Final Examination Reviewer for Readings in Philippine History

A. Lesson 9: Postwar Period and Neocolonialism in the Philippines

• Central Intelligence Agency became the primary agency of US in terms of intelligence that
has been crucial as they traverse a new world order.
• Cold War was the period culminated after WWII and it’s characterized with the relentless
competition between the democratic-capitalist and the social-communist.
• Pres. Elpidio Quirino’president’s government has been detected by the CIA with
corruption scandals across different levels of governance.
• Huks is a Communist-led uprising in Central Luzon had been the problem or concern of
the Philippine government and CIA from 1946 – 1954.
• Ramon Magsasay’s campaign was choreographed by the CIA to ensure that the next
president would serve the US interests well
• Leon O. Ty wrote an article titled “It’s Up to You Now”. This article is an illustration of
Magsaysay’s portrayal in the press.
• The journalist described Magsaysay’s plan to resign from Liberal Party and to run for
Senator for another party.
• The very image that Edward Lansdale wanted for Magsaysay was well captured by the
Philippine Free Press article
• Cory Aquino was the symbol of the restoration of democracy in the Philippines in 1986.
• Cory stated that the EDSA People Power Revolution demonstrated that the Filipino people
fulfilled the restoration of democracy and responsible government.
B. Lesson 10: Historical Interpretation
• Zula is the immediate cause of Battle of Mactan who claimed that he was unable to send
bulk of his tribute to Magellan because of Lapulapu.
• Gaspar Correa describe Lapulapu as 70 yrs old or older as the term used was veljo/Viejo
• Magellan led his troop of 49 men to face 1,500 of Lapulapu’s force. While this number of
troops are fighting, 11 of Magellan’s men were left in their boats
• Butuan was believed to be the site of the first Mass for three centuries culminating in the
erection of a monument in 1872 near Agusan River.
• Historians generally refer to 2 primary sources in identifying the site of the first mass.
• In the account of Francisco Albo, the location of Mazava that of the island of Limasawa,
at the southern tip of Leyte.
• Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint Lazarus” because it was
Sunday of Lenten season when they discovered it
• In the work of Bernad, he argued that in Pigafetta’s account, a river was not even
mentioned. The claim that the first mass happened at Butuan could not be truthful.
 • The Retraction allegedly signed by Jose Rizal a few hours before his execution declares
that he renounces everything he has written against the Church.
• Fr. Vincent Balaguer claimed that he was the one who assisted Rizal most of his sad days
and even argues with him and demolished his arguments
C. Lesson 11: Multiperspectivity
• Martyrdom of GOMBURZA and Cavite Mutiny directly influenced the decisive events of
the Philippine Revolution towards the end of the 18th century.
• The documentation of this Jose Montero y Vidal centered how the mutiny as an attempt to
overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. His account was criticized because
it was biased and rabid.
• According to Rafael Izquierdo, the mutiny was motivated and prepared by the native
clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers.
• According to Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, the mutiny was due to the
dissatisfaction of the soldiers and laborers of the arsenal from the draconian policies of
the governor-general.
• In Guillermo Masangkay’s account about the Cry of Rebellion, he narrated that it
happened on August 26 at the house of Apolonio Samson in Balintawak.
• In Santiago Alvarez’s account about the Cry of Rebellion, he stated that it happened at
Bahay Toro on August 24.
• In Pio Valenzuela’s account about the Cry of Rebellion, he declared that it happened at
Pugad Lawin on August 23.
• US see the conflict as Philippine Insurrection because Philippines was a territory of US
• This anonymous author of an article about the disconnect between the foundation
principles of US and what it was doing to the Philippines was believe to be Apolinario
Mabini
• Filipinos see the conflict as Philippine-American war because US is asserting its identity
and denied legalistic interpretation
D. Lesson 12: Historical Negationism
• Ambeth Ocampo noted the Rizal could not have written “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” because
the original manuscript does not exist
• The 1st appearance of the “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” was when Hermenegildo Cruz included
it in his book “Kun Sino Kumatha ng Florante”.
• Nilo Ocampo argued that Rizal could not have written the poem because of the word
“Kalayaan”. This word only appeared in a dictionary in 1889.
