FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Lab
01
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
BTM 2243
Fluid Power Technology

Lab Objectives

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1. To identify fluid flow rate quantities and use the continuity equation for
steady flow.
2. To define and apply Bernoulli’s equation to fluid flow systems.

20 Student names Student ID Section

MUHAMMAD AIMAN RAZIN BIN ROSLAN TC20060 01G

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 Rubric for Technical Report BTM2234

Item Unacceptable Poor Average Good Score

Assessed (0) (1) (2) (3)

Abstract  No abstract  No highlight of the
significant results and/or
methodology.
Material and  No Material and  Methods copied directly
methods method explained from module event
being referred to took
place in the past.
 Some paste some
sentences are converted
to past tense
Results  Data sheet with  Results given but
stamp not provided significant amount not
with the report OR tally with the
 Results not requirement/ scopes
compatible with
scopes
 Missing objective and/or
conclusion.
 The whole sentences of
methods are converted to
past tense but not present
the actual experimental
procedure, only based on
modules
 Results given but a few not
tally with the requirements
of experiment
 Objective
 Summary of the
methodology
 Summary of the results
 Conclusion
 The whole sentences of
methods are converted to
past tense with creativity
block/diagram used.
 Methods are also written
based on what actually
happened in experimental
procedure.
 Results shown for all the
scopes of experiments

Discussion  Only mention the  Attempt to discuss but  Elucidation of result but  Elucidation and supported
results without failed miserably contains some flaws by proper references or
(x 5) meaningful logical explanations.
discussion

Conclusions  No conclusion  Conclusion missing the  Conclusions regarding major  Important/ significant
sections OR important points OR points are drawn, but many results are highlighted
 Conclusions totally  No recommendation are misstated, indicating a which also meets the
not reflecting the given to improve the lack of understanding OR scopes of experiments
scopes experiment.  Conclusion is too general. AND
Several recommendations  Several recommendations
have been given but they are have been stated.
too general and not
contributing to the
experiment’s improvement.
References  No references  Only refer to websites  Refer to websites and some  The whole references
related research articles accounted from books,
websites, articles and
human name (personnel
communication)
Appendixes  No appendixes which  Appendixes made on  Appendixes made from  Appendixes made from
it supposed to be copies of actual modules proper and tidy new paper proper paper sheet with
having paper sheet original data from own
experiment
Total Assessment Marks (33)

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................4
APPARATUS.............................................................................................................................5
METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................6
RESULTS...................................................................................................................................7
Calculations............................................................................................................................7
Mass Flow Rate, m (kg/k)......................................................................................................7
ΔH/ Inlet Kinetic Head...........................................................................................................8
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................11
APPENDICES..........................................................................................................................12

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ABSTRACT

To investigate if the total pressure head stays constant over the length of the tube, as the
equation predicts, by testing the accuracy of Bernoulli's Equation as applied to the flow of
water in a tapering horizontal tube and also to determine whether Bernoulli's equation may
be used to anticipate the fluctuations in static pressure head along the tube's length. The
Bernoulli principle of fluid dynamics asserts that for a viscid flow, an increase in the fluid's
speed happens concurrently with a drop in either the fluid's pressure or potential energy. In
this experiment, the Bernoulli equipment test are a venture meter, a pad of manometer tube,
a pump, and a water tank outfitted with a pump, water controller, a water host, and tubes are
used to show Bernoulli's Theorem. The venturi meter is used in this experiment to gauge the
flow of fluid via a pipe. The converging and diverging portions of the venturi tube have the
corresponding properties of increasing and decreasing fluid velocity and lowering and
raising static pressure.

The experiment is run six times with varying flow rates after each manometer’s level
pressure is equal and steady. Manometers A, B, C, D, E, and F are used in the experiment.
The volumetric method is used to measure the water flow rate. It took a certain amount of
time to fill the tank with 5L of water. Finally, using the data from the results and from the
provided data, the flow rate, velocity, and by applying continuity equation to get the
velocities and find the difference between the velocities were calculated. Based on the
results, it has been shown that fluid velocity increases when it moves from a wider to a
narrower tube, regardless of the kind of flow or variations in pressure. For all types of flow,
the velocity rises as the differential pressure rises. The experiment's validity for Bernoulli's
equation was demonstrated by the positive value of the velocities that were different. Thus,
we came to the conclusion that Bernoulli's theorem is accurate. The experiment was a
success, and its goals were achieved.

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APPARATUS

Figure 1: TecQuipment H10

Figure 2: Diagram of flow measurement apparatus

1. TecQuipment H10

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 2. Stopwatch

METHODOLOGY

1. Ensure that the air purge valve was closed. After fully closing the H10 control valve,
opened it by 1/3.
2. Hydraulic bench pump was switched on and then the hydraulic bench valve was
slowly opened until water starts to flow. The flow measurement apparatus was
allowed to fill with water.
3. Next, fully opened the bench valve and the H10 control valve need to be closed.
4. Hand pump was connected to the air purge valve and was pumped until all the
manometers read approximately 330mm.
5. Any entrapped air been dislodged from the manometers by gentle tapping with the
fingers.
6. The water level being check to ensure they were constant. If they purge valve was
leaking, the water levels might be rise slowly.
7. The apparatus valve was opened until the rotameter shows a reading of
approximately 10 mm.
8. As outlined in the manual, measured the flow with the hydraulic bench after the
steady flow was maintained.
9. The readings of manometers was recorded during this period.
10. The procedure were repeated until the maximum pressure values can be recorded
from the manometer.

