International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

A generalized thermoelastic Stefan problem with spatio-temporal nonlocal

effect in picosecond pulse laser material processing
Yan Li a, Yi Zhao a, Tianhu He b, Xiaogeng Tian a, *, Kai Liao c
a
State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
b
School of Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
c
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Stefan conditions are suitable for describing the solid-liquid phase change processes with moving interface.
Stefan problem However, the existing literature only focuses on the Stefan problem of heat conduction and does not involve the
Moving solid-liquid interface thermo-mechanical coupling effects. In this work, the generalized thermoelastic Stefan problem with spatio-
Spatio-temporal nonlocal effect
temporal nonlocal effect is investigated. The solid-liquid phase change of silicon with picosecond pulse laser
Generalized thermoelasticity
Ultrashort pulse laser processing
machining is depicted by the Stefan interface conditions. We find the solutions making use of Laplace trans­
formation and Laplace numerical inverse transformation. The temperature distribution at the moment of surface
melting is seen as the initial state of the second phase. The distributions of transient thermoelastic responses
under different laser intensities, pulse widths, fractional order parameters, spatial nonlocal parameters and time
are obtained and expressed graphically.

1. Introduction
The Stefan interface conditions are adapted to describe the phase
change thermal conduction problem with the moving solid-liquid
interface. In recent years, many scholars focus on the Stefan problem.
The problem was first proposed by Joseph Stefan in 1891 in order to give
a more realistic depiction of permafrost temperatures [1]. Showalter and
Walkington analyzed a hyperbolic Stefan problem considering the
generalized heat conduction related to phase change in a solid material
[2]. Sobolev researched the Stefan problem of materials irradiated by
the laser pulse in the context of the two-temperature model [3]. Chung
and Das developed the one-dimensional heat conduction model
involving in phase change processes in the context of the boundary
conditions with Stefan type [4]. Zien presented the approximate solu­
tions for the one-dimensional transient ablation problem with two spe­
cific forms of time-dependent boundary heat flux based on Landau’s
idealized ablation model [5]. Mazzeo and Oliveti presented a parametric
study and an approximation of the exact analytical solution of the Stefan
problem in steady periodic regime conditions [6]. Myers examined the
formulation of the Stefan problem at the nanoscale and presented a new
form of Stefan condition which correctly reflects the latent heat release
[7]. Crepeau and Siahpush drew the conclusion of Stefan problem, in
which the solid liquid phase transition occurs in a cylinder with internal
volume heat source [8]. Cherniha and Kovalenko simulated the phase
change processes of metallic material and studied the exact solutions of
two-dimensional problem with Stefan type nonlinear boundary value
[9]. Rubtsov et al. numerically simulated radiant heat conduction in the
translucent layer with phase change processes based on the single-phase
Stefan problem [10]. Khalid et al. put forward a new eigenfunction
expansion method and studied one phase melting/solidification of phase
change material [11]. Using mathematical modeling method, Sleptsov
et al. solved the Stefan problem of ice [12]. To sum up, the study of
Stefan problem only involves heat conduction. The coupling effects
between the heat transfer and deformation with Stefan conditions are
not clear. In addition, the thermal response of Stefan problem after the
material melting will be underestimated if the initial temperature dis­
tribution (temperature distribution at surface melting moment) is
neglected [9]. The research of Stefan problem considering thermo-
mechanical coupling and initial temperature is of great significance.
The laser has been widely used for material processing, which can
overcome the disadvantages of stress and vibration caused by the
traditional mechanical machining. It not only improves the processing
precision, but also avoids the tool wear. Solana et al. proposed a me­
chanical model of metallic material drilled by the lasers and forecasted

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tiansu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (X. Tian).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106506

