Calculate the battery size for the 69kV substation loads listed in Table 4.

The battery type shall be

lead acid, operate the given loads for 8 hours at 125VDC, and be housed in a climate-controlled
building.
Step 1: Calculate the required 1-minute discharge rate.

As can be seen in Table 4, the peak discharge rate is 96.2A. Divide this number by an ambient
temperature factor of one for a 77°F room, by a 0.8 battery-aging factor, and by 0.85 for the design
margin.

Required 1-minute discharge rate = 96.2 A ÷ 0.8 ÷ 0.85 = 141.5A

Step 2: Calculate the required Ampere-hour (Ah) rate.

As can be seen in Table 5, the total Ampere-hour rate is 27.1 Ah. Divide by an ambient temperature
factor of one for a 77°F room, and by a 0.8 battery-aging factor.

Required total Ah rate = 27.1 Ah ÷ 0.8 = 33.9 Ah

Step 3: Select the appropriate cell from the manufacturer's literature.

Referring back to Table 2, a Model A battery has a 1-minute discharge rate of 177A and an 8-hour Ah
rate of 180 Ah, down to 1.75V. This type of battery is, therefore, more than sufficient for this
particular load. The 125VDC, 180 Ah battery bank would be composed of 60 Model A cells.
Figure 1 shows distance protection for a section of a power system. The I zone setting at A and B are
60 Ω and 30 Ω, respectively. Determine:
-the impedance seen by the relay at A for a fault at F1 and will the relay at A operate before the circuit
breaker at B has tripped?
-the impedance of relay B trip for a fault at F1 before the circuit breaker at A trip?
-the impedence relays A and B if the circuit breaker C2 fails for a fault at F2?

Figure 1

ans

-for fault F1, the voltage drop from A to F1 = 1000x60+(1000+400)x150V

the impedance seen by the relay at A =[1000x60+(1000+400)x150V]/1000 = 270Ω

the setting of the distance relay at A = 60Ω

-The voltage from B to F1 for a fault at F1 = [400x30+(400+1000)x150V]/400 = 555

therefore the relay at A will see the fault at F1 and trip before the circuit breaker at B has tripped

Thefore the relay at B will not trip before the circuit breaker at A has tripped.
When the circuit breaker at A has trip, the relay at B will measure the impedance =(30+150)=180Ω
and trip.

-For a fault at F2 the impedance measured by the relay at A

=[1000x60+(1000+400)x(150+150)]/1000 = 480Ω

The relay at A will not operate

For a fault at F2 the impedance measured by the relay at B =[400x30+(1000+400)x(150+150)]/400 =

1080Ω

The relay at B will not see the fault at F2.

Consider the settings for line PQ at bus P.The impedance angle for all lines is 75°. The line
length is 80Ω. The distance relay at bus P is fed by current transformers rated at 2000 A:5 A
and voltage transformers rated at 345 kV/200 kV Y:120 V/69 V Y. Set Zone 1 for 85% of
this value (85%–90%) settings are typical for phase distance, slightly lower for ground
distance):

Ans
Zone 1 setting = 0.85 .80 Ω= 68 Ω ,primary ohm setting
CT ratio = 2000/5 = 400
VT ratio = 200,000/69 = 2900
Relay setting = primary setting (Ω) .CT ratio/VT ratio
= 68 .(400)/(2900)
= 9.38 relay ohms
Zone 2 setting = lengthx115% (minimum)
=line length+0.5 x length of shortest next
adjacent line (preferred)

The two next adjacent lines are 40 Ω and 80 Ω ,respectively.

The shortest of these is 40 Ω. Half of that is 20 Ω.
The setting 80+20Ω =100 Ω is greater than the minimum
setting of 92 Ω (which guarantees seeing the entire line).
The relay setting is then
Zone 2 setting = 100 Ω (primary)
= 100400/2900 = 13.8 relay ohms
Consider a 132 kV transmission system as shown in Fig. Q2. The positive sequence
impedances of the lines 1-2 and 2-3 are Z12 = 3 + j 40 Ω and Z23 = 7 + j 30 Ω respectively.
The maximum peak load supplied by the line 1-2 is 110 MVA with a lagging power factor of
0.8. Assume a L-L fault of If=500 A occurs midway of the line 1-2 and line spacing of 3.5 m
is equal to arc length. Design a distance protection system using Mho relays by determining
the following:
a. Maximum load current
b. Suitable CT ratio. Secondary standard 5 A.
c. Suitable VT ratio. Secondary standard 67 V.
d. Line impedance measured by the relay.

Ans
A transformer has an impulse insulation level of 1050 kV and is to be operated with an insulation
margin of 15% under lightning impulse conditions. The transformer has a surge impedance of 1600 Ω
and is connected to a transmission line having a surge impedance of 400 Ω. A short length of overhead
earth wire is to be used for shielding the line near the transformer from direct strikes. Beyond the
shielded length, direct strokes on the phase conductor can give rise to voltage waves of the form 1000
e-0.05t
kV (where t is expressed in μs). If the corona distortion in the line is represented by the expression
t 1  e0 
 1   μs /m, where B = 110 m/μs and e0 = 200 kV, determine the minimum length of
x B  e
shielding wire necessary in order that the transformer insulation will not fail due to lightning surges.
[transmission coefficient=1.6]

Ans

Transmission coefficient

For a B.I.L of 1050 kV, and an insulation margin of 15%,

Maximum permissible voltage = 1050 x 85/100 = 892.5 kV.

Since the voltage is increased by the transmission coefficient 1.6 at the terminal equipment,
the maximum permissible incident voltage must be decreased by this factor.

Thus maximum permissible incident surge = 892.5/ 1.6 = 557.8 kV

Thus for the transformer insulation to be protected by the shielding wire, the distortion
caused must reduce the
surge to a magnitude of 557.8 kV.

Therefore,
1000 e-0.05t = 557.8. This gives the delay time t1 = ∆t = 11.6 μs.

Substitution in the equation gives 11.67/x = 1/100 . ( 1 - 200/557.8 )

Solution gives x = 2002 m = 2.0 km.

Thus the minimum length of shielding wire required is 2 km.