Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE

COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

CALNEA, YNA VALEROS

BSABE 4A

STUDY WORK 1
Water Management in Crop production

Introduction

Water is one of the most important crop inputs. It has a significant impact on
photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, translocation, and utilization of universal
nutrients, as well as cell division and other processes. Its scarcity and abundance have
an impact on plant growth and development, yields, and produce quality. Rainfall is the
most affordable natural water supply source. Its distribution is highly uneven and
unpredictable. Artificial water supply via irrigation on one hand, and excess water
removal via drainage on the other, becomes necessary. Crop yields can be increased
significantly with the right combination of water and soil nutrients in irrigated agriculture.
When canals supply water, it is a costly input. Water logging, salt imbalance, and other
issues render agricultural lands unproductive. Proper understanding of the relationships
between soils, crops, climate, and water is required for efficient and cost-effective use
of water resources for maximum crop production.

Objectives:

The general objective of this study work is to exemplify and infer the concepts
and the associated application of water management in crop production. Specifically, it
aimed to:

1. calculate the water requirement of various crops

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

2. determine the factors influencing crop water requirement

3. distinguish crop water requirement, consumptive use, irrigation water
requirement and effective rainfall

Materials and Equipment

Methodology

1. Define the following terms

a. Evapotranspiration – combination of water transpired from

vegetation and evaporated from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.
b. Consumptive use –
c. Irrigation efficiency – the ratio of the amount of water delivered
during the irrigation period over the amount of water supplied.
d. Effective rainfall – (ER) amount of rainwater that falls directly on the
field and is used by the crop for growth and development excluding deep
percolation, surface runoff and interception
e. Application/irrigation water losses –
f. Depth of rootzone – soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of
the crop extracts most of the water needed for evapotranspiration
g. Frequency of irrigation – refers to the interval between the start of
successive field irrigation applications on the same field.

2. Discuss the following methods of determining consumptive use

a. Tank and lysimeter experiments or method

A lysimeter is a measuring device that can be used to determine
the amount of evapotranspiration produced by plants. The amount
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

of water lost to evapotranspiration can be calculated by recording

the amount of precipitation that an area receives and the amount
lost through the soil.
b. Soil moisture depletion
c. Integration method
d. Inflow-outflow method in large area
e. Energy balance and heat and mass transfer
3. Give and explain the factors influencing crop water requirement and associate to
crop water management
4. Discuss the methods in determining consumptive use by Penman, Blaney and
Criddle, Jensen and Haise, and Hargreaves evapotranspiration. Give example
and reason whether this could be applicable in the Philippine condition. Is/are
there Filipino/s who worked on this area? If so, please give his/their
contributions. What appropriate method could be used in the Philippines?

Penman Method
It provides either consumptive or potential evapo-transpiration. Penman's
formulae, which are based on the energy radiation concept and aerodynamic
principles, provide reliable PET values. It necessitates information on a large
number of weather parameters.
Doorenbos and Pruit presented a modified Penman method for estimating
PET values in 1975, based on an extensive study of climatic and measured
grass evapo-transpiration data from various research stations around the world.
The method provides reference crop ET value with reasonable accuracy. They
have also prepared the necessary tables for computations.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Blaney and Criddle

If no measured pan evaporation data are available locally, a theoretical
method (e.g., the Blaney-Criddle method) must be used to calculate the
reference crop evapotranspiration ETo. There are numerous theoretical methods
for calculating the ETo. Many of them have been identified and tested on a local
level. Such local formulae should be used if they are available. If no such local
formulae exist, one of the general theoretical methods must be used.
The Blaney-Criddle method is straightforward, relying solely on
temperature measurements. It should be noted, however, that this method is not
very accurate; it provides a rough estimate or "order of magnitude" only. The
Blaney-Criddle method is particularly inaccurate in "extreme" climatic conditions:
in windy, dry, sunny areas, the ETo is underestimated (up to 60%), while in calm,
humid, cloudy areas, the ETo is overestimated (up to some 40 percent).