Available online 14 November 2022

0735-1933/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

the logarithmic relationship between the depth of hole and laser energy solid-liquid phase change are paid more attention, which provides the
[13]. Qin et al. proposed an upward laser drilling method to improve clearer prediction of the transient responses of the solid-liquid phase
processing efficiency and established an axisymmetric model of change processes. Another innovation/contribution is that the final
aluminum slab [14]. Otto et al. presented the multiphysical simulation temperature of the first phase is regarded as the initial condition of the
of material processed by laser, and studied laser cutting of steel and second phase, so as to avoid underestimating the transient responses of
scribing of silicon [15]. Rahaman et al. established the thermal transfer the second phase.
model with two-dimensional form and derived an analytical solution In the manuscript, the basic equations of the spatio-temporal
based on the Duhamel theorem and Hankel transformation [16]. nonlocal generalized thermoelasticity are presented in Chapter two,
When the surface of solid material is irradiated by the ultrashort the generalized thermoelastic Stefan problem with moving interface is
(from femtoseconds to picoseconds) pulse laser, the object will melt analyzed in Chapter three, the results and discussions are shown in
once the temperature reaches to the melting point. With the continuous Chapter four and the conclusions are presented in Chapter five.
input of laser energy, the melting range expands and the solid-liquid
interface position moves with time. The thermoelastic problem occur­ Nomenclature
ring with phase change can be described by the nonlinear boundary and
interface conditions with Stefan type. It is significant to make prediction T absolute temperature
of the thermoelastic responses based on the generalized thermoelasticity Tm melting temperature
considering the microscale time and space. Ts surface temperature
Fourier law forecasts that heat travels at the unlimited speed, which qi heat flux vector component
is not applicable in some extreme situations [17], such as low temper­ κ thermal conductivity coefficient
ature and ultra-short time period. In order to overcome its shortcoming, θ temperature increment
Cattaneo [18] and Vernotte [19] modified it on time scale to obtain the x position coordinate
C-V heat wave (generalized heat conduction) model, which can describe e0 material dependent constant
that heat travels at a finite velocity. Subsequently, Tzou proposed the e0a spatial nonlocal parameter
SPL (single-phase-lag) [20] and DPL (dual-phase-lag) [21] hyperbolic εij strain tensor
thermal conduction theories. In fact, the uneven temperature distribu­ δij Kronecker delta
tion will lead to the temperature gradient, resulting in thermal stress. λ, μ Lame’s constants
That is to say, the thermo-mechanical coupling effect deserves attention. αt thermal expansion coefficient
Lord and Shulman, Green and Lindsay, Green and Naghdi established L- Q heat source
S [22], G-L [23] and G-N [24] generalized thermoelastic theories, Ra surface absorptivity
respectively. They are integer order, which cannot reflect the path- tp pulse duration
dependent processes. Youssef [25] and Sherief [26] established △HV latent heat of vaporization
different forms of the fractional order generalized thermoelasticity, vr surface recession velocity
respectively. Ezzat and Karamany established a mechanical model of pb boiling pressure
electro-thermoelasticity based on the fractional order heat conduction S(t) solid-liquid interface location
[27]. Sherief and Abd El-Latief studied the influence of the fractional T0 reference temperature
derivative parameter on the thermoelastic behaviors [28]. Yu et al. Tb boiling temperature
developed the generalized electro-magneto-thermoelastic theory with σ ij nonlocal stress tensor
fractional order by introducing dynamic electromagnetic field [29]. τ relaxation time
However, the fractional order generalized thermoelastic theories α fractional order parameter
face challenges in some special situations, such as the external feature θm melting temperature increment
size of the micro-nanometer scale materials approaching to the internal t time coordinate
feature size. In micro-scale space, the material is composed of the a internal characteristic length
discrete particles, and there is interaction among particles. Eringen η entropy density
proposed the nonlocal elasticity theory to reflect the spatial nonlocal εkk cubic dilation
effect in micro-scale space [30,31]. The size effect is reflected by ui displacement vector
introducing additional parameters of material feature length. Yu et al. ρ mass density
used the nonlocal elastic theory put forward by Eringen to describe the CE specific heat
spatial nonlocality and Caputo fractional derivative to represent the I(t) laser power density
memory dependent effect [32]. On this basis, Yu et al. established the L0 laser intensity
nonlocal thermoelasticity according to the nonlocal heat conduction and cs vaporization coefficient
nonlocal elasticity [33]. Zenkour et al. researched the Euler-Bernoulli Lm latent heat of melting
nanobeam with vibration behavior using the nonlocal generalized kB Boltzmann constant
thermoelasticity [34]. ms mass of a Si atom
In present work, the generalized thermoelastic Stefan model ϑ interface moving velocity
considering the spatio-temporal nonlocal effect is proposed. The
research is divided into two phases. 1) The thermoelastic responses 2. Basic equations
before the melting of silicon surface. The final state (the temperature
approaches the melting point of the silicon) is regarded as the initial The governing equations of the L-S generalized thermoelastic theory
state of the second phase. 2) The thermoelastic responses after the [22] considering spatio-temporal nonlocal effect [26,30] appear as
melting of silicon surface. The process of phase change is depicted by the shown below.
interface conditions with Stefan type. We find the solutions taking The motion equation
advantage of Laplace transformation and Laplace numerical inverse
σ ij,j = ρüi . (1)
transformation. The innovation and contribution of the manuscript is
that the Stefan problem is introduced into the spatio-temporal nonlocal The strain-displacement equation
generalized thermoelastic theory for the first time. Compared with the
theory without Stefan conditions, the interfaces moving with time due to

