Turbogas: Gas Turbine Plant

Politecnico di Torino
Dipartimento di Energetica
Turbogas
Dipartimento Energia
Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 1 Ing. D. Misul
Gas turbine plant

Ideal Joule-Brayton cycle
The plant is made up of a compressor driven by a turbine and by a burner and is
meant to produce electric power.
The plant performs an open cycle: air is sucked from the environment and exhaust
gases are discharged by the turbine. The plant refers to the ideal Joule cycle.
1
Ideal cycle
Shaft work and efficiency

1
1 1
Ideal cycle
Maximum shaft work
1
0 ?
Work will be nil for a null compression ratio and will once more be nil for ,
provided that we assume an upper threshold for . The latter assumption is mostly
reasonable, considering that the real plant efficiency strongly depends on .
2
Ideal cycle
Maximum shaft work
Once is fixed, the more we increase

, the more moves sideways to the left
so as to match 1 as soon as .
Ideal cycle
Shaft work and
Work can also be effectively expressed highlighting its dependence on :
1 1
3
Ideal cycle
Shaft work and
Given a value, linearly increases with and the line slope is set by .
An increase in values will increase the

curve steepness and move ∗ to the right.
Real cycle
Main features
The ideal cycle allows for understanding the basics of gas turbine plants, but
performances can only be defined referring to the real cycle.
The real cycle is an open cycle where the fluid is to be considered as a real fluid.
• Dissociation takes place in the burner and is mostly to be appreciated for
temperatures higher than 1850 .
• Moreover, the fluid compressed by the compressor is air ( , whereas the fluid
expanded in the turbine is made up of the burned gases exhausted form the
burner ( , .
In addition to this, we will have to consider the viscous losses taking place
throughout the compression and the expansion, thus making these latter real
evolutions ( , & , or , & , ).
Finally, the fluid will experience pressure losses as flowing through the plant devices.
Such losses are mainly to be ascribed to the concentrated losses occurring in the
burner as well as in the filters (compressor inlet) and in the chimney (turbine outlet).
The losses are normally accounted for by introducing corresponding pneumatic
efficiencies .
4
Real cycle
Thermodynamic representation
~ ∙
While, for the ideal cycle, the area on the T-S diagram represents the cycle work, this
is no longer true when referring to the real cycle.
Real cycle
5
Real cycle
1 1 22 4 43 3
, , 1 12 1 , , 4 4 33
1 1 2 2 4 344
, ,
2 2 34
2 234 2 232 2
Real cycle
Global efficiency
? ∙
When taking into account the specific work, we have to state what mass flow rate we
refer to. In fact, the turbine specific work is referred to the mass of air and fuel
( ), whereas the compressor work is referred to the air mass flow rate . By
convention, the plant specific quantities will be always referred to the air mass flow rate.
1
50 60
1 1
6
Real cycle
Global efficiency
The heat introduced into the system is:

1
T ≅ , ,
, 1 ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
Therefore:
1 ,
, ,
,
≅
1 ,
, ,
,
, 1 , 1
, , , , , ,
, 1 , 1
, , , ,
, , , ,
Real cycle
Global efficiency
Let’s try to express everything in terms of pressure ratios and temperatures.
The ratio of the isentropic specific works is:

1 1
1 1
, 1 1
∙ ~ ∙ ∙ ∙
,
1 1 1
The ratio of the ideal introduced heat to the compressor isentropic specific work is:
, ,
≅
,
1 1 1
~
Thermal and Hydraulic Machines Ing. D. Misul
7
Real cycle
Global efficiency
By introducing the turbine and the compressor efficiencies , , and considering
the burner pneumatic efficiency , the expression can be re-arranged as it follows:
1 1 1
∙ ∙
1
, Where , ,
1 ,
,
1
1 1
∙
~ ,
1 ,
,
1
Thermal and Hydraulic Machines Ing. D. Misul
Real cycle
Global efficiency
Two values of that make exist.

The first one is obvious; the second one can
inferred by setting the numerator equal to zero:
1 1
∙ ∙ 0
1
Therefore:
Assuming reasonable values for all of the efficiencies, ~35%: the overall efficiency
is low regardless of the high performing machines and devices.
8
Methods to increase plant efficiency

Regeneration
We can increase the plant efficiency by adopting inter-refrigerated re-compression,
by exploiting the re-combustion technique and by taking advantage of regeneration.
Regeneration is only possible provided that and is meant to pre-heat the air at
the burner inlet by exploiting the hot gases exhausted by the turbine.

