PROJECT REPORT ON

DIFFERENT FITNESS TEST IN

WRESTLING

BY

KAMAL SEHRAWAT
Wrest-647

Submitted to

THE DEPARTMENT OF WRESTLING

A MANDATORY PART OF
DIPLOMA IN SPORTS COACHING

SPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

NETAJI SUBHAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPORTS
PATIALA

Session: 2021-2022

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled DIFFERENT FITNESS TEST IN
WRESTLING submitted to NETAJI SUBHAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPORTS
PATIALA is a bonafide record of work done by KAMAL SEHRAWAT under our
supervision.

Dr. OM PARKASH
HAED COACOF
WRESTLING DEPARTMENT

Mr. ABHAY NARAYAN Mr. RAM PAWAR

COACH OF WRESTLING COACH OF WRESTLING
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

2
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is
plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources
have been duly acknowledged. I aver that if any part of the report is found to be
plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.

KAMAL SEHRAWAT
WREST-647-2K21

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Wish to express my sincere thanks to Col. Raj Singh Bishnoi senior executive director,
Kamal ali khan in-charge academics, sports Authority of India, NSNIS, Patiala for granting
permission to work on this study. I take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude
to Dr. OM Parkash, Head of the Department of Wrestling, SAI NSNIS, Patiala for his
guidance and keep personal interest in making the blue print for this project work in spite of
his busy schedule, he spared his Valuable time and gave complete guideline, encouragement
and great enthusiasm for successful accomplishment of this project report work in scheduled
time. My sincere and especial thanks to Abhay Narayan Senior Coach of Wrestling
Department, SAI NSNIS, Patiala, for their cooperation and guidance for completing this
project of mine. My sincere thanks to R.C. Pawar Senior Coach of Wrestling Department,
SAI NSNIS Patiala, for their cooperation and guidance for this project of mine. I am also
thankful to my family members and my friends. I am beholden to my parents especially my
father, mother and for their encouragement, blessings and timely advice which enabled me to
complete my work. I will be failure my duty if I do not extend my heartiest thanks to my
batchmates who always encouraged me and gave me moral support whenever it was needed.

KAMAL SEHRAWAT
WREST-647-2K21

1
2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 1-2
Ⅰ  METHOD AND
MATERIAL

MAIN PART 3-12

Ⅱ  METHOD AND
MATERIAL
 FLEXIBILITY
ASSESSMENT 
 ABDOMINAL AND UPPER
LIMB ENDURANCE 
 CARDIORESPIRATORY
FITNESS 
 SPECIFIC STRENGTH
TESTS 
 ANAEROBIC CAPACITY
TEST 

Ⅲ SUMMARY 13-14

BIBLIOGRAPHY 16-17

1
 Ⅰ
INTRODUCTION

Wrestling belongs to the group of multidisciplinary acrylic sports which require well trained
physical, technical,tectical and psychological abilities the exceptional dynamics of the
activity of both competitors with the prominent change of tempo and rhythm in the fight is
present in wrestling.ln variable situation conditions constant changes of offense and defense
activities and other forms of mortar execution mainly happens in the zones of maximal and
submaximal loads of a wrestlers.

Among the combat sports, judo and wrestling are the most represented in the Olympic Games
and both distribute many medals in sporting events. Judo is mainly characterised by stand-up
techniques aiming to throw or take down the opponent, while wrestlers aim to physically
dominate the opponents and establish control. Both are grappling modalities in which athletic
performance is influenced by muscular strength, anaerobic power, muscular endurance,
aerobic power, flexibility and technical ability, all of which are essential for competitive
success.