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Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

y y
Moving Interface

Ultrashort Ultrashort
Pulse Laser Solid Pulse Laser Liquid Solid
Beam Beam

x x
S(t)

(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Schematic of Phase One(a) and Phase Two(b).

Table 1
The initial, boundary and interface conditions of the two phases.
Phase One Phase Two

θ(i) (x, 0) = ξ1 exp( − ξ2 x),

θ(x, 0) = θ̇(x, 0) = 0,
initial conditions θ̇ (x, 0) = 0,
(i)
u(x, 0) = u̇(x, 0) = 0.
u(i) (x, 0) = u̇(i) (x, 0) = 0.
(
Ra L0 t Ra L0 t
q(0, t) = 2 exp − q(1) (0, t) = − ρ(1) ΔHV vr + 2 exp
tp tp
) ( )
boundary t t
, − ,
conditions tp tp
σ(0, t) = 0, σ(1)(0, t) = 0,
θ(∞, t) = u(∞, t) = 0. θ(2)(∞, t) = u(2)(∞, t) = 0.
θ(1)(S(t), t) = θ(2)(S(t), t) = θm,

q(1) (S(t) , t) − q(2) (S(t) , t) =

interface
dS(t)
conditions ρ(2) Lm ,
dt
(2)
σ (S(t), t) = 0,
u(1)(S(t), t) = u(2)(S(t), t).

Table 2
The dimensionless boundary and interface conditions of two phases.
Fig. 2. The final temperature of Phase One and fitted curve.
Phase One Phase Two
(
Ra L0 Ra L0
q(0, t) = 2 texp − q(1) (0, t) = − ρ0 ΔHV vr + 2 texp 1( )
tp tp εij = ui,j + uj,i . (2)
boundary t
) (
t
) 2
, − ,
conditions tp tp The stress constitutive equation [30]
σ(0, t) = 0, σ(1)(0, t) = 0, [ ]
θ(∞, t) = u(∞, t) = 0. θ(2)(∞, t) = u(2)(∞, t) = 0. 1 − (e0 a)2 ∇2 σ ij = λεkk δij + 2μεij − γθδij . (3)
θ(1)(S(t), t) = θ(2)(S(t), t) = θm,