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RESULTS

Test Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 198 204 208 208 224 242
B 194 192 180 166 158 148
C 196 200 194 194 202 214
D 196 200 192 194 204 216
Manometer E 196 200 192 196 208 222
Levels F 194 190 166 154 140 124
G 194 192 168 162 150 140
H 194 192 168 160 150 138
I 90 90 66 60 46 36
Rotameter (cm) 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time T(s) for 109 57 37 28 22 18
5L
Venturi 0.0608 0.1054 0.1610 0.1972 0.2471 0.2949
Mass Flow
Orifice 0.0405 0.0906 0.1461 0.1857 0.2363 0.2836
Rate m(kg/s)
Rotameter 0.3102 0.3072 0.3072 0.3042 0.3102 0.3072
Venturi 2.994 1.9660 2.9440 1.9660 1.9960 1.7837
ΔH Inlet Orifice 8.87 66.53 115.32 279.44 452.42 729.631
Kinetic Head Rotameter 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.04 1.02
Diffuser 0.9734 0.9375 1.7726 0.9375 0.1024 0.1024
Elbow 0 0 0 0 2 2
Table 1

Calculations

Mass Flow Rate, m (kg/s)

Venturi
*Water density = 1000kg/m3
Mass flow, m = 0.962 x (hA – hB)1/2 kg/s
For example, hA = 198mm and hB = 204mm
m = 0.962 x (0.198 – 0.204)1/2 kg/s
m = 0.313 kg/s

Orifice

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For example, hE = 268mm, hF = 258mm.
m = 0.906 x (0.268 – 0.258)1/2 kg/s
m = 0.0906 kg/ s
Rotameter
For example, hH = 260mm, hI = 158mm.
m = 0.962 x (0.260 – 0.158)1/2 kg/s
m = 0.307 kg/s

ΔH/ Inlet Kinetic Head

Venturi
For example, hA=306mm hB=200mm
Then = 24mm
= 0.167 ( )
= 0.167 (306 - 200)
= 17.702mm
Head Loss = 24/17.702
= 1.356 inlet kinetic heads

Orifice

= 0.83(268 - 232) mm
= 29.88mm

Orifice inlet kinetic heads is approximately 1/16 that of the Venturi, thus
1.356/16 = 0.085
Therefore,
Head Loss = 29.88/0.085
= 351.53 inlet kinetic heads

Rotameter

Where
H = 188mm, I = 98mm
HHI = (188-98) / 100
= 0.90

Diffuser

Applying equation,
For example,
Inlet kinetic head= 2.395mm
The corresponding outlet kinetic head,
2.395/16 = 0.15mm
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 = (268 268) + (2.395 0.15) = 2.245mm of water
Head Loss is 2.245/2.395 = 0.937 inlet kinetic heads

DISCUSSION

The equation that is commonly referred to as Bernoulli's equation is produced when

Bernoulli's principle is applied to various kinds of fluid flow. The Bernoulli equation may
actually handle many types of flow in a number of ways. For incompressible fluids,
Bernoulli's principle is applicable in its most basic form. Energy conservation can be used to
derive Bernoulli's principle. This states that, under a steady flow, the total amount of energy
in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points along that streamline. This demands that
the total amount of kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy be kept at constant.

From the result we got, we can conclude that he fluid's dynamic pressure and kinetic
energy increase as its speed increases, while its static pressure, potential energy, and internal
energy decrease at the same time. Since the energy per unit volume in a reservoir is the
same, the total amount of all types of energy is the same on all streamlines if the fluid is
flowing out of a reservoir. The diameter of the tube will have an impact on the velocity
differences, as a larger tube will cause the velocity differences to increase, according to the
data from the results.

Conversely, the smaller tube will provide less of a difference in velocity between
velocities. The different flows also have different flow rates. The result is that the fast flow
rate exceeds the slow flow rate. Ensure not to trap any air bubbles inside the tube during the
experiment. Since air bubbles are calculated together with the fluid, if one escapes, the
manometer's reading will be inaccurate. Tap the tube gently to eliminate the air bubble to
prevent this.

9
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this experiment seeks to identify the independent influence of pipe cross
sectional area on flowrate. Reduced cross-sectional area of the pipe results in lower pressure,
which causes a rise in flowrate. In this experiment, a manometer and various pipe sizes were
used to identify changes in flowrate. The specified cross-sectional region is indicated by
each manometer. A rotameter was used in this experiment to display the flowrate data. To
ensure reliable data collecting, a number of suggestions should be followed. Try to eliminate
any bubbles from the manometer pipe before starting the experiment as they can affect the
reading. The reading will be greater than the actual one since the bubble itself is pushing up
the water level. To release any trapped air, shake the pipe. When taking the reading, make
sure that the flow rate is constant. Avoid turning back when adjusting the rotameter as this
could cause bubbles to form. Try carefully twisting the knob until you achieve the right
amount of rotameter rather than turning it up and down. In order to obtain an accurate
reading, the venturi metre level should be read more than three times.

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REFERENCES

1. Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia. (2022). Retrieved 3 April 2022, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle
2. Clayton, A. Bernoulli's Fallacy : Statistical Illogic and the Crisis of Modern Science
3. Oliveira, A. (2019). History of the Bernoulli Principle. Advances In Mechanism and
Machine Science, 1161-1178.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_115
4. Koumaras, P., & Primerakis, G. (2018). Flawed Applications of Bernoulli’s
Principle. The Physics Teacher, 56(4), 235-238.
https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5028240

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APPENDICES

Check and make sure all the

manometer’s read approximately
300mm.

The flow was measured with the

hydraulic bench and time were
taken until it reached 5L using
stopwatch

The readings of manometer was

recorded
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