Jashsports

PHYSICAL EDUCATION (SPORTS & ATHLETICS)
(As a Subject)
COURSE CODE: 21PE83
A report submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University

in partial fulfilment of requirements for the
award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Submitted By:
Name: Jashwanth P C
USN: 1KS21CS043
Year: 2nd Year
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
K. S. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
No.14, Raghuvanahalli, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru - 560109
2022 - 2023
K.S. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
No.14, Raghuvanahalli, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru - 560109
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Physical Education (Sports & Athletics) (COURSE CODE: 21PE83)” is a
bonafide work carried out by
Name: Jashwanth P C
USN: 1KS21CS043
in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering of
the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2022–2023. It is certified that all
corrections / suggestions indicated for assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
departmental library. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect of
course prescribed for the Degree.
_ _
Signature of Course In-charge Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
ABSTRACT
Fitness is a multifaceted concept encompassing various components essential for overall well-being.
These components include cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition.
Achieving optimal fitness involves a balanced approach that integrates aerobic exercise, strength training,
and flexibility exercises to enhance physical capabilities and promote a healthy lifestyle. Emphasizing these
components fosters resilience against chronic diseases, improves quality of life, and cultivates a sense of
vitality and longevity.
Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are two traditional Indian sports that exemplify agility, teamwork, and
strategy. In Kho-Kho, players chase and tag opponents while avoiding being tagged themselves,
showcasing quick reflexes and spatial awareness. In contrast, Kabaddi involves a raider venturing into
enemy territory to tag opponents, relying on strength and cunning while facing defenders' attempts to thwart
their advance. Both sports reflect cultural heritage and continue to captivate audiences with their fast-paced,
dynamic gameplay.
Athletics encompasses a wide range of track and field events, including sprints, jumps, throws, and
endurance races. Athletes showcase their speed, strength, agility, and stamina in various competitions,
striving for excellence and pushing the limits of human performance. With its rich history dating back to
ancient civilizations and its continued evolution as a global sporting phenomenon, athletics remains a
cornerstone of both amateur and professional sports.
Volleyball and throwball are dynamic team sports that emphasize coordination, communication, and
strategic play. In volleyball, teams aim to send a ball over a net and prevent it from touching the ground on
their side, employing precise passes, sets, and spikes. Throwball, on the other hand, involves passing a ball
back and forth over a net without it touching the ground, demanding quick reflexes and agile movement.
Both sports foster teamwork, camaraderie, and physical fitness, making them popular choices for
recreational and competitive play worldwide.
X
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual
efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders and friends.
Several personalities, in their own capacities have helped me in carrying out these activities. I
would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.
I would like to thank, Dr. Dilip Kumar K, Principal / Director, K.S. Institute of Technology,
Bangalore for their timely advice on the academics and regular assistance throughout our semester.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Rekha B Ventakapur, Head of Department, Computer Science &
Engineering, K.S. Institute of Technology, who is been inspiring and has guided me towards
becomingtechnically more competent, & also for bearing the pains to provide us the necessary
facility.
We thank Course Coordinator, Mr. Shivaprakash K M, Physical Education Director,

Department of Physical Education & Sports, K. S. Institute of Technology, Bangalore, for the
constant support and guidance.
Finally, we would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the college for their
co-operation. Moreover, we thank all our families and friends for their invaluable support and
cooperation.
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
III SEM
1 Fitness Components
1.1 What is Fitness? 1
1.2 Components of Fitness 1–4
2 Kho – Kho
2.1 Introduction to Kho – Kho 5
2.2 Kho – Kho Court & Its Measurements 6
2.3 Fundamental Skills in Kho – Kho 7–9
2.4 Duties of the Officials 10
2.5 Rules of Kho-Kho 10
3 Kabaddi
3.1 Introduction to Kabaddi 11
3.2 Kabaddi Court & Its Measurements 12
3.3 Fundamental Skills in Kabaddi 13 – 15
3.4 Images 16
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
IV SEM
4 Athletics
4.1 Introduction to Athletics 17