q(1) (S(t) , t) − q(2) (S(t) , t) =

The heat conduction equation [26]
interface ( )
conditions Lm
dS(t) ∂α
dt
, 1 + τα α qi = − κθ,i . (4)
(2)
σ (S(t), t) = 0,
∂t
u(1)(S(t), t) = u(2)(S(t), t).
The entropy constitutive equation
ρC E
ρη = γεkk + θ. (5)
T0
Table 3
The boundary and interface conditions of two phases after Laplace The energy conservation equation
transformation.
qi,i = − ρT0 η̇ + Q. (6)
Phase One Phase Two
The power density of ultrashort pulse laser with non-Gaussian form
q(0, s) = ρ0 ΔHV vr
q(1) (0, s) = −
s
+ [35]
Ra L0 Ra L0
( )
boundary )2 , L0 t
(7)
( )2 ,
tp2 s + 1/tp (
tp2 s + 1/tp
I(t) = 2 texp − .
conditions tp tp
σ(0, s) = 0,
σ(1) (0, s) = 0,
θ(∞, s) = u(∞, s) = Substituting Eqs.(1)–(2) into Eq.(3), and substituting Eqs.(5)–(6) into
(∞, s) = u(2) (∞, s) = 0.
(2)
0. θ
θm Eq.(4)
(L, s) = θ (L, s) =
(1) (2)
θ ,
s [ ]
interface q (1)
(L, s) − q (2)
(L, s) = Lm L1 , 1 − (e0 a)2 ∇2 ρüi = μui,jj + (λ + μ)uj,ij − γθ,i . (8)
conditions
σ(2) (L, s) = 0, ( )( )
u(1) (L, s) = u(2) (L, s). ∂α ∂εkk ∂θ
1 + τα γT0 + ρCE − Q = κθ,ii . (9)
∂tα ∂t ∂t

3
Y. Li et al.
Fig. 3. The temperature(a), displacement(b) and stress(c) distributions with different laser intensity.
where
θ = T − T0 , γ = (3λ + 2μ)αt .
In the above equations, the point above the physical quantity rep­
resents the time derivative, and a comma followed by a suffix indicates
the material derivative.
3. Analysis of generalized thermoelastic Stefan problem
3.1. Formulation of the problem
In the manuscript, we focus on the generalized thermoelastic Stefan
(moving interface) problem. The high power density of the ultrashort
laser will cause melting and evaporation during the picosecond pulse
laser processing, which can be described by the Stefan interface
conditions.
As displayed in Fig. 1, the surfaces of boundary subjected to the
heating of ultrashort pulse laser beam are no traction. Except the heating
surface, the other three surfaces are considered the ideal thermal insu­
lation. The spot size is usually in millimeter or micron scale, which is
4
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506
much greater than the depth of absorption [36,37]. The model can be
seen as a one-dimensional case. For simplicity, σ xx is replaced by σ .
• Phase One: Ts<Tm
After absorbing the energy of the ultrashort pulse laser, the tem­
perature of target rises (the surface temperature does not reach the
melting point), which causes the thermal stress. The temperature dis­
tribution with x at the time of surface melting can be calculated, which is
regarded as the initial state of the second phase. The figure is displayed
in Fig. 1(a).
• Phase Two: Ts ≥ Tm
While the temperature of the surface rises to the melting point, the
melting occurs. Subsequently, the liquid silicon evaporates on the sur­
face. In this situation, the heat flux (ρ(1)△HV vr) taken away by evapo­
rization should be considered in the boundary condition. The
temperature of solid silicon will increase gradually due to the heat
transfer from the liquid silicon. The temperature in the solid-liquid
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

4.0 0.000
Non-dimensional temperature T

3.5
tp=2ps

Non-dimensional stress V
-0.002 tp=2ps
3.0 tp=4ps
tp=4ps
tp=6ps tp=6ps
2.5 -0.004
tp=8ps tp=8ps
2.0
-0.006
1.5

1.0
-0.008

0.5

-0.010
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Non-dimensional position x
Non-dimensional position x
(a) (b)

Fig. 4. The temperature(a) and stress(b) distributions with different pulse duration.

