log a bc log a b log a c, a 1, a 0, b 0, c 0

log a bc log a b log a c , a 1, a 0

log a b log a c log a bc , a 1, a 0

b
log a log a b log a c, a 1, a 0, b 0, c 0
c

n
log am bn log a b , a 1, a 0, b 0, m 0
m

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log c b
log a b , a 1, c 1, a 0, b 0, c 0
log c a

1
log a b , a 1, b 1, a 0, b 0, a b
log b a
log a b log b a
a logc b b logc a a b

x y, if m 1
log m x log m y
x y if 0 m 1

log m a b a mb

a m b , if m 1
log m a b
a m b , if 0 m 1

a m b , if m 1
log m a b b
a m , if 0 m 1

a 1, if m 1
log m a 0
0 a 1, if 0 m 1
a m, if m 1
log m a 1
0 a m, if 0 m 1
log f ( x) g x k and log f x log g x k

y f x x

x if x 0
:y x
x if x 0

x a a x a; a 0 x a x a or x a; a 0

x y x y x y x y

x k, k 1

x 1 [ x] x

[ x] [ x]

[ x] [ x] 1

[ x n] [ x ] n

[x y] [ y x [ x ]]

1 2 n 1
x x x ........ x nx
n n n

n n 1 n 2 n m 1 m 1
...
m m m m 2

n n 1 n 2 n m 1
... n
m m m m

n n 1 n 2 n m 1 n n 1 n 2 n m 1
... ... [ n]
m m m m m m m m

n 1
k
x nx
k 0 n
 x x
, n N
n n

1
2x x x
2

x y x y x y 1

x x 1 if x 0
or , x 0
x x 1 if x 0
0 if x 0 0 if x 0

f ( x ) { x} 0 f 1

1 x , x I
x
0, x I

x m {x} m, m I

x 2, x [ 2, 1)
x 1, x [ 1, 0)
x
x, x [0,1)
x 1, x [1, 2)

0,1

[ x], x I
( x)
[ x] 1, x I

( x) [ x]

( x), x I
( x)
( x) 1, x I

( x n) ( x) n

(x y) ( x) ( y )