Regeneration: ideal cycle
Referring to the ideal cycle, the compressed
air can be possibly heated up to point (4) at
as the hot gases cool down to point (2) at .
We would hence refer to a new cycle where the would be consistently increased:
the efficiency is in turn increased.
9

1 1 1 1 1
The curves meet at the which leads to

, since there is no regeneration, i.e.
0 and
.

Referring to the ideal cycle, let's consider the efficiency dependence on .
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, 1 , 1 , 1
10

Regeneration: real cycle
The efficiency for a generic value is related to the base efficiency and to the total
regeneration one by means of a “weighted average”. Referring to the real gas cycle:
~
1 (air-fuel cycle)
~1
,
,
, , 1
∙ 1 ∙
,

Regeneration: real cycle
1
, 1
1
, 1 ~1
1
Simplifying: 1 ∙ ∙
11
Plant governing
Control characteristic
Let’s consider the control characteristic:
As we reduce the plant power output, we want the amount of fuel to reduce: has to
increase and the lower part of the chart has to be avoided. Before we consider off-
design operations, we’d better work out how to detect the plant operating point on
the compressor map.
Plant governing
Operating point
1
Γ ∙ ∙
1 1
∙
Γ
1 1
∙ ∙
Γ
12
Plant governing
Change in the fuel mass flow rate
Reducing we produce a reduction in and hence in the line slope. Point P moves
to the right along the compressor characteristic ( ) and the cycle is
conversely modified.
Plant governing
The compressor efficiency decreases and point 2’ moves sideways to the right
(increased entropy values).
1
1 1
1 1
ṁ ∝ṁ ∝
Despite the opposing trends of the two terms, the net power output reduces as
reduces. Such a technique is anyhow mostly inconvenient as the plant efficiency is
strongly penalized by both the reduction and the decrease.
13
Plant governing
Plant governing
Throttling at the compressor inlet
14
Plant governing
The operating point does not move and the cycle changes accordingly to the
reduction.
∙
,
ṁ ṁ ṁ
1
,
Plant governing
1 1 1
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ,
Despite the constant , the throttling

technique turns out to be less convenient
with respect to the change in ṁ .
15
Plant governing
Change of the angular speed – double shaft plant
Disengaging the compressor from the turbine

in a single shaft plant would be too expensive
and complicated. The solution would be that of
disengaging the compressor from the power unit,
adopting a double-shaft layout.
ṁ ṁ ṁ Γ
Plant governing
∙
,
∙ ∙
, ,
1 1 1
∙
1 , 2
16
Plant governing
1
ṁ , ṁ ṁ
,
1
, ,
∝ ∝ Ψ Ψ " Ψ
"
Assuming for the compressor, Ψ would in turn be constant and ∝ .

Similarly:
∝ 1 1
The temperature anyhow decreases.

Plant governing
A different layout for the plant could be the following one.
1
ṁ η , ṁ ṁ
,
∝ ∝
17
Plant governing
∙ ∙ 1 ∝
,
1
varies with a minor extent with respect to the previous case.
18

Turbogas: Gas Turbine Plant

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Politecnico di Torino

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 1 Ing. D. Misul

Gas turbine plant

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 2 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 3 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 4 Ing. D. Misul

Once is fixed, the more we increase

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 5 Ing. D. Misul

Work can also be effectively expressed highlighting its dependence on :

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 6 Ing. D. Misul

An increase in values will increase the

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 7 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 8 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 9 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 10 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 11 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 12 Ing. D. Misul

The heat introduced into the system is:

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 13 Ing. D. Misul

Let’s try to express everything in terms of pressure ratios and temperatures.

The ratio of the isentropic specific works is:

Two values of that make exist.

Methods to increase plant efficiency

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 17 Ing. D. Misul

Methods to increase plant efficiency

Methods to increase plant efficiency

The curves meet at the which leads to

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 19 Ing. D. Misul

Methods to increase plant efficiency

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 20 Ing. D. Misul

Methods to increase plant efficiency

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 21 Ing. D. Misul

Methods to increase plant efficiency

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 22 Ing. D. Misul

Let’s consider the control characteristic:

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 23 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 24 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 25 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 27 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 28 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 29 Ing. D. Misul

Despite the constant , the throttling

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 30 Ing. D. Misul

Disengaging the compressor from the turbine

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 31 Ing. D. Misul

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 32 Ing. D. Misul

Assuming for the compressor, Ψ would in turn be constant and ∝ .

The temperature anyhow decreases.

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 34 Ing. D. Misul

varies with a minor extent with respect to the previous case.

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines 35 Ing. D. Misul

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