A PROJECT ON

THE COMMON ACUTE AND CHRONIC INJURIES IN

WRESTLING
BY

SHUBHAM MAROTHI
WREST-678-2K21

Submitted to

THE DEPARTMENT OF WRESTLING

SPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

NETAJI SUBHAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPORTS
PATIALA

Session - 2021-2022

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled THE COMMON ACUTE AND
CHRONIC INJURIES IN WRESTLING submitted to NETAJI SUBHAS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPORTS PATIALA is a Bonafede record of
work done by SHUBHAM MAROTHI under our supervision.

2
 DECLARATION
This is certified that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is
plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources
have been duly acknowledged. I ever that if any part of the report is found to be
plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.

SHUBHAM MAROTHI
WREST-678-2K21

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTOR CONTANT PAGE NO.
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 Acute injury 6-16
3 Chronic injury 17-21
4 Bibliography 22

4
 Introduction¨:
Sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities or exercising. They
can result from accidents, poor training technique in practice, inadequate
equipment, and overuse of a particular body part. In the United States there are
about 30 million teenagers and children alone that participate in some form of
organized sport. About 3 million avid sports competitors 14 years of age and
under experience sports injuries annually, which causes some loss of time of
participation in the sport. [1] In the process to determine what exactly happened
in the body and the standing effects most medical professionals choose a
method of technological medical devices to acquire a credible solution to the
site of injury. Prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries. It is important to
establish participation in warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that focus on main
muscle groups commonly used in the sport of interest. Also, creating an injury
prevention program as a team, which includes education on rehydration,
nutrition, monitoring team members “at risk”, monitoring behavior, skills, and
techniques.[2] Season analysis reviews and preseason screenings are also
beneficial reviews for preventing player sport injuries. Adults are less likely to
suffer sports injuries than children, whose vulnerability is heightened by
immature reflexes, an inability to recognize and evaluate risks, and
underdeveloped coordination. Injury rates are highest for athletes who
participate in contact sports, but the most serious injuries are associated with
individual activities [3]. Between onehalf and two-thirds of childhood sports
injuries occur during practice, or in the course of unorganized athletic activity.
Baseball and softball are the leading causes of sports-related facial trauma in the
United States, with 68% of these injuries caused by contact with the ball rather
than player-player collision or being hit by a swung bat.

Common Wrestling Injuries

Introduction¨:
Wrestling is an extremely physically demanding sport requiring endurance,
speed and strength – no matter the age of the athlete. Athletes often wrestle in
multiple matches through an entire tournament, sometimes with back-to-back
matches and days, which greatly fatigues the body and increases the risk of
injury. 

5
 Because wrestling is a very physically demanding sport, we see many athletes
with contact injuries from high-impact throws, twists and specific dislocations.
This leads to a high incidence of sprains, contusions (bruises),
dislocations, fractures, concussions and even serious injury.
Given the nature of close skin-to-skin contact, there is also a very high
incidence of contagious infectious skin disorders that may be passed between
wrestlers if not treated properly. 

ACUTE LACERATION, MAT BURN, CONTUSION,

SPRAIN, STRAIN, DISLOCATION, FRACTURE,
INJURIES NOSE BLEEDING, HEMATOMA AURIS

CHRONIC BURSITIS, TENDONITIS, STRESS

INJURIES FRACTURE

Common Wrestling Injuries

LACERATION

6
 laceration, tearing of the skin that results in an irregular wound. Lacerations
may be caused by injury with a sharp object or by impact injury from a blunt
object or force. They may occur anywhere on the body. In most cases, tissue
injury is minimal, and infections are uncommon. However, severe lacerations
may extend through the full thickness of the skin and into subcutaneous tissues,
including underlying muscle, internal organs, or bone. Severe lacerations often
are accompanied by significant bleeding and pain.

Appropriate treatment of lacerations is important to decrease the risk of

excessive scar formation. The first step in the management of lacerations is

7
 haemostasis, or the termination of bleeding. Direct continuous manual pressure
to the area of injury with sterile gauze is helpful for achieving haemostasis.
Once bleeding has stopped, the wound may be explored to determine the
severity and extent of involvement of bone, muscle, tendons, nerves, or blood
vessels. Exploration may reveal the presence of foreign debris, such as concrete
or sand, within the wound.

Mat burn
• A mat burn is a form of an abrasion involving the scrapping off of the outer
layer of skin.
Treatment:
The injured area should be thoroughly clean with antiseptic soap and water. A
solution of hydrogen peroxide may be apply if required.

Nose bleeding
Causes: - Usually a sharp blow to the face such as a punch, direct impact,
falling the mat towards the face, sometimes accompanying a nasal fracture.
Treatment: - have the wrestler in a sitting position with the head forward. If it
is not possible a reclining position with the head and shoulders raise should be
used. Apply finger pressure by pressing on the bleeding nostril. Cold
compresses should also be applied to the nose and face

8
 Sprains
Knee ligament injuries can also occur during wrestling,  most commonly to
the inside (Medial Collateral Ligament †“MCL) or outside (Lateral Collateral
Ligament- LCL) of the knee. These injuries are often the result of the leg
twisting outward from the midline of the body. First-degree sprains can be
treated with RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) and the athlete can
return when the pain subsides. Second- and third-degree sprains need to be
treated by a physician, but they rarely need surgical intervention. Maintaining
strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings, as well as flexibility through the
lower extremities, can help prevent injury.

