Local Attraction

While compass surveying, the magnetic needle is

sometimes disturbed from its normal position under the
influence of external attractive forces. Such a disturbing
influence is called as local attraction.

The external attractive forces are magnetic rock, iron

ore, steel structures, rails, electric cables conveying electric
current, iron pipes etc.
Local Attraction
 Local Attraction
Elimination of Local Attraction
 Local Attraction
Elimination of Local Attraction
 Magnetic dip
Magnetic dip, dip angle, or
magnetic inclination is the angle
made with the horizontal by the
Earth's magnetic field lines.

This angle varies at different points on the Earth's surface.

 Magnetic declination & Dip
The horizontal angle between the
magnetic meridian and true meridian is
known as Magnetic Declination.

The angle made with the

horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field
lines is known as Magnetic dip.
True Bearing =Magnetic bearing + declination

TB = MB + MD if declination is eastward.
TB = MB – MD if declination is westward.
Q. The magnetic bearing of a line is 32° and the magnetic
declination is 10° 15' W. Find the true bearing ?

T.B = M.B - declination

= 320-10015'
= 21° 45’
 LEVELLING
• It is the art of determining
the relative heights of
various points on, above, or
below the surface.

• To find elevations of given

points with respect to given
or assumed datum, to
establish points at a given
elevation or at a different
elevation w.r.t. given or
assumed datum

• Deals with measurements in

vertical plane
Equipments used for levelling

1. Level Instrument
2. Tripod
3. Staff/Pole
4. Pole staff bubble (bulls eye)
Equipment: Level Instrument
To provide horizontal LOS
a) Dumpy level
•Meaning short/stout. Simple, compact and
stable.
•Telescope is rigidly fixed to its supports – can
neither be rotated about longitudinal axis nor
removed from supports
b) Automatic Levels / Self aligning level
• Easy to use and faster
• The instrument is levelled automatically using a tilt
compensator which is suspended and inserted in the
path of light rays through the telescope
 c) Digital Levels
 Push-button technique
 Uses Barcode staff. No reading errors
 Readings are stored and analyzed digitally

• Internal storage of data Download to the computer

• Automated height computation + adjustment
• Good quality data
• need charging of equipment
Tripod
• Wooden or aluminum
Staff/Pole
• To determine amt by which station is above or below the LOS
• Wood, aluminum
• INVAR type for high precision levelling
• Smallest division-usually 5mm

Barcode
Conventional type for Digital Levels
Bubble

• To keep the staff/pole upright