The technical-tactical training provides support for the adequate development of aerobic
endurance, power, anaerobic capacity, strength, speed and flexibility . In fact, due to the high-
intensity intermittent nature of combat sports, its practice has been suggested as a means to
improve fitness. Anaerobic systems seem to be the main energy sources for determinant
actions (i.e., takedowns and submissions) however, as the match goes on, the aerobic
contribution becomes predominant, even if only efforts are considered . Furthermore, it is
important to ensure that the athletes’ aerobic system is sufficiently developed for training and
competition, since aerobic power enables the maintenance of high intensity activities during
the fight, which might allow individuals to maintain high performance for a longer period.
The physiological demand for combat sports is very high. Winning depends on the strength
and power of the attacks and movements against the opponent. High levels of muscular
endurance and ability to maintain high levels of muscle power, strength and speed in combat
can contribute to the performance and efficiency of proper motor gesture, thus helping to
improve the technical-tactical performance of athletes.

2
Many studies have measured parameters of physical performance in both judo and wrestling.
Although there are studies comparing the physical aspects of the two modalities, there is still
a gap regarding their physiological aspects. Therefore, this work can help coaches to better
plan training. Whilst judo and wrestling are grappling modalities, they are differently
categorized as Belt/Jacket and Freestyle respectively, which, in addition to many specificities,
might bring different physiological demands and result in different adaptations. Those
differences could be related to clothing, duration of the match, and technical-tactical aspects.

In addition, the anthropometric profile has been investigated in combat sports, due to its
relationship with physical and technical aspects. The profile of combat athletes changes
according to their category, but some valences (e.g., speed, power and strength) correlate
with the anthropometric evaluations which are fundamental for better performance during the
fights . Indeed, these anthropometric measures are especially relevant for coaches and trainers
of young athletes, since it could help in talent identification and selection .

However, despite the fact that both judo and wrestling are widely popular and have received
attention among Olympic combat sports science in recent years, direct comparisons of the
physiological profile of athletes from different fighting modalities are scarce. In this context,
the objective of the present study was to compare the anthropometric profile and physical
fitness of young judo and wrestling athletes.

It’s finally time. You’ve worked so hard this off-season to get stronger, better conditioned,
and more powerful. You step up for your first match ready to show off your new found
strength and…you get bullied. Ouch. What happened? Where did you go wrong, and what
can you do to fix it? Today we’re going to talk about testing for wrestling, and how we can
make sure we’re getting strong specifically for wrestling.

I think we should know by now that things like Bench Press and Triceps Push downs aren’t
the foundation for a solid wrestling strength program. For an example, here is a chart I keep
in my facility for our wrestlers (specifically high school, with some middle school athletes) to
strive towards. I am still playing with numbers and exercises but I have found that my
athletes who hit all of these numbers tend to be some of my best on the mat.

3
Ⅱ MAIN PART

MATERIAL AND METHODS: -

The combination of laboratory and field testing was used as the main method of research. The
analytic and statistical method as well as the method of induction.Compared to the analytical
method the method of functional analysis was applied in order to discover mutual
relationship and connections.

Experimental Approach to the Problem

Each volunteer reported to the laboratory on two separate occasions. During the first visit, the
evaluations involved sociodemographic data, anthropometric measures, flexibility, abdominal
endurance, upper limb endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness. In the second visit, power
tests (horizontal jump, vertical jump and medicine ball throw test), specific strength tests
(fixed bar and fixed bar in isometry) and the anaerobic resistance test were performed. The
visits were separated by 48 h and occurred at the same time of day. All participants were
instructed to abstain from caffeine, alcohol and strenuous physical activity for 48 h before
each test day. The temperature in the testing laboratory ranged from 21 to 23 °C for all trials.