9
10
 A sprain is where one or more of your ligaments is stretched, twisted or torn.
Ligaments are strong bands of tissue around joints. They connect one bone to
another and help keep your bones together and stable. Sprains often occur in
ligaments around joints in the ankle or knee. The joint is not dislocated or
fractured. The symptoms of a sprain include:  pain,  inflammation (swelling),
 Bruising, and Restricted movement in the affected area. Sprains are common
injuries in many sports and, if necessary, can be treated with rest and anti-
inflammatory medication.
Treatment:
For immediate self-care of a sprain, try the R.I.C.E. approach — rest, ice,
compression, elevation:

 Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. But

don't avoid all physical activity.
 Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately.
Use an ice pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes
each time and repeat every two to three hours while you're awake for
the first few days after the injury.
 Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an
elastic bandage until the swelling stops. Don't wrap it too tightly or

11
 you may hinder circulation. Begin wrapping at the end farthest from
your heart. Loosen the wrap if the pain increases, the area becomes
numb or swelling is occurring below the wrapped area.
 Elevation. Elevate the injured area above the level of your heart,
especially at night, which allows gravity to help reduce swelling.
Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others)
and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) also can be helpful.

After the first two days, gently begin to use the injured area. You should see a
gradual, progressive improvement in the joint's ability to support your weight or
your ability to move without pain. Recovery from sprains can take days to
months.

A physical therapist can help you to maximize stability and strength of the
injured joint or limb. Your doctor may suggest that you immobilize the area
with a brace or splint. For some injuries, such as a torn ligament, surgery may
be considered.

Cauliflower ear (Hematoma Auris):

• The ear is farmed of a layer of cartilage covered with skin and containing a
network of blood vessels.
• In wrestling a blow to the ear may rupture one or more of this blood vessels
and the blood rapidly distends the overlying skin.
• If it is not treated blood will coagulate ( change to solid or semisolid state),
then change into connective tissue and eventually cartilage and result in a
permanent disfigurement of the ear.
• This injury is commonly known as cauliflower ear

12
 • Treatment:
As soon as the injury occurs ice pack applying on the injured part as quickly as
possible.
You can do this by applying ice for 15-minute intervals and pressure should be
applied to stop the bleeding.
When all bleeding has stopped (usually 24 to 48 hours) remove the remaining
fluid contents of the injury
This is should be done by team physician or by a qualified trainer.
After removing have the patient apply pressure to the injured area with a sterile
sponge and his finger.
Cosmetic procedure is available that can possibly improve the appearance of the
ear.

Strain:
• A muscle strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon ( the fibrous tissue that
connects muscles to bones).

13
 • Minor injuries may only overstretch a muscle or tendon, while more severe
injuries may involve partial or complete tears in these tissues.
• Sometimes called pulled muscles, strains commonly occur in the lower back
and in the muscles at the back of the thigh (hamstrings) of a wrestler.
• Initial treatment includes rest, ice, compression and elevation. Mild strains can
be successfully treated at home. Severe strains sometimes require surgical
repair.

Treatment :
We can apply same treatment as apply in sprain (principle of PRICE).

Dislocation:
• A dislocation occurs when the bones in a joint become separated or knocked
out of their usual positions.
• If the joint is partially dislocated, it is called a subluxation.
• Dislocations can be very painful and cause the affected joint area to be
unsteady or immobile (unable to move). They can also strain or tear the
surrounding muscles, nerves, and tendons (tissue that connects the bones at a
joint).

14
 Treatment: -
Don't move the joint. Until you receive help, splint the affected joint into its
fixed position. ...
• Put ice on the injured joint. Don't delay medical care. Get medical help
immediately
• Medication: Your doctor may recommend medication to reduce pain from a
dislocation
• Manipulation: A doctor returns the bones to their proper places.
• Rest: Once the joint is back in place, you may need to protect it and keep it
immobile. Using a splint can help the area heal fully.
• Rehabilitation: Physical therapy exercises strengthen the muscles and
ligaments around the joint to help support it.
• Surgery: Your doctor may recommend surgery if: – Manipulation does not
work to put the bones back in place. – The dislocation damaged blood vessels or
nerves. – The dislocation damaged bones, tore muscles or ligaments that need
repair.

15
 Fracture:

• A bone fracture is a medical condition where the continuity of bone is broken .

• Bone fracture occurs because of high force impact or stress. Most bone
fractures are caused by falls and Direct impact.
• Pain, swelling and bruising;
• Discolored skin around the affected area;
• Angulation: the affected area may be bent at an unusual angle; • Inability to
move the affected area.