4.2 Track Events 17
4.3 Long Jump 18
4.4 Shot Put 19
5 Volleyball
5.1 Introduction to Volleyball 20

5.2 Volleyball Court & Its Measurements 21
5.3 Fundamental Skills in Volleyball 22 – 24
5.5 Rules of Volleyball 25
5.6 Images 26
6 Throwball
6.1 Introduction to Throwball 27
6.2 Throwball Court & Its Measurements 28

6.3 Fundamental Skills in Throwball 29
6.5 Rules of Throwball 30
6.6 Images 31
CONCLUSION & REFERENCES
7 Conclusion 32
8 References 33
PHYSICAL EDUCATION (SPORTS & ATHLETICS) K. S. I. T
1. FITNESS COMPONENTS
1.1. What is Fitness?
 Fitness means one’s ability to execute daily activities with optimal performance, endurance, and
strength with the management of disease, fatigue and stress and reduced sedentary behaviour.
 Fitness is a broad term that means something different to each person, but it refers to your own optimal
health and overall well-being.
 Being fit not only means physical health, but emotional and mental health too.
 It defines every aspect of your health. Smart eating and active living are fundamental to fitness.
1.2. Components of Fitness
There are five components of fitness:

1. Speed
2. Strength
3. Endurance
4. Agility
5. Flexibility
PAGE | 1
1.2.1. Speed:
Speed is defined as the ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible.
For Eg.:
 Speed is important in sprinting, speed skating, sprint cycling.
 Also important in sports such as tennis, badminton etc., when a player has to move forward quickly
from the baseline to reach a drop shot close to the net.
1.2.2. Strength:
Strength is the ability to exert force (measured in Newtons) in order to overcome the resistance.
For Eg.:
 Strength can be seen in push-ups, pull-ups, lifting weights, etc.
 Also seen in hill walking / climbing, digging, shoveling, etc.
PAGE | 2
1.2.3. Endurance
Endurance refers to your body's physical capability to sustain an exercise for an extended period. It is
made up of two components:
a. Cardiovascular Endurance: Cardiovascular endurance, or aerobic fitness, is how well your heart
and lungs can supply the oxygen you need while you exercise at medium to high intensity.
b. Muscular Endurance: Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to
perform repetitive contractions against a force for an extended period of time.
1.2.4. Agility
Agility is the ability to rapidly change body direction, accelerate, or decelerate. It is influenced by balance,
strength, coordination, and skill level.
Eg: Some moves like Lateral Jump, Shuttle Runs, Ladder Drills, Two Jumps Forward / One Jump Back
etc. can be seen for agility.
PAGE | 3
1.2.5. Flexibility
Flexibility is the ability of a joint or series of joints to move through an unrestricted, pain free range of
motion. Although flexibility varies widely from person to person, minimum ranges are necessary for
maintaining joint and total body health.
Eg: Pilates, Calf Stretch, Shoulder Stretch, Butterfly Stretch, Chin to Chest Stretch etc.
PAGE | 4
2. KHO-KHO
2.1. Introduction to Kho-Kho
 Kho-Kho is a traditional Indian sport that dates back to ancient India. It is the second-most popular
traditional tag game in the Indian subcontinent after kabaddi.
 Shri Lokmanya tilak was the father of Kho-Kho.
 In 1987, the Asian Kho-Kho Federation was established in Kolkata, India. The member countries
were Bangladesh, Pakistan Maldives, India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The first Asian championship was
held in 1996 in Kolkata and the second was held in Bangladesh.
PAGE | 5
2.2. Kho-Kho Court & Its Measurements
Length: 27m
Width: 16m
Pole-to-Pole: 24m
Pole to Frist Sitting Box (1st Square): 2.55m
Sitting Box to Sitting Box: 2.30m
Free-Zone: 1.5m
Lobby: 1.5m
Sitting Box: 35cm X 30cm
Officials:
Referee: 1
Umpires: 2
Scorer: 1
Assistant Scorer: 1
Time-Keeper: 1
PAGE | 6
2.3. Fundamental Skills in Kho-Kho