interface is always at melting point. The interface is moving and inter­ ( * ) ( ) ( ) ( )

x* u(i) ,(e0 a)* ,S(t)* =c0 η0 x u(i) ,(e0 a),S(t) , t* tp* , τ(i) =c20 η0 t tp , τ(i) ,
*
face location S(t) is time-dependent. The phase change processes can be
described by the Stefan interface conditions. It should be emphasized ( )
1 1 * 1
that the temperature distribution of solid phase is considered and the v*r (ϑ* )= vr (ϑ), ΔHV* L*m = (2) ΔHV (Lm ), q(i) = (2) q(i) ,
c0 CE T0 κ T 0 c 0 η0
thickness reduction of liquid phase owing to evaporization is neglected.
The figure is displayed in Fig. 1(b). *
θ(i) =
1 (i) (i)* 1 c0 η
θ , σ = (2) σ(i) , L*0 = (2) (2)0 L0 ,
In following equations, the physical quantities without superscript T0 μ ρ CE T0
represent in Phase One and with superscript (i) represents in Phase Two
λ(2) +2μ(2) ρ(2) CE(2)
(i = 1 for liquid phase, and i = 2 for solid phase). c20 = (2)
, η0 = .
ρ κ(2)
The displacement components
(16)
u(i) (i)
x = u (x, t), u(i) (i)
y = uz = 0. (10)
where
The strain component √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ [ ( )]
c s pb ms ms ΔHV 1 1
vr = (1) exp − .
∂u(i) (x, t) ρ 2πkB Ts kB Tb Ts
ε(i)
x = . (11)
∂x ξ1 and ξ2 can be fitted by the temperature of final status in the first
The motion equation phase. ρ(1)△HV vr in the boundary conditions of the second phase rep­
[ ] resents the heat flux taken away by evaporization.
∂2 ∂2 u(i) ( ) ∂2 u(i) ∂θ(i) For simplicity, the asterisks in the upper right corner are omitted.
1 − (e0 a)2 2 ρ(i) 2 = λ(i) + 2μ(i) − γ (i) . (12)
∂x ∂t ∂x2 ∂x For Phase One, Eqs.(12)–(15) change into
The energy equation [ ]
∂2 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂θ
( )( ) 1 − (e0 a)2 2 = − L1 . (17)
∂2 θ(i) (i) ∂
α(i)
∂θ(i) (i) ∂2 u(i) ∂x ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂x
κ(i) 2 = 1 + τ(i)α α(i) ρ(i) CE(i) + γ T0 . (13)
∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t ( )( )
∂2 θ ∂α ∂θ ∂2 u
= 1 + τα α + L2 . (18)
The stress constitutive equation ∂x 2 ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t
[ ] [ ]
∂2 ( ) ∂u(i)
1 − (e0 a)2 2 σ (i) = λ(i) + 2μ(i) − γ(i) θ(i) . (14) 1 − (e0 a)2
∂2 ∂u
σ = L3 − L4 θ. (19)
∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x
The heat conduction equation ( )
∂α ∂θ
(
α(i)
) 1 + τα q= − . (20)
(i)α(i) ∂ ∂θ(i) ∂tα ∂x
1+τ q(i) = − κ(i) . (15)
∂tα(i) ∂x
where
The initial, boundary and interface conditions are displayed in
Table 1. γ(2) T0 γ(2) λ(2) + 2μ(2) γ (2) T0
L1 = , L2 = , L3 = , L4 = .
For the sake of simplicity, the following dimensionless variables are κ(2) η0 μ(2) μ(2)
(2)
λ + 2μ(2)
used For Phase Two, Eqs.(12)–(15) change into
[ ]
∂2 ∂2 u(i) ∂2 u(i) ∂θ(i)
1 − (e0 a)2 2 = M1(i) 2 − M2(i) . (21)
∂x ∂t 2 ∂x ∂x

5
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

Fig. 5. The moving solid-liquid interface locations and temperature(a), displacement(b) as well as stress(c) with time lapse.