Subjects

Thirteen junior athletes (16.4 ± 2.5 years; 66.4 ± 12.1 kg; 1.66 ± 0.07 m) and eleven junior
wrestling athletes (15.6 ± 2.6 years; 52.4 ± 15.5 kg; 1.58 ± 0.08 m) participated in the study.
The athletes were light weight or half extra light weight (wrestling), athletes had a practice
time of 3.2 ± 0.05 years (minimum and maximum training time of 12 and 36 months,
respectively) and were between the orange and brown belts, while wrestling athletes had a
practice time of 2.8 ± 0.04 years (minimum and maximum training time of 12 and 36 months,
respectively). They trained five times a week, with the emphasis on physical work twice a
week, and the emphasis on technical work on the other days. Tests were performed between
February and March 2016. All athletes were in the pre-competition period, focusing on the
national competition of their respective modalities. The inclusion criteria were: (i) To be
affiliated with the State Federations of Wrestling or Judo and (ii) to be training to compete.

4
Those athletes who presented some type of functional limitation due to injury or illness were
excluded from the study. All participants were informed of the potential risks and benefits of
the study and a parent or guardian provided written informed consent. All experimental
procedures were approved by the University Ethics Committee (Approval n° 1.645.086) and
conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Procedures

Anthropometric Evaluation 

Body mass was measured by a digital scale and height was measured by a portable
stadiometer according to the procedures described by Lohman et al. [22]. The wingspan was
measured using a tape measure (TR4012, Sanny, São Paulo, Brazil) as the distance from the
right middle finger to the left middle finger with the volunteer standing upright and the arms
abducted at 90° with the trunk, elbows extended and forearms supinated, according to the
procedures described by Mackenzie [23].

Flexibility Assessment 

Flexibility was assessed by the sit and reach test [24] using a Wells Bench (BW2005, Sanny,
São Paulo, Brazil) and adopting the procedures established by Wells and Dillon [24]. The
flexibility test is important for judo athletes as it helps in injury prevention and assists with
strength and power during the fight

Abdominal and Upper Limb Endurance 

Abdominal endurance was evaluated according to the test described by Mackenzie [23]. The
athlete was in the supine position, with their arms crossed and knees flexed, and the athletes
made the complete movement [23]. To evaluate the upper limbs, the push-up test was
performed. During the test, the volunteers positioned themselves in the supine position, with
their hands resting on the ground and fingers facing forward. Then, the volunteers flexed the
elbows to approximately 90 degrees and extended them again. Only repetitions with complete
range of motion were counted [23]. The resistance test of upper limbs is important because it
helps fighters to perform blows and assess the grip of his opponent.

5
Cardiorespiratory Fitness 

Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by an incremental ergospirometric test on a motorised

treadmill (Centurion, 200, Micromed 2000, Brazil) coupled to a portable computer.
Participants remained at rest in the orthostatic position for 3 min pre-exercise, followed by a
2-min warm up at 5 km/h. Speed was increased by 1 km/h every minute until exhaustion.
After exhaustion, active recovery was performed for 2 min at 2 km/h and the participant then
sat for 4 min. The criteria used for test interruption were: (i) Incapacity of the participant to
perform the exercise; (ii) accentuated increase in systolic arterial pressure (reaching values
greater than 200 mmHg); and (iii) reaching maximum age-predicted heart rate (HR) or (iv)
respiratory exchange ratio >1.15 [27].

HR was continuously monitored using an HR monitor (Polar Electronics, V800, Kempele,

Finland). The expired air was continuously measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas
analyser (Cortex, Metalyzer II, Rome, Italy). Peak treadmill speed (vV˙O2peak) was defined
as the last achieved running speed sustained for at least 30 s. V˙O2peak was defined as the
highest 10-s averaged V˙O2 value with inclusion criteria consistent with conventional
guidelines for V˙O2peak [28].

Horizontal Jump, Vertical Jump and Medicine Ball Throw Test 

Participants started the horizontal jump test (HJT) with both feet parallel behind a marked
start line; participants were instructed to cover the greatest horizontal distance possible using
both feet and swinging their arms. The distance covered by the jump was determined from
the start line to the heel that landed closest to the start line using a floor mounted measure
tape. Three attempts were performed with one min of rest separating each set [23] and the
highest value was used in the analysis.