2.3.1. Skills in Chasing
1. Sit on the Box: There are two methods –
a. Parallel toe Method : Chaser sits in his box keeping both his feet parallel and in line with each
other. In this method the Chaser sits in the centre of the box on his toes. The chaser keeps both his
hands outside the centre line out of the box without folding his arms.
b. Bullet toe Method: In this method the chaser sits on his toes, his strong feet touching the front
line of the box and the other strong leg placed a little behind the strong leg. Both the hands should
be placed as in the parallel toe method.
2. Get Up from The Box: There are two Methods –

a. Proximal Method: Proximal Method of giving Kho the chaser after getting a Kho keeps the
nearest foot outside the box at a short distance in the direction he has to move & bends forward
and uses his nearest hand give Kho to his team mate.
b. Distal Method: In this method of giving a Kho the chaser after receiving a Kho keeps the front
leg outside the box in the direction he has to move. He then places the other leg close to the sitting
box of his teammate and bend forward and gives Kho using the nearest hand.
3. Chaser Fundamental Skills:

 Giving Kho: A chaser must say the word ‘Kho’ when he is touching the sitting chaser. It is a foul if
he does not say this word.
 Taking direction: After receiving the Kho, a chaser should take his first step out of the cross lane
with care because that step will decide his direction to move.
 Fake Kho: In such Kho, the chaser pretends to give Kho but actually he follows the runner.
 Tapping: Tapping is touching an active runner by extending an arm. Tapping should be done when
the runner is on the post while tapping the body should lean forward and arm should be extended
completely.
 Trapping: For trapping, the active chaser should try to bring two or three runners to one side or
towards the post. This situation is called trapping.
 Diving: In this technique, a chaser pounces on an active runner to touch him spontaneously. It requires
a lot of courage and practice for being an expert diver.
PAGE | 7
Diving has two types:

1. Pole Diving: In this kind of diving, the runner makes sure he takes support of wooden pole and
diving to touch the runner.
2. Running Diving: In this kind of diving, the runner makes sure he runs speed & diving on the ground
to touch the runner.
4. Cross-Line Covering
An active chaser uses this skill when a dodger is using the circle method or is away from the centre line.
1. Bipedal Method: In this method of covering when a chaser receives Kho, he gets up and starts
walking with straight knees and his upper body slightly bent and his hands stretched straight and
parallel to the ground.
2. Quadra-pedal Method : In this method of line cover the chaser watches the dodger and starts
walking fast in a straight line with his body bent and keeping his hand sideways on the ground.
PAGE | 8
2.3.2. Skills in Dodging

1. Entering in to the area between the pole and the first box:
In a game situation when the dodger is chased till the pole and the chaser makes a turn using the pole,
the dodger uses this skill of cutting through the zone between the pole and first box to avoid being
caught.
2. Chain Game:
This skill is mainly used by the active dodger. In this skill the dodger runs close to the centre line
cutting through each box from behind the of player sitting in the boxes. There are 2 methods of chain
game:
a. Single Chain: This is one of the basic skills used by the dodger as per the situation. In this skill,
the dodger starts running from the first chaser and cuts through each box running close to the
centre line and running from behind each sitting chaser. The dodger runs through all the sitting
boxes and after cutting through the last box again starts cutting through from between each box
in a zig zag pattern.
b. 3-6 Up Chain Run: This is an important and affective skill used by the dodger. This skill involves
continuous running and is more stable and safer. This skill helps to maintain safe distance run
from the chaser and all along the field, keeping an eye on the chaser movement.
3. Dodging by the ring method:

This is a skill used by this runner. This skill involves lot of techniques and is very difficult skill. In
this method the runner does not get tired very easily. When the runner is running away from the
centre line or when the active chaser gives an advance Kho or when the chaser in the centre of the
field is weak this skill can be used.
4. Change of direction :
This is a skill used by the dodger. This skill is used to cross lane the dodger uses a body fake and
makes the chaser change his direction. The dodger stands exactly opposite to the chaser running in
the cross lane at approximately at a 4 to 6 mtrs and then we make body fake to get the dodger thrown
off balance.
PAGE | 9
2.4. Duties of the Officials
A referee shall punish the defaulting player for his mis-behaviour or for breaking the rules of the game.
He is responsible for proper conduct of the game and match. At the end of innings, he declares the score
won by each team, and announces the result.
2.5. Rules of Kho-Kho