• In the process of creating the New Society, Ferdinand Marcos sought he assistance of
scholars, intellectuals, and experts to write a multi-volume Philippine history, entitled
“Tadhana”
 • The reasons of Ferdinand Marcos in creating his ambitious historical project where he
employed topnotch Filipino historians:
➢ Ensure that history would be kind to him
➢ To correct the negative portrayal that is bestowed on him by the academe and mass
media
➢ Explain himself to the future generations who would study his presidency
• 19 volumes were supposed to be published
• Moros have had a long history of resistance against foreign rule from Spanish to the
American, and later against the Philippine government.
• Jabidah Massacre was the political awakening of Moros
• Operation Merdeka was the mission to regain Sabah from Malaysia
• Jibin Arula was the lone survivor of the Jabidah Massacre that was a part of the unit in the
quest to regain Sabah from Malaysia
E. Lesson 13: Representation in History
• Great Man Theory states that great men move history. That’s why only the upper echelons
of the society were the one included in writing history.
• By the 1970s, historians from both Philippines and abroad recognized that there is a need
of the following because their perspective and experience were left unaccounted
➢ No longer side or narrate the story of the colonizers, oppressors, masters, and
executioners
➢ Represent the history of ordinary people or the masses
➢ Feature the history of the minority, poor, and oppressed
• The mission of the historians in writing the minorities’ perspective included some
challenges. One of the challenges of historians in writing is there is little to no sources.
• One of the essential things to create a gender-equal society is to acknowledge, recognize,
and study the portrayal of women at various periods in the past
• In ancient Philippine society, the role of the spiritual leaders was relegated to catalonan or
babaylan
• Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, the babaylan would be altered. They would be accused
of being mangkukulam
• Moros was not the indigenous name of the inhabitants of Mindanao who were Islamized.
This was misappropriated to them by the Spaniards.
• The image painted towards the Moros consisted of these descriptions:
➢ Barbaric
➢ Unruly
➢ Uncivilized
• This image was so well painted that the Spaniards even pitted Indios against the Moros
 • The Americans recognized the power of education to control the minds of young Moros.
But they resisted the attempts by hiding their children in closets
F. Lesson 14: Critical Perspectives in Philippine History
• H. Otley Beyer created a theory called Waves of Migration theory. The theory stated that
Filipino ancestors came in different “waves”. Some of them are the following:
➢ Java-men
➢ Australoid-Sakai
➢ Malays
• The popular known version of the theory mentioned above was the “Aeta-Indones-Malay”
waves of migration. But there are problems with this claim. The following are the
problems:
➢ Overly simplistic
➢ Based on basic and outdated theories
➢ No evidence to support it
• Peter Bellwood sought to find more tangible evidence through studying linguistics in the
archaeological findings.
• The Philippine experience of colonialism has been under these 4 colonizers:
➢ Spanish
➢ Britain
➢ American
➢ Japanese
• John Phelan stated that the colonization of the Spaniard was overwhelming advantageous
to Filipinos
• John Crawford declared that Catholicism raised the moral and intellectual stature of the
Filipinos.
• Teodoro Agoncillo credited the American for exploiting the country. Exploiting means the
we owe our system of government, health, language, fashion, food, music, and many others
to them
• After the Japanese occupation in Manila, Hideki Tojo announced that he would grant the
Philippine the honor of independence, if they understood Japan’s great intentions.
• Jose P. Laurel was the target of guerrilla fighters because he was deemed to be pro-Japanese
• To soften the attack of the Japanese is the reason why Jose P. Laurel cooperated with the
Japanese during their invasion
G. Lesson 15: Social History
• At the onset of Spanish colonization, natives resisted the imposed way of life by the
colonizers. They went back to their old ways. They were led by the babaylan.
• Rosa Sevilla Alvero published an essay where she asserted that women are not docile and
silent beings. She stated that women are vital to the development of human race.
 • During the Spanish rule, Chinese settled close to the Spanish government to secure jobs.
• Chinese mestizos were proprietors, merchants, and educated people according to Sinibado
de Mas.