Table 4 (i) λ(i) + 2μ(i) (i) γ (i) T0 (i) ρ(i) CE(i) (i) γ (i)
M1 = , M2 = , N1 = , N2 = ,
The solid-liquid interface locations with the passage of time. ρ(i) c20 ρ(i) c20 κ(i) η0 κ(i) η0
non-dimensional λ(i) + 2μ(i) γ(i) T0 κ(i)
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 (i) (i) (i)
time (t) W1 = (2)
, W2 = (2)
, q0 = .
solid-liquid
μ μ κ(2)
interface 0.0789 0.1578 0.2367 0.3156 0.3945 0.4734
The non-dimensional boundary and interface conditions are shown
locations (x)
in Table 2.
where

( )( ) ρ(1)
α (i) ρ0 = .
∂2 θ(i) (i) ∂ ∂θ(i) 2 (i)
(i) ∂ u ρ(2)
(22)
(i)
= 1 + τ(i)α α(i) N1 + N2 .
∂x 2
∂t ∂t ∂x∂t
3.2. Solutions with Laplace transformation
[ ]
∂2 ∂u(i)
2
1 − (e0 a) 2 σ (i) = W1(i) − W2(i) θ(i) . (23)
∂x ∂x The Laplace transformation
∫∞
( )
∂α
(i)
∂θ(i) L[f (t) ] = f (s) = e− st f (t)dt, Re(s) > 0. (25)
(24)
(i)
1 + τ(i)α q(i) = − q(i)
0 . 0
∂tα(i) ∂x
is applied.
where For the first phase

6
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

Fig. 6. The temperature(a), displacement(b) and stress(c) distributions in the first phase and temperature(d), displacement(e) and stress(f) distributions in the
second phase with different fractional order parameter.

7
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

Fig. 7. The temperature(a), displacement(b) and stress(c) distributions in the first phase and temperature(d), displacement(e) and stress(f) distributions in the
second phase with different spatial nonlocal parameter.

8
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

[ ]
d2 2 d2 u dθ
1 − (e0 a)2 s u = 2 − L1 . (26) θ 1 = A1 u 1 , θ2 = A2 u2 . (41)
dx 2 dx dx
( ) where
d2 θ du
= (1 + τα sα ) sθ + L2 s . (27)
dx 2 dx s2 − (e0 a)2 s2 k12 − k12 s2 − (e0 a)2 s2 k22 − k22
A1 = , A2 = .
L1 k1 L1 k2
[ ]
d2 du The general solutions of σ and q
1 − (e0 a)2 σ = L3 − L4 θ. (28)
dx2 dx
σ = σ1 e− k1 x
+ σ 2 e− k2 x
. (42)
dθ
α α
(1 + τ s )q = − . (29)
dx q = q1 e− k1 x
+ q2 e− k2 x
. (43)
For the second phase Substituting the Eqs.(36), (37) and (42) into Eq.(28), we get
[
d2
] 2 (i)
(i) d u (i) dθ
(i)
σ 1 = B1 u1 , σ 2 = B2 u2 . (44)
1 − (e0 a)2 2 s2 u(i) = M1 − M 2 . (30)
dx dx2 dx
where
2 (i) ( )[ du(i)
] [ ]
dθ L1 L3 k12 + L4 s2 − (e0 a)2 s2 k12 − k12
(31)
(i) (i) (i)
= 1 + τ(i)α sα N1(i) sθ + N2(i) s − N1(i) ξ1 exp( − ξ2 x) . B1 = [ ] , B2
dx2 dx 2 2
L1 k1 (e0 a) k1 − 1
[ ]
[ ] L1 L3 k22 + L4 s2 − (e0 a)2 s2 k22 − k22
d2 du(i)
(32) = [ ] .
(i) (i)
1 − (e0 a)2 2
σ (i) = W1(i) − W2 θ . L1 k2 (e0 a)2 k22 − 1
dx dx
Eqs.(37) and (43) are substituted into Eq.(29), we get
( ) dθ
(i)

1+τ (i)α(i) α(i)

s q(i) = − q(i)
0 . (33) q1 = C1 u1 , q2 = C2 u2 . (45)
dx
According to Eq.(25), the boundary and interface conditions after where
Laplace transformation are displayed in Table 3.
A1 k 1 A2 k 2
Eliminating the θ by Eqs.(26) and (27) for Phase One C1 = , C2 = .
1 + τ α sα 1 + τα sα
( 4 )
d d2 Ra L0
− m1 2 + m2 u = 0. (34) u1 and u2 can be gotten by σ (0, s) = 0 and q(0, s) = 2 .
dx 4 dx tp2 (s+1/tp )