 A game of Kho-Kho is played between two teams.
 Number of players in a Kho-Kho team is 12. But only nine can compete on the field.
 A standard match encompasses two innings. Each inning will have 9 minutes which includes chasing
and running.
 The chasing team sits in a row in the middle of the court. The eight players of the chasing team are
made to sit facing opposite directions.
 The chasing team tries to finish an inning as quickly as possible.
 If the chaser is looking to pass the baton to his/her teammate, he/she must say ‘Kho’ and tap on the
back of the teammate to give them a chance to chase.
 The team that takes the shortest amount of time to touch the player chased, is adjudged as the winner.
PAGE | 10
3. KABADDI
3.1. Introduction to Kabaddi
 Kabaddi is basically a combative sport, with seven players on each side; played for a period of 40
minutes with a 5 minutes break (20-5-20).
 Kabaddi was introduced in the India Olympic games at Calcutta in 1952. An All-India Kabaddi
Federation came into existence during 1952.
 New rules were framed in 1953 by Shri Thube, General Secretary of Kabaddi federation of India,
National Kabaddi Championship for Men section and Woman Section (for demonstration) was held
at Nagpur in 1953, and since 1955 National Kabaddi Championship of women section was also
organized along with the men section.
 The game received international exposure during the 1936 Olympic Games at Berlin & received good
appreciation. Kabaddi was included as one of the main disciplines in the 11 th Asian games held at
Beijing in 1990. This is a major land mark in the history of kabaddi. It was a proud movement for
India when it won Gold Medal, India also won Gold Medal in 12th Asian Games held at Hiroshima
1994.
PAGE | 11
3.2. Kabaddi Court & Its Measurements
Length: 13m
Width: 10m
Centre / Middle Line: 6.5m
Lobby: 1m
Baulk Line: 3.75m (from Centre line)
Bonus Line: 1m (from Centre line)
End Line: 1.75m (from Centre line)
Officials:
Referee: 1
Umpires: 2
Scorer: 1
Assistant Scorer: 2
Line Men: 2
PAGE | 12
3.3. Fundamental Skills in Kabaddi

3.3.1. Skills in Raiding
1. Touching with hand: Touching the defenders with the tip of a finger is called touching with hands.
Types are Stooping hand touch, turning hand touch and Running hand touches.
2. Use of Leg-Toe touch: While raiding, the raider should watch the feet of defenders. He should try to
reach the foot of the defender. He should try to reach and touch the nearest defender’s foot with his
toe. Types are Single-toe, Double-toe, Reverse-toe, One-Step & Running-toe Touches.
PAGE | 13
3. Squat Leg Thrust: This is applied by the raider in a squatting position by thrusting the nearest leg
towards the opponent. This skill only for those who have high reaction ability and good agility. Short
and slim raiders can make good.
4. Side Kick: The raider attempts to touch the defender by kicking sideways without losing his balance.
5. Back Kick: A raider changes his/her stance within a fraction of a second and kicks backward looking
for touch points.
6. Crossing Baulk Line: The raider must cross the baulk line. Crossing a line is defined as having either
both feet completely across the line or one foot across and the other in the air.
7. Crossing Bonus Line: The bonus line is the line that is parallel to the balk line which is located
between two lines and the distance is 1 meter. Crossing this line will provide the bonus in kabaddi.
PAGE | 14
3.3.2. Skills in Defending
To tackle the raiders, without stepping outside their team’s zone, the defenders/antis often hold hands and
use a suite of specific, fundamental Kabaddi defensive skills. It takes a lot of practice to develop and
master these Kabaddi counter skills, including
 Focus, quick thinking & reaction
 Physical fitness, strength, & agility
 The ability to anticipate the raider’s moves, choose the right timing, & coordinate with the other antis.
1. Ankle Hold: This basic, individual Kabaddi defensive skill involves tactically grabbing the raider by
the ankle and holding it firmly to prevent him from escaping to the raiding team’s side.
2. Thigh Hold: The thigh hold is also among individual Kabaddi defensive skills and it’s one of the
defender’s favourite skills. That’s because, once the raider has been caught by the thigh, the grip is
typically very firm, which means that the raider’s chances of escaping are slim.
3. Back / Waist Hold: The back or waist hold shares similarities with the thigh hold but, when properly
applied, it’s regarded as more effective in stopping the raider by typically tackled from behind.
4. Block Tackle: The defender uses his body to block the path of the raider in order to prevent him from
escaping back to the raiding team’s side.
PAGE | 15
3.4. Images
PAGE | 16
4. ATHLETICS
4.1. Introduction to Athletics
 Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping, throwing,and
walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross-
country running, and racewalking.
 The results of racing events are decided by finishing position (or time, where measured), while the
jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a
series of attempts. The simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment,
makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual
sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes' performances for a
team score, such as cross country.
4.2. Track Events