• The NCIP was tasked to protect the IP from researchers that extract information from the
indigenous people (IP). Researchers will complete their theses and graduate and will not
go back to the communities to discuss the results of their study to help create direct policies
that will help the IPs.
H. Lesson 16: Political History
• The Malolos Constitution of 1899’s form of government consists of 3 distinct powers,
namely: (1) executive, (2) legislative, and (3) judicial.
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution established the country as a democratic-republican state
where sovereignty resides in the people, and all government authority emanates from them
• The earliest semblance of an election that the Philippines witnessed would be through the
Ordinance of Good Government in 1642
• The post-EDSA years witnessed the emergence and popularity of celebrities turned
politicians at various levels of government. For example, Joseph Estrada was a movie star
before finally being elected as the 13th president of the Philippines
• Moro National Liberation Front aimed to be independent from the Philippine government
through a peace agreement which was mediated by the Organization of the Islamic
Conference Committee of Four. The OIC Committee of Four is composed of Libya, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, and Somalia.
I. Lesson 17: Economic History
• Landownership improved under the US. Possession was limited to those who can buy,
register, and acquire fixed property title. Landless peasant farmers did not receive any lands
acquired by the Americans that belong to the friars during Spanish colonial period.
• Efforts toward agrarian reform by the Commonwealth such as National Rice and Corn
Corporation and National Land Settlement Administration failed because of problems like
budget allocation and widespread uprisings.
• Two direct taxes were added during Spanish period: Industria was a tax on salaries,
dividend, and profits, and Urbana was a tax on the annual rental value of urban real estate.
• Under the term of Aquino, value-added tax was introduced. Its most prominent feature was
the uniform rate of 10% on sale of domestic and imported products and services and 0%
on the exports and foreign-currency-denominated sales.
• The Ramos administration created the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program. This was
implemented to make tax system broad-based, simple, and with reasonable tax rates.
J. Lesson 18: Cultural History
• Epics used to be recited by special member of the society called binukot for hours and
hours during special occasions.
 • Fiestas or festival are the socio-cultural high point of the year. During fiestas, visitors
would come & join this celebration to honor a particular patron saint of Catholic faith.
• The Spanish friars saw an opportunity to use festivals to attract rural natives to the new
faith established in urban centers – making the fiestas more colorful and inviting.
• Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is challenging to preserve and protect. For example,
Buklog, a thanksgiving ritual system from Subanen in Southern Philippines, is affected by
several issues like weakened practice and transmission due to diminished participation.
• To prevent disappearance of our ICH, National Commission for Culture and Arts was
created in the Philippines. It acts as our safeguard of Philippine culture.
K. Lesson 19: Environmental History
• The Philippines has 220 volcanoes, around 25 of which are classified active, with 3
volcanoes are the most active (1) Mayon, (2) Taal, and (3) Canlaon
• 25% of the world’s tropical cyclones and typhoons occur in the Philippine Area of
Responsibility
• Northern Luzon had experienced the highest number of floods, consistent with its image
as the most hazard-prone are of the country.
• Mt. Pinatubo was considered dormant since there was no historical record of it ever
erupting for 600 years
• In the post-war years of the country, the government dealt with cholera in the 1950s &
1960s
• Smallpox was 1st recorded to have arrived in Luzon in 1574 and caused a severe outbreak
in Manila in 1591
• During WWII, these 2 diseases struck the US troops in Leyte. The first one was
poliomyelitis contracted from the local population while the 2nd disease was
schistosomiasis which was contracted with water
• Mining became a significant interest in the US economic survey teams. Americans
deforested the Philippine Lands in search of mines. By the 1970s, 170,000 hectares of
forest were destroyed which alarmed the Bureau of Forestry.
• With these deforestation activities, it entailed heavy logging – well-being of IPs living in
these forests was the cause of concern
• To mitigate environmental degradation, the government passed these following laws.