Blaney-Criddle Formula: ETo = p (0.46 T mean +8)

Jensen and Haise

The Jensen-Haise equation (cal/cm2/d) represents a temperature-
radiation method of calculating a daily ETr. Although the AgriMet program uses
the 1982 Kimberly-Penman for crop modeling, it also calculates Jensen-Haise
values as an additional reference (also using alfalfa as the reference crop with
conditions established as well watered with 30 to 50 cm of top growth). English
units are used in the calculation since the coefficients have been determined for
each individual weather station site in English units. The Jensen-Haise equation
is as follows:
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

λ ET r = CT (T mean -T X ) Rs
where:
CT is the temperature coefficient.
Tmean is the daily mean temperature in EF.
Tx is the intercept of the temperature axis as calculated for each AgriMet
weather station.
Rs is the measured global solar radiation in cal/cm2 /day
The product of CT(T -T ) represents a weighting function on Rs

Hargreaves evapotranspiration
The Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves and Samani, 1985) is a simple
evapotranspiration model that only requires a few easily accessible parameters:
mininimum, maximum and mean temperature, and extraterrestrial radiation.
The FAO (Allen et al, 1998) recommends the Hargreaves method as an
alternative method for estimating ETo when there are insufficient meteorological
data for the Penman-Monteith method. The FAO, on the other hand, believes
that using the Penman-Monteith method with estimated solar radiation, vapor
pressure, and wind speed yields more accurate estimates than the Hargreaves
equation. This is due to the estimation equations' ability to incorporate general
climatic characteristics such as high or low wind speed or high or low relative
humidity into the FAO Penman-Monteith method ETo estimate.

5. Discuss and give examples for the following:

a. Water-conveyance efficiency
Is the ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that
released at the project’s headwork
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

b. Water-application efficiency
c. Water-use efficiency
d. Water-storage efficiency
e. Water-distribution efficiency
6. Solve the following theoretical problems:

a. Using the Penman method, calculate the consumptive use in mm/day for
spring wheat at Logan, Utah with the following data: Air temperature;
mean min = 10˚C, mean max = 27˚C, dewpoint = 7˚C, wind speed, Uz
=175km/day at 2m, average solar radiation= 800langleys/day. Compare
the result obtained using the Hargreaves method.

Given:
Mean min = 10˚C
mean max = 27˚C
dewpoint = 7˚C
wind speed Uz =175km/day at 2m
average solar radiation= 800langleys/day.

b. Using the temperatures and percent daytime hours in the table below,
month Mean Daytime Consumptive Coefficient Consumptive
monthly hours (%) use factor use, (mm)
temp, ˚F, f
t p k Cu
Apr 57.9 8.85 5.12 0.60 78
May 62.5 9.82 6.14 0.70 109
Jun 65.7 9.84 6.46 0.80 131
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE
COLLEGE
Purok 2 Talobatib,Labo, Camarines Norte – 4604, Philippines
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Jul 68.4 10 6.84 0.85 148

Aug 67.8 9.41 6.38 0.85 138
Sep 66.6 8.36 5.57 0.85 120
Oct 62.2 7.84 4.88 0.70 87
Total consumptive use for irrigation season 811
calculate the annual consumptive use (Cu) for cotton growing, using the
Blaney-Criddle method. Assume an average k = 0.70.
c. A farmer irrigates 2 hectares of wheat the first week in July when the
average depth of rooting is 1.10m. Two days after irrigation, he takes a
soil auger to the field and by boring holes into soil determines that the
average penetration in each ¼ hectare is as follows: 0.82, 0.98, 1.10,
1.22, 1.07, 0.90, 0.85 and 1.10 meters. (1) what is the water-storage
efficiency?
(2) what is the water-distribution efficiency?
d. A stream of 175 liters per second was diverted from the river and 105
liters per second were delivered to the field. An area of two hectares was
irrigated in eight hours. The rootzone depth was 1.80m. The runoff
averaged 50liters per second for 3 hours. The depth of water penetration
varies linearly from 1.80m at the head of the field to 1.20m at the end of
the field. Determine the water-conveyance efficiency, water-application
efficiency, waterstorage efficiency and water-distribution efficiency.