 Starting Techniques: Starting Starts & Crouch Starts & use of Starting Block
 Accelerate Techniques: Acceleration with proper running techniques
 Finishing Techniques: Run Through, Forward Lunging & Shoulder Shrug.
PAGE | 17
4.3. Long Jump

 The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an
attempt to leap as far as possible from a take-off point. Along with the triple jump, the two events that
measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the "horizontal jumps".
 There are five main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, take-off,
action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the
fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not
surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints.
PAGE | 18
4.4. Shot Put

 The shot put is a track and field event involving "putting" (throwing) a heavy spherical ball—
the shot—as far as possible. For men, the sport has been a part of the modern Olympics sincetheir
revival (1896), and women's competition began in 1948.
 Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all
putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of slightly
less than forty-five degrees.
 Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception
in 1896, and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships.
PAGE | 19
5. VOLLEYBALL
5.1. Introduction to Volleyball
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to
score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the
official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced to
the programme at the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. The adapted version of volleyball at the Summer
Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.
Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World War I, when national
organizations were formed. The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organizedin
Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter
members of the FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th
century.
PAGE | 20
5.2. Volleyball Court & Its Measurements
Length: 18m
Width: 9m
Centre Line to Attack Line: 3m
Attack Line to Service Line: 6m
Line Thickness: 5cm (inside of the court)
Free zone: 3m (FIVB international matches 5m from side line, 6.5m from end line)
Attacking line extension from side line: 1.75m (dotted line)
Officials:
First Referee: 1
Second Referee: 1
Scorer: 1
Assistant Scorer: 1
Line Judges: 2 (Other Competitions), 4 (International matches)
Line Judges Flags: 40 x 40 cm
PAGE | 21
5.3. Fundamental Skills in Volleyball