Vertical jump test (VJT) involved measures of the difference between the standing reach and
the highest height reached during a vertical jump. To do this test, the athletes chalked the end
of their fingers. The athlete stood side onto the wall, keeping both heels on the ground,
reached up as high as possible with one hand and marked the wall with the tips of their
fingers. The athlete then jumped as high as possible and marked the wall again. The vertical
displacement was then calculated on a tape mounted on the wall. Each athlete performed

6
three jumps with one minute of rest in between, and the best jump was selected for analysis
[23,29,30].

The medicine ball throw test (MBT) is a common measure of upper-body explosive power
[31]. It is conducted using a standard 3 kg medicine ball. Participants were seated on the
ground with their legs fully extended and back against the wall. The medicine ball was held
with both hands against the chest and the forearms were positioned parallel to the ground.
Participants were instructed to throw the medicine ball as far as they could while keeping
their back against the wall. The best performance of three trials was recorded.

All of these tests aim to evaluate muscular power, a fundamental variable for combat athletes
because it is directly associated with the speed of reaction and the speed of execution of the
blows during the fight.

Specific Strength Tests 

Athletes’ strength-endurance was assessed using maximum repetitions chin up test (CUT),
where the athletes were encouraged to perform as many repetitions as possible [23,32].
Fifteen minutes after the CUT, the chin up isometric test (CUIT) was performed. In CUIT,
the athletes were asked to keep their elbows flexed with their chin above the hands for as
long as possible and the holding time was recorded.

7
 The
athletes used judogi because of the specificity of the sport. The test was interrupted as soon as
athletes were unable to maintain the initial isometric position [23]. Strength testing is
essential as it assesses the athlete’s ability to perform the strokes more safely, bring greater
dominance over the opponent, and increase decision-making power during the fight.

Anaerobic Capacity Test 

Each athlete underwent an anaerobic resistance test on a motorised treadmill. The test
consisted of a 10-min warm-up involving five bouts of 60 s at 10 km·h −1 interspaced by 60 s
at 6 km·h−1 (60:60 s). Then, the speed was increased to 13 km·h −1 with a 20% slope and
maintained until exhaustion. During the test, athletes were verbally encouraged to exercise
for as long as possible. Time of test and HR were recorded using an HR-monitor

8
It is known that wrestling and judo are intermittent and high-intensity combat sports which
are related to a constant overload of muscles and joints, especially the shoulder, trunk and hip
[9]. Therefore, improvements in strength and fitness are needed to avoid injury and improve
performance during fights. In the present study, judo athletes performed better in the
abdominal resistance test, upper limb strength test, VJT and MBT than wrestling athletes.
This shows us a tendency for athletes to perform better and lower chances of injury than
wrestling athlete modalities. Despite previous studies that have reported that judo athletes
present greater performance in abdominal endurance, upper limb endurance, trunk flexibility,
CUT and strength [9,25], no difference was found in the present study in the flexibility
between judo and wrestling athletes. Similar results on flexibility were reported by Pion et al.
[39], in which the hamstring flexibility of adolescents from several sports modalities was
compared. The results showed that judo athletes presented similar values (37.8 ± 6.8 cm) to
those found in our study (35.0 ± 6.5 cm). On the other hand, Nikkoie et al. [40] found greater
values for the seat and reach test in junior wrestlers (37.0 ± 5.3 cm) than those presented here
(32.7 ± 10.5 cm).