16
 Treatment: -
Stop bleeding, especially in the case of open fracture where the skin is torn, by
wrapping the wound with a sterile bandage or a clean cloth.
• Avoid moving the affected area; any movement can result in serious
complications.
• Cool the affected area by applying and ice pack or ice cubes wrapped in a
clean cloth.
• Treat the patient's shock: help them get into a comfortable position, encourage
them to rest. Cover them with a blanket or clothing to keep them warm.
Injuries to the ribs:
• Injury to the ribs consist of cracked ribs, torn cartilage on the end of the ribs
and damage to the intercostals muscles ( the muscle between and under the
ribs).
• When the bone or cartilage is torn the ribs must be pulled back into position
with adhesive tape and held securely in position until healing is completed.
• The wrestler may workout lightly but must have the injured ribs securely
taped.
• Heat will reduce local soreness but the main treatment consists of secure
taping.
• Taping during practice to reduce movement within the injured area.
Bursitis:

17
 • A bursa is a closed fluid filled sac that function as a gliding surface to reduce
friction between tissues of the body.
• Bursitis of knee can occur when the bursa filled with the blood from injury or
overuse.
• How to diagnosed : Bursitis of knee is diagnosed upon the typical location of a
bursa displaying sign’s of swelling including knee pain, tenderness, stiffness
and sometime redness & warmth.
• In this condition increased pain when kneeling and can cause stiffness and
pain with walking.
• The range of motion of the knee is frequently preserved.

18
 Treatment:
Bursitis can be treated with ice compress, rest and inflammatory & pain
medication.
• Sometimes removal of fluid with a needle and syringe under sterile conditions
and can be performed by the doctors.
• Sometimes surgical drainage and removal of the affected bursa sac may also
be necessary.
• Wearing knee pads may help to protect knee to further injury.

Tendonitis:

19
 • The tendons are thick fibrous tissues that attach your muscles to your bone on
the joint.
• Tendonitis is caused by chronic overuse of tendon.
• It can occur in any tendon but in the wrestling most often occurs in the tendons
of the:- Elbows, knees, shoulders & ankles
• Its causes continue play without enough rest in between (perform repetitive
work), tight calf muscles, improper foot wear.
• Pain in the affected tendon when moved or touched.
• Stiffness and restricted movement in the affected area.

20
 Treatment:
Resting the affecting tendon.
• Applying ICE. • Tapping for support of the affecting tendon. • Physio therapy.
• Moving the affected area through its natural rang of motion. • Performing light
stretching exercises. • Light strength training of affecting area.

Stress fractures:

21
 • Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone.
• They're caused by repetitive force, often from overuse — such as repeatedly
jumping up and down or running long distances.
• Stress fractures can also develop from normal use of a bone that's weakened
• Stress fractures are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg
and foot.
• At first, you might barely notice the pain associated with a stress fracture, but
it tends to worsen with time.
• The tenderness usually starts at a specific spot and decreases during rest.
• You might have swelling around the painful area.
• To reduce swelling and relieve pain, you might recommend applying ice packs
to the injured area as needed — 15 minutes every three hours.
• To reduce the bone's weight-bearing load until healing occurs, you might need
to wear a walking boot or brace or use crutches.
• surgery is sometimes necessary to ensure complete healing of some types of
stress fractures, especially those that occur in areas with a poor blood supply.
Treatment:
Most stress fractures will heal if you reduce your level of activity and wear
protective footwear for 2 to 4 weeks. Your doctor may recommend that you

22
 wear a stiff-soled shoe, a wooden-soled sandal, or a removable short-leg
fracture brace shoe.

23
 Bibliography
 Brukner & Khan, “Clinical Sports Medicine”, 2012, McGraw
Hill
 Knight, Kenneth L. “Cryotherapy in Sports Injury
Management”, 1995, Human Kinetics
 Thompson & Floyd, “Manual of Structural Kinesiology”, 2001,
McGraw Hill
 Denegar, Craig R. “Therapeutic Modalities For Muscular
Skeletal Injuries”, 2006, Human Kinetics
 Kent, Michael. “Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science &
Medicine”, 2003, Oxford University Press
 Reiman, Michael P. & Manske, Robert C. “Functional Testing
In Human Performance” 2009, Human Kinetics
 Kibler, W. Ben, Herring, Stanley A. and Press, Joel M.
(1998) Functional rehabilitation of sports and musculoskeletal
injuries. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen.
 Kjaer, Michael (2003) Textbook of sports medicine: basic science
and clinical aspects of sports injury and physical activity. Malden,
Mass: Blackwell Science. Available at:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.actio
n?docID=351491.
 Kraemer, William J. and Fleck, Steven J. (2005) Strength training
for young athletes. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
 Lieber, Richard L. (2002) Skeletal muscle structure, function &
plasticity: the physiological basis of rehabilitation. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 MacAuley, Domhnall and Best, Thomas M. (2007) Evidence-
based sports medicine. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell
Publishing. Available at:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/97804709887
32.

24