DEPARTMENT: AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING.

COURSE: ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE

ENGINEERING.
NTA LEVEL: 06
MODULE NAME: ERGONOMICS
MODULE CODE: MET-06102
NAME OF INSTRUCTOR: Mr. DIDAS SILAYO
NAME OF STUDENT: JERRY N. JACOB
REG NUMBER: RAC/202/AME01/2020.

ASSIGNMENT: 1

QN 01. Define SHEL model and give an example of each of it.

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The SHEL Model is a conceptual model of human factors that clarifies the scope of aviation human factor and
assists in understanding the human factor relationships between aviation system resources/environment and
human component in aviation system.
The model was developed by Elwyn Edwards in year 1972 the modified into building block structure by Frank
Hawkins in 1984. Its long form stands for,
• S for Software – non-physical aspects of the aviation system that governs how the aviation system operates
and how information within the system is organized. Example maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals
and checklist layout, aviation regulations, policies, etc.
• H for Hardware –physical element of the aviation system such as tools, test equipment, the physical structure
of aircraft, design of flight decks, positioning and operating sense of controls and instruments.
•E for Environment-refer to the context in which aircraft and aviation system resourses operates example
internal air transport environment (immediate work area like cockpit or cabin temperature, noise, vibrations
etc.), external air transport condition that includes weather at respected area, conditions in the hangar, conditions
on the line and work environment such as work patterns, management structures, and public perception of the
industry.
•L for Liveware- Human element or people in the aviation system example person or people at the center of the
model, example maintenance engineers, supervisors, planners and managers. Liveware also consider human
performance, capabilities and limitations.
Generally the components of SHELL model or aviation system do not act in isolation but instead interact with
the central human component to provide areas for human factor analysis and consideration.

QN2. Define human factors and explains why we should learn about it.
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 Human factors refer to the science of understanding properties of human capabilities and limitations in the
workplace. Human factor aims to understand people’s limitations and capabilities and how they influence a
person’s actions and behaviors.
We learn human factor because it provide the knowledge t5hat helps in
 Improved quality of maintance,
 An environment that ensures continuing workers,
 Aircraft safety,
 More involved and responsible work force.

QN3.a} what is communication?

Communication is the transmission of something from one location to another. The communication
involves conversing of two or more aircraft as safety is the primary focus in aviation communication method
such as wire radio are effective way for aircraft to communicate with necessary and as a result involves multiple
language.
B} Draw and short explain about communication process.
The simple drawing of communication process,
Source (Sender) Encoding Channel Decoding Receiver

Feedback

Sender (source), is an individual, group or organization who initiates the communication. This source is the
starter or initiator of the message. The sender’s experiences, altitudes, knowledge, skill, perceptions and culture
influence the message.
Encoding, is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The encoder uses a medium to send the
message a phone call, email, text message, face to face meeting, or other communication tool.
Channel, can be categorized into three principal channels; verbal, written and non-verbal. Each of these
communications channels has different strengths and weaknesses, and oftentimes we can use more than one
channel at the same time.
De-coding, is the process of turning communication into thoughts.
Receiver, is the listener, reader or observer that is the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a
message is directed. The receiver is also called the audience or decoder.
Feedback, it provides the answer to the source/sender about what is implemented on the message received by
the receiver.

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QN4.a} what are the communication problem?
The major problems in communication are,
 lack of communication,
 Poor communication.

Lack of communication is characterized by the engineer who forgets to pass on pertinent information to a
colleague, or when a written message is mislaid. Poor communication is typified by the engineer who does not
make it clear what he needs to know and receives inappropriate information, or a written report in barely legible
handwriting. Both problems can lead to subsequent human error.
B} How we can reduce and avoid communication problem?
We can reduce and avoid communication problem by doing the following;
• Think about what you want to say before speaking or writing.
• Speak or write clearly.
• Listen or read carefully.
• Seek clarification whenever necessary.