9
Subjects: 44 elite Iranian cadet wrestlers who were invited to the national training camps
periodically participated in this study. They all had at least 5 years‟ training experience. All
wrestlers were assessed during the specific preparatory phase of the season. Before
participating, subjects and subjects‟ parents (for those were under the age of 15) read and
signed an informed consent statement in adherence with the human subject‟s guidelines of
Iran‟s NOC (National Olympic Committee) Research Center. Testing procedures: The tests
selected were familiar to the wrestlers through previous use in training and have a history of
use in the literature of wrestling profiles. The physical fitness parameters included
cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and strength, speed, agility, and explosive
power. Height and weight were also recorded. The subject performed a graded treadmill
exercise test (Bruce protocol) to estimate VO2max. A 40-yd sprint test was used to assess
speed. A pull-ups test (with palms facing the subject) was used to assess muscular endurance
and a 1-minute bent-knee sit-ups test was used to assess abdominal muscular endurance. The
bentknee sit-ups test required the subject to lock his hands behind his head and touch his
elbows to the thigh with a partner holding his ankles. A 4 × 9-m shuttle run test was used to
assess agility. The subject touched a sensor with his hand at each 9-m line [9]. Explosive
power was measured with the standing long jump test where the subjects were instructed to
perform a long jump from a standing position. Standardized instructions were given to
subjects that permitted them to begin the jump with bent knees and swing their arms to assist
in the jump. A line drawn on a hard surface served as the starting line. The length of the jump
was determined using a tape measure, which was affixed to the floor. Each subject was given
3 trials, and the distance of the best jump was measured. The longest jump was used as the
test score [1]. Bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) was estimated from a 1-3 RM effort
using the equation described by Wathan [12]. Each athlete was given three to six attempts
with progressively increasing weight to achieve a 1-3 RM with 3-5 minutes‟ rest between
attempts. Experienced and certified strength and conditioning coaches supervised all testing .

10
Test No. 1 - Aptitude Test

Aim /Purpose: To assess aggressiveness, Technique & tactics

Equipment/ Facilities: Mat, whistle and stop watch

Procedure: All the candidates in pairs of same body weight, Signal Bout starts each player
will fight 3 bouts against 3 different opponent of similar category.

Scoring: 3-2-1 (three point rating scale)

Test No. 2 - Touching knee against partner

Aim /Purpose: Footwork, Reflex action, Coordination and endurance.

Equipment/ Facilities: Mat, whistle and stop watch

Procedure: Candidate stands in extended arms forward. On signal both will make effort to
touch opponent’s knee by means of both palms. As many times as possible within the
duration of 30 sec. At the same time, they will protect their own legs by outstretching

1
opponent’s effort by hands without holding the opponent. They can move side to side, and
backward and backward. Scoring: Number of touches in 30sec

Test No. 3 - Dand – Bethak (Wrestling Push Up)

Aim /Purpose: To assess whole body strength.

Equipment/ Facilities: Mat, whistle and stop watch

Procedure: These are the two different exercises conducted consecutively and as one score. In
bethak the starting position from standing with the feet set at 45 degree angle and feet are 15 -
20 cm apart. Then squatting down with jump slightly and landing on ball of the feet with
lifting the heels slightly. Thereafter come to prone position on the floor with feet close
together and palm flat on the ground directly below the shoulder. To begin one cocks the
body back by lifting buttocks into air while straitening both arms and legs. Bending the
elbows, one dives forward so that the chest glides between the palms close to the ground.
Immediately with the same movement body arches up while straitening the arms and
thrusting the pelvis down to the ground. Thereafter body re-cocks

2
Scoring: Number of dand baithak in 30sec. Figure 1 - Dan Full Size Figure 2 - Baithak

Test No. 4 - Uninterrupted bouts for 3-4 minutes - To assess wrestling competitive endurance
ability. Equipment/ Facilities: Mat, whistle and stop watch

Procedure : wrestlers have to wrestle against each other

Test No. 5 - 400m race and 800m race

Aim /Purpose: To assess speed and endurance.

Equipment’s: Stop watches, 400 m Track, Whistle

Facilities Markings: The 400m distance is marked on the field or a marked 400m track can be
used where curve start is to be given.

Procedure: The athlete stand behind the starting line. On the starting signal athlete runs the
400 meters distance and twice for 800m in the 400m track in as limited time as possible.