5.3.1. Volleyball Service
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court.
The main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed
and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an
"ace" when the ball either lands directly onto the opponent's court or the first opponent to touch the ball
is unable to volley it (hit it upwards enough for a teammate to continue).
1. Under Arm: A serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up and
striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive
and are rarely employed in high-level competitions.
2. Side Arm: The ball is held at about hip level and it is tossed about a foot into the air while arm swings
parallel to the floor. If the player is right-handed, the left side of the body faces the net, left foot forward
and swing the arm as similar as the forearm swing.
3. Jump Serve: An overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a
timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with much pace and topspin. This
is the most popular serve among college and professional teams.
4. Float Serve: An overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes
unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball.
PAGE | 22
5.3.2. Volleyball Pass
 Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve or any
form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court but also
making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
 The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the
ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waistline; and overhand pass, where it
is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are acceptable in professional and beach
volleyball; however, there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball. When
a player passes a ball to their setter, it is ideal that the ball does not have a lot of spin to make it easier
for the setter.
PAGE | 23
5.3.3. Volleyball Spike & Block
Spike: In volleyball, spiking is the offensive play where a player swings the ball with their palm sharply
downwards over the net and into the opposing court, making it difficult for the opposing team to recover
the ball. The mechanism of spiking is unique to volleyball, but its counterparts in other sports include
slam dunking in basketball, smashing in tennis, or shooting in association football.
Block: A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the
opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and
reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It requires
anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also require calculating the
best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.
PAGE | 24
On the sidelines, at the back corners and at the net, someone always has an eye on the volleyball court during
a game. Although their duties vary, volleyball officials ensure that the game is played fairly, cleanly and that
points are given when they are deserved. Those officials are the referees, the scorekeeper, assistant
scorekeeper or libero tracker, and the line judges.
5.5. Rules of Volleyball
 The number of players in volleyball is six on each side, with the teams separated by a net in the middle.
 The team that wins the pre-game coin toss gets the opportunity to serve the ball first. The aim of the
server is to hit the ball over the net from behind the baseline over to the opposition’s team half to start
a rally.
 Teams are allowed a maximum of three consecutive touches after which they have to send the ball into
the opposition’s half. The player that receives the serve, attempts to control the ball and loop it in the
direction of one of their team-mates. This is known as the ‘pass’ or the ‘bump set’ which is executed
with the forearms.
 The player that gets the second touch is usually the ‘setter’, who loops the ball up as close to the edge
of the net as possible setting up a smash, known as a ‘spike’ in volleyball.
 The opposition team attempts to block the ball by often positioning their tallest and most athletic
players close to the net and the rally continues until one of the teams commits a fault or if the ball hits
the ground.
PAGE | 25
5.6. Images
PAGE | 26
6. THROWBALL
6.1. Introduction to Throwball
 Throwball is a non-contact ball sport played across a net between two teams of nine players on a
rectangular court.
 Throwball is popular in Asia, especially on the Indian subcontinent, and was first played in India as
a women's sport in Chennai during the 1940s. Like volleyball, the game's roots are linked with
the YMCA. Both volleyball and Newcomb ball, while older games, share many similarities with
throwball. Throwball rules were first drafted in 1955 and India's first national level championship
was played in 1980.
 The International Throwball Federation is the highest governing body for the sport.
PAGE | 27
6.2. Throwball Court & Its Measurements
Length: 18.30m
Width: 12.20m
Neutral Box: 1.50m
Line Width: 5cm
Free zone: 2m
Service zone: 6.10m
Officials:
Referee: 1
Umpire: 1
Scorer: 1
Assistant Scorer: 1
Line Men: 2
PAGE | 28
6.3. Fundamental Skills in Throwball
 Over Head Service: Service is within five seconds after the referee whistles and is done from the
service zone, without crossing the end line. A player can jump while serving the ball. The service ball
must not touch the net. Double touch is not allowed for receiving the service ball and players stayin 2-
3-2 position during the serve.
 Two Hand Catching: During a rally, the ball must be caught at once with both hands, without any
movement of the ball within the hands (dubs) and the ball should not have contact with the ground.
The ball is thrown within three seconds after being caught, only from above the shoulder line and only
with one hand. A player can jump when throwing the ball, which can touch the net (but not the antenna).
The player should have contact with the ground when catching the ball. However, the ball is not 
touched by any part of the body other than the palm when catching or throwing (body touch). The ball
can neither be shifted (passed) to the left or right nor deliberately pushed. Two players are not allowed
to catch the ball simultaneously.
 One Hand Over Head Return: The players have to catch the ball with both hands and return it using
one hand only.
 Side Arm Return: The players have to catch the ball with both hands and return it using one hand
only. Side Arm can be done to return the ball to opposite team.
PAGE | 29