➢ Executive Order No. 263
➢ National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act
➢ Philippine Mining Act
L. Lesson 20: Historical Research
• Going through the catalog is the key to unlocking the potential materials in a library for
your research
 • Whenever a student needs to do research, it makes sense that the student will traditionally
go to the library. It is a place where books, articles, newspaper, theses and dissertation,
multimedia collection, and other kind of potential sources are stored
• When you yield too many results in your search, limit the results into particular topics y
using specific keywords
• In employing your search for the topic, you are studying, check other forms of materials.
• With a single click, the internet will let you access tons and tons of available data
• These skills are essential when you are doing online/internet research about a topic:
➢ Knowing where and how to look
➢ Using the right search string
➢ Utilize search engines
• Google provides its customized platform for scholarly research which Google Scholar. Its
link is www.scholar.google.com
• Most often, one of the first results that will come out will be the pages from Wikipedia
• To avoid plagiarism, you should do these following actions:
➢ Paraphrase or rewrite ideas in your own words
➢ Add citation that follows the preferred citation style of your school
➢ Use quotation marks and cite the source
• www.gov.ph is enriched with sources that may be used for research especially on laws and
other government issuances
M. Lesson 21: Life History and Biographical Research
• Biography is the narrative of the life of an individual from birth and contains basic facts
about the individual subject, written by another person.
• Autobiography is a life account or history of a person, written by that person
• Using historical methodology is essential in writing life histories/biographies despite the
relatively smaller subjects of the historical records/records
• Genealogy is the practice of tracing one’s lineage through various means
• In writing your life history, you must include these aspects that shaped your life:
➢ Places where you went
➢ People that have been influential to you
➢ Institutions you have been part of
• In writing your life history, these methods are essential in capturing your life:
➢ Examining your relationship with others
➢ Interactions with the people that surround you
➢ Narrating your family’s history
• In terms of sources, oral accounts acquired through interviews is the most useful and
accessible source in writing a life history
 • Questions like “Did they run a family business” would be a good starting point in talking
about a person’s life history specifically their family history
• Writing an autobiography is a fruitful endeavor that would make us know about ourselves
better.
• Also, writing an autobiography should be done with the same rigor and critical thinking
employed in reading and writing other kinds of historical texts
N. Lesson 22: Local and Oral History
• Local history is the study of the history of a particular community or a smaller unit of
geography.
• Oral history is attached to interviewing. Its method uses verbal accounts of historical
subjects, witnesses, and members of the communities.
• The following are general reminders when researching local history:
➢ Professionalism. A researcher should be ready to persevere alone in a topic that has
scarce sources, yet prepared to work amicably and humbly with new acquaintances
➢ Canons of research. Researcher should first comb through all written materials on a
local history topic before going to the field.
➢ Local history is multifaceted. History is not bound by its location alone. Rather, the
key concepts revolve around the people
➢ Fairness and open-mindedness. Researcher should include all the new sources and
information whether one likes or dislikes them
O. Lesson 23: History through Painting and Films
• In analyzing art, it is essential to know why was it made and who created the work of art.
• The cultural significance of historical art relies on its ability to represent the time, place,
and politics of the time it was created.
• A problem with historical films is that they are intended to engage the viewer’s senses and
emotions and not necessarily educate.
• The average film length of more or less 2 hours certainly limits the filmmaker ability to
balance historical accuracy and artistic representation.
• Historical research is more attentive to evidence, while historical films reach wider
audience with evocative and striking visuals.
• We must remember that filmmakers are not historians
• Historical films can always be verified and critiqued using the same critical thinking skills
taught in the study of history.
P. Lesson 24: Historical Sites, Structures, and Museums
• Museum is a space where historical, scientific, artistic or cultural objects are stored and
exhibited
• The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NCHP) is the government agency
mandated to restore, preserve, and conserve movable and immovable objects of historical
values for the country.
• Historical structures and sites are identified with:
➢ Its strong association with important historical events, heroes, illustrious Filipinos
➢ Properties that bear strong foreign influences
➢ Sites of 1st establishments
➢ Groups or clusters of buildings or structures like plazas and other open spaces
• Museums are designed for learning. It provided the visitors a sensory explanation of the
objects in it together with the texts that explain the value of objects and why we need to
interact with it.
• History comes to life when we realize that the past has left us with sites and artifacts to
learn about historical events.