Scoring: The time to cover 400m & 800m distance to nearer 1/10" of a second is recorded as
score of the test. Fig. 3: 400 meter Track

3
Test No.6. - Competitive Event Performance test (Competitive Bouts)

Test No. 7 - 6 x 10 meter Shuttle Run

Aim / Purpose: To assess speed & agility

Equipment / Facilities: Ground, whistle and Stop Watch

Procedure: Two lines at a distance of 10 mtr are marked. The Wrestler is asked to stand on
starting line. He / She has to start running and will come back to start line after touching the
line at distance of 10 mtr. This will continue for three touches on each line. It means that an
individual Wrestler completes 60 mtr of total running continuously.

Scoring: Total time will be taken on completion of running. Grading will be given 3 - 2 - 1
(Less time will be awarded highest grading). Fig.4: Shuttle Run Test B. Sports Science
Evaluation Frequency: Twice a Year (Half Yearly) S.NO. TEST NAME (Physiological)
UNITS I Maximum heart rate, basal and resting heart rate Beats per minute II Maximum
anaerobic/RAST/Wingate Test Watt III Yo – Yo IR1/IR2 m (meters) TEST NAME
(Biochemical)

4
Ⅲ
SUMMARY

Wrestling performance involves explosive techniques which are highly anaerobic and of a
high power nature, the aerobic energy system plays a major role in successful wrestling
because the energy required by muscle during break between two periods, recovery between
two matches and even between points in a match comes from aerobic sources. Hence, one of
the most important factors affecting wrestlers‟ performance is maximum oxygen uptake. The
mean maximum oxygen values of the subjects participated in this study was very close to that
reported by Ziagil. In the present study, subjects had a high level of explosive power. The
importance of lower-body power in wrestling lies in the ability of the wrestlers to lift his
opponent during certain offensive maneuvers and to resist attacks by his opponent. The result
of speed test was very close to that reported by Arabaci and Çankaya. The results of agility
and speed tests in our study were lower. This difference is possibly due to that the fact that
the subjects in present study included cadet wrestlers, whereas the subjects of Mirzaei‟s study
were junior wrestlers. However, having high levels of speed and agility help the wrestlers
perform techniques quickly in competition. In push-ups and sit-ups tests, the subjects had
high scores. High muscular endurance allows for good stability in attack and defensive
positions. Upper body strength is a prerequisite for the successful performance of techniques
such as the gut-wrench and lifting of the opponent. In the present study, the wrestlers of 42
and 46 kg weight classes had a relative strength higher than other classes. Wrestling is a high
intensity sport which requires strength and power of both the upper and lower body as well as
relying heavily on isometric force for various wrestling techniques [4, 6, 8, 13].Exercise is
important to good health, but people often get hurt when participating in sports or other
physical activities. A sports injury involves damage to part of your body due to sports,
exercise or athletic activities. A sports injury can be acute (sudden) or chronic (develop over
time). Sports injuries are commonly caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of
force that is greater than the body part can structurally withstand. Common injuries include
bruises, sprains, strains, joint injuries and nose bleeds. Medical investigation is important, as
leaving an injury untreated can have far more severe consequences. A rehabilitation program

5
for sports injuries is designed to meet the needs of the individual patient, depending on the
type and severity of the injury. Active involvement of the patient and family is vital to the
success of the program. The goal of rehabilitation after an amputation is to help the patient
return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall
quality of life--physically, emotionally, and socially.