A Referee & An Umpire rule the match, a score-keeper assists them.
 Duties of Referee: The referee decides when the ball is in play, when a point is scored, measures
time-outs (uses a whistle). Prior to the match he verifies whether the playing field and ball correspond
to the rules and checks the identity of the players according to the list. The ruling of the referee is
always final. The position of the Referee is behind the post. His eye level should be at least 50 cm
above the upper edge of the net.
 Duties of Umpire: The Umpire oversees the sidelines and centre line, signals out balls, and checks
the players’ rotation after scoring a point.
 Duties of the score-keeper: The score-keeper keeps the score and notes time-outs. He announces the
match score after each loss (fault).
6.5. Rules of Throwball
 Throw ball is a team sport. Each team consists of twelve players with 7 active players at the time of
play and 5 substitutes.
 The match is played for best of 3 sets for 25 points in each set with rally score.
 The players have to catch the ball with both hands and return it by one hand only.
 The ball that is to be served should be released from above the shoulder/shoulder line of the player.
 The service ball should not touch the net.
 Double touches are not allowed for receiving the service ball.
 The players should serve the ball after the whistle is blown and within 5 seconds.
 Players should serve the ball from the service-zone but without crossing the end line.
 If the player's ball has fallen on the box line or in the dead zone, then it is regarded as a foul.
 Any ball that has been caught during the rally is to be released within 3 seconds.
 The players have to stay in a 2-3-2 position at the time of service.
 Players are not allowed to shift the ball from right to left or left to right else, penalty points are given.
 In the entire match, there are two time-outs of 30 seconds in each set.
 The players need to wear a proper uniform, i.e. shorts and jersey with numbers printed on both the
front and the back. Only numbers from 1-12 are allowed to be used.
 Two players cannot catch the ball simultaneously, or the team loses points.
 Throwball is played on a court that has a total perimeter of 12.2 meters x 18.3 meters with a neutral
box on either side of the entire court measuring 1 meter. The net is placed across the centre of the
court at the height of 2.2 meters.
PAGE | 30
6.6. Images
PAGE | 31
7. Conclusion
In summary,
 Fitness is a holistic concept comprising various components such as cardiovascular endurance,
muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Prioritizing a balanced approach to exercise and
lifestyle habits is essential for achieving optimal physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality
of life. By addressing each component of fitness, individuals can cultivate resilience, longevity, and a
sense of vitality in their daily lives.
 Kho-Kho and Kabaddi stand as traditional sports deeply rooted in Indian culture, emphasizing agility,
teamwork, and strategic thinking. These dynamic games not only promote physical fitness but also
foster important life skills such as discipline, resilience, and camaraderie among players. With their
cultural significance and global appeal, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi continue to captivate audiences,
bridging communities and celebrating the spirit of sportsmanship.
 Volleyball and Throwball represent two dynamic team sports that promote athleticism, coordination,
and teamwork. Both games require players to communicate effectively, strategize, and execute precise
movements to achieve success. With their inclusive nature and emphasis on cooperation, volleyball
and throwball offer opportunities for players of all skill levels to engage in spirited competition while
fostering camaraderie and physical well-being.
PAGE | 32
8. References
 https://www.acefitness.org/
 https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/exercise-physical-activity
 https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/exercise-and-fitness
 http://www.khokhofederation.in/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho_kho
 http://www.indiakabaddi.com/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
 https://www.internationalkabaddifederation.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball
 https://www.theartofcoachingvolleyball.com/basic-volleyball-rules-and-terminology/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwball
 https://sportsmatik.com/sports/throwball/rules
PAGE | 33

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION (SPORTS & ATHLETICS)

COURSE CODE: 21PE83

Visvesvaraya Technological University

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

bonafide work carried out by

course prescribed for the Degree.

We thank Course Coordinator, Mr. Shivaprakash K M, Physical Education Director,

1.1 What is Fitness? 1

1.2 Components of Fitness 1–4

2.1 Introduction to Kho – Kho 5

2.2 Kho – Kho Court & Its Measurements 6

2.3 Fundamental Skills in Kho – Kho 7–9

2.4 Duties of the Officials 10

2.5 Rules of Kho-Kho 10

3.1 Introduction to Kabaddi 11

3.2 Kabaddi Court & Its Measurements 12

3.3 Fundamental Skills in Kabaddi 13 – 15

4.1 Introduction to Athletics 17

5.1 Introduction to Volleyball 20

6.1 Introduction to Throwball 27

6.2 Throwball Court & Its Measurements 28

6.4 Duties of the Officials 30

6.5 Rules of Throwball 30

CONCLUSION & REFERENCES

1.2. Components of Fitness

There are five components of fitness:

2.2. Kho-Kho Court & Its Measurements

2.3. Fundamental Skills in Kho-Kho

2. Get Up from The Box: There are two Methods –

3. Chaser Fundamental Skills:

Diving has two types:

2.3.2. Skills in Dodging

3. Dodging by the ring method:

2.4. Duties of the Officials

2.5. Rules of Kho-Kho

3.2. Kabaddi Court & Its Measurements

3.3. Fundamental Skills in Kabaddi

3.3.2. Skills in Defending

4.2. Track Events

4.3. Long Jump

4.4. Shot Put

5.2. Volleyball Court & Its Measurements

5.3. Fundamental Skills in Volleyball

5.3.2. Volleyball Pass

5.3.3. Volleyball Spike & Block

5.4. Duties of the Officials

5.5. Rules of Volleyball

6.2. Throwball Court & Its Measurements

6.3. Fundamental Skills in Throwball

6.4. Duties of the Officials

6.5. Rules of Throwball

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