
• Use rectangles to for 2 hr. How far has the vehicle traveled?
approximate the area y
under a graph.
Solution The answer is 100 mi. We treat the vehicle’s veloc-
v(x) = 50

Velocity (in miles/hour)

ity as a function, v1x2 = 50. We graph this function, sketch a 50
vertical line at x = 2, and obtain a rectangle. This rectangle
measures 2 units horizontally and 50 units vertically. Its area
is the distance the vehicle has traveled: Area = 2 · 50
= 100
50 mi
2 hr #
2 hr
= 100 mi. = 2
1 hr 1 hr

Note that the units of hours cancel. 0 1 2 x

Time (in hours)

■ EXAMPLE 2 Business: Total Cost as Area. Green Leaf Skateboards determines

that for the first 50 skateboards produced, its cost is $40 per skateboard. What is the
total cost to produce 50 skateboards?
Solution The marginal-cost function is C¿1x2 = 40, y
0 … x … 50. Its graph is a horizontal line. If we mark off 50 40
C (x) = 40
Cost (in dollars)

units along the x-axis, we get a rectangle, as in Example 1.

The area of this rectangle is 40 # 50 = 2000. Therefore, the
Area = 40 · 50
total cost to produce 50 skateboards is $2000: = 2000
a50 skateboards # 40
dollars
= 2000 dollarsb.
skateboard
0 50 x
Number of skateboards