6
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amtmann J., Cotton A. Strength and conditioning for judo. Strength Cond. J. 2005;27:26–31.
doi: 10.1519/00126548-200504000-00005. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chaabene H., Negra Y., Bouguezzi R., Mkaouer B., Franchini E., Julio U., Hachana Y.
Physical and physiological attributes of wrestlers: An update. J. Strength Cond.
Res. 2017;31:1411–1442. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001738. [PubMed]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cunningham D.A., Faulkner J.A. The effect of training on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
during a short exhaustive run. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 1969;1:65–69.
doi: 10.1249/00005768-196906000-00002. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Del Vecchio F.B., Franchini E. Specificity of high-intensity intermittent action remains
important to MMA athletes’ physical conditioning: Response to Paillard
(2011) Percept. Mot. Skills. 2013;116:233–234. doi: 10.2466/25.05.PMS.116.1.233-
234. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Elsawy G., Abdelrahman O., Hamza A. Effect of choline supplementation on rapid weight
loss and biochemical variables among female taekwondo and judo athletes. J. Hum.
Kinet.  2014;40:77–82. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0009. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Fox S.M., Haskell W.L., Haskell W.L. Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart
disease. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med.  1968;44:950–967. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-
5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Franchini E., Artioli G.G., Brito C.J. Judo combat: Time-motion analysis and
physiology. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 2013;13:624–641.
doi: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868676. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Morphol.  2014;32:36–42. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022014000100007. [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]
Fukuda D.H., Stout J.R., Burris P.M., Fukuda R.S. Judo for children and adolescents:
Benefits of combat sports. Strength Cond. J. 2011;33:60–63.
doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182389e74. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gabbett T.J. Influence of fatigue on tackling ability in rugby league players: Role of muscular
strength, endurance, and aerobic qualities. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0163161.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163161. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]
Grindstaff T.L., Potach D.H. Prevention of common wrestling injuries. Strength Cond.
J. 2006;28:20–28. doi: 10.1519/00126548-200608000-00002. [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]

1
Horswill C.A. Applied physiology of amateur wrestling. Sport Med.  1992;14:114–143.
doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214020-00004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Howley E.T. VO2max and the plateau-needed or not? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007;39:101–
102. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dc897. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
International Olympic Committee Olympic Games, Medals, Results, News. [(accessed on 26
September 2017)]; Available online: https://www.olympic.org/
Iwai K., Okada T., Nakazato K., Fujimoto H., Yamamoto Y., Nakajima H. Sport-specific
characteristics of trunk muscles in collegiate wrestlers and judokas. J. Strength Cond.
Res. 2008;22:350–358. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635d25. [PubMed]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Miarka B., Coswig V.S., Del Vecchio F.B., Brito C.J., Amtmann J. Comparisons of time-
motion analysis of mixed martial arts rounds by weight divisions. Int. J. Perform.
Anal. Sport. 2015;15:1189–1201.
doi: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868861. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ratamess N.A. Strength and conditioning for grappling sports. Strength Cond.
J. 2011;33:18–24. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31823732c5. [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]
Rezasoltani A., Ahmadi A., Nehzate-Khoshroh M., Forohideh F., Ylinen J. Cervical muscle
strength measurement in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and free style wrestlers
and a group of non-athletic subjects. Br. J. Sports Med. 2005;39:440–443.
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.013961. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]
Sayenga D. The problem of Wrestling “styles” in the modern Olympic Games—A failure of
Olympic philosophy. J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 1995;3:19–29. [Google Scholar]
Sertic H., Sterkowicz S., Vuleta D. Influence of latent motor abilities on performance in
judo. Kinesiology. 2009;41:76–87. [Google Scholar]
Tsuyama K., Yamamoto Y., Fujimoto H., Adachi T., Nakazato K., Nakajima H. Comparison
of the isometric cervical extension strength and a cross-sectional area of neck extensor
muscles in college wrestlers and judo athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001;84:487–
491. doi: 10.1007/s004210100405. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Weir J.P., Housh T.J., Johnson G.O., Housh D.J., Ebersole K.T. Allometric scaling of
isokinetic peak torque: The Nebraska wrestling study. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup.
Physiol.  1999;80:240–248. doi: 10.1007/s004210050588. [PubMed]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wells K.F., Dillon E.K. The sit and reach—A test of back and leg flexibility. Res. Q. Exerc.
Sport.  1952;23:115–118. doi: 10.1080/10671188.1952.10761965. [CrossRef] [Google
Scholar]

2
3