B1 u1 + B2 u2 = 0. (46)
where
[ ] Ra L0
s2 + s(1 + τα sα ) 1 + s2 (e0 a)2 + s(1 + τα sα )L1 L2 C1 u 1 + C2 u 2 = ( / )2 . (47)
m1 = , m2 2
2
1 + s2 (e0 a) tp s + 1 tp
s3 (1 + τα sα )
Eliminating the θ by Eqs.(30)–(31) for Phase Two
(i)
= .
1 + s2 (e0 a)2
( 4 2 )
d (i) d
where (48)
(i) (i)
− n 1 + n 2 u(i) = n3 exp( − ξ2 x).
dx4 dx2
ϑ ϑ
L= , L1 = . In the similar way, θ satisfies
(i)
s2 s
( 4 )
In the similar way, θ satisfies d (i) d
2
(49)
(i) (i)
− n 1 + n 2 θ = n(i)
4 exp( − ξ2 x).
( ) dx4 dx2
d4 d2
− m 1 + m2 θ = 0. (35)
dx4 dx2 where
( ) [ ] ( )
Considering the boundary conditions θ(∞, s) = u(∞, s) = 0, the (i) (i) (i) (i)
s2 + 1 + τ(i)α sα N1(i) s M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2 + 1 + τ(i)α sα sM2(i) N2(i)
general solutions of Eqs.(34)–(35) take the following form (i)
n1 = ,
M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2
u = u1 e− k1 x
+ u2 e− k2 x
. (36) ( ) ( )
(i) (i) (i) (i)
1 + τ(i)α sα N1(i) s3 1 + τ(i)α sα M2(i) N1(i) ξ1 ξ2
(i) (i)
θ = θ1 e− k1 x
+ θ2 e− k2 x
. (37) n2 =
M1 + (e0 a)2 s2
(i)
, n3 =
M1 + (e0 a)2 s2
(i)
,
( ) { [ ] }
where k1 and k2 are the roots of the following characteristic equation
(i) (i)
1 + τ(i)α sα N1(i) ξ1 s2 − M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2 ξ22
n(i) = .
(38)
4
k4 − m1 k2 + m2 = 0. M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2

These roots are as follows The general solution of Eq.(48) is as follows

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(50)
(i) (i) (i) (i)
m1 + m21 − 4m2 u(i) (x, s) = u(i)
1 e
− k1 x
+ u(i)
2 e
k1 x
+ u(i)
3 e
− k2 x
+ u(i)
4 e
k2 x
+ u(i)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
k1 = . (39)
2
Similarly, the general solution of Eq.(49) is as follows
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(51)
(i) (i) (i) (i) (i)
m1 − m21 − 4m2 θ (x, s) = θ(i)
1 e
− k1 x
+ θ(i)
2 e
k1 x
+ θ(i)
3 e
− k2 x
+ θ(i)
4 e
k2 x
+ θ(i)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
k2 = . (40)
2
where
Substituting Eqs.(36)–(37) into Eq.(26), we can get

9
Y. Li et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506

n(i) [ ] 2 [ ]
u(i)
5 =
3
(i) 2 (i)
. s2 − M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2 kj(i) s2 − M1(i) + (e0 a)2 s2 ξ22
ξ42 − n1 ξ2 + n2 (i)
Aj = ,
(i)
A3 = ,
(i) (i) (i)
M2 kj M2 ξ2
k(i)
j (j = 1,2) are the roots of the characteristic equation
− W1(i) kj(i) − W2(i) A(i)
j − W1(i) ξ2 − W2(i) A(i)
(52)
4 (i) 2 (i) (i) (i) 3
k(i) − n1 k(i) + n2 = 0. Bj = , B3 = ,
1 − (e0 a)2 ξ22
2
1− (e0 a)2 kj(i)
These roots are as follows
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ q(i) (i) (i)
0 Aj k j
(i)
q0 A3 ξ2
(i)

√ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ Cj(i) =
(i)α(i) α(i)
, C3(i) =
(i)α(i) α(i)
. (j = 1, 2)
√ (i) 2 1+τ s 1+τ s
√n1 + n(i) 1 − 4n2
(i)

k1(i) (53) The boundary and interface conditions are used to get u(1) (1) (1)
1 , u2 , u3 ,
= .
2
u(1) (2) (2)
4 , u1 , u3 .
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√
√ (i)
√n1 − (i)2
n1 − 4n2
(i) B(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 u1 − B1 u2 + B2 u3 − B2 u4 + B3 u5 = 0. (68)
k2(i) = . (54)
2
C1(1) u(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
1 + C1 u2 + C2 u3 + C2 u4 + C3 u5
The general solutions of the stress and heat flux ρ0 ΔHV vr Ra L0
= − + ( / )2 . (69)
s
(i)
σ (x, s) = σ (i) − k(i) x
1 e
1 +σ (i) k(i) x
2 e
1 +σ (i) − k(i) x
3 e
2 +σ (i) k(i) x
4 e
2 +σ (i) − ξ2 x
5 e . (55) tp2 s + 1 tp

(1) (1) (1) (1)

(56)
(i) (i) (i) (i)
q(i) (x, s) = q1 e−
(i) k1 x (i)
+ q2 ek1 x + q3 e−
(i) k2 x (i)
+ q4 ek2 x + q5 e−
(i) ξ2 x
. A(1) (1) −
1 u1 e
k1 L
− A(1) (1) k
1 u2 e
1
L
+ A(1) (1) −
2 u3 e
k2 L
− A(1) (1) k
2 u4 e
2
L
+ A(1) (1) −
3 u5 e
ξ2 L

For liquid phase (first layer), Eqs.(51), (50), (55) and (56) have the (2) (2)
= A1 u1 e−
(2)
k1 L (2) (2)
+ A2 u 3 e −
(2)
k2 L
+ A3 u5 e−
(2) (2) ξ2 L
=
θm
.
following forms s
(70)
(57)
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
θ (x, s) = θ(1)
1 e
− k1 x
+ θ(1)
2 e
k1 x
+ θ(1)
3 e
− k2 x
+ θ(1)
4 e
k2 x
+ θ(1)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
(1) (1) (1) (1)
C1(1) u(1)
1 e
−
+ C1(1) u(1)
k1 L
2 e
k1 L
+ C2(1) u(1)
3 e
− k2 L
+ C2(1) u(1)
4 e
k2 L
+ C3(1) u(1)
5 e
− ξ2 L
( )
(58)
(1) (1) (1) (1)
(1)
u(1) (x, s) = u 1 e − k1 x + u(1)
2 e
k1 x
+ u(1)
3 e
− k2 x
+ u(1)
4 e
k2 x
+ u(1)
5 e
− ξ2 x
. (2)
(2) (2) − k L (2)
(2) (2) − k L
− C1 u1 e 1 + C2 u3 e 2 + C3 u5 e
(2) (2) − ξ2 L
= Lm L1 .
(71)
(59)
(1) (1) (1) (1)
σ (1) (x, s) = σ(1)
1 e
− k1 x (1)
+ σ2 ek1 x + σ 3 e−
(1) k2 x (1)
+ σ 4 ek2 x + σ 5 e−
(1) ξ2 x
.
(72)
(2) (2)
(2) (2) k1 L (2) (2) k2 L (2) (2) ξ2 L
B1 u1 e− + B2 u3 e− + B3 u5 e− = 0.
(60)
(1) (1) (1) (1)
q(1) (x, s) = q(1)
1 e
− k1 x
+ q(1)
2 e
k1 x
+ q(1)
3 e
− k2 x
+ q(1)
4 e
k2 x
+ q(1)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
(1) (1) (1) (1)

For solid phase (second layer), the boundary conditions θ (∞, s) =

(2) u(1)
1 e
− k1 L
+ u(1)
2 e
k1 L
+ u(1)
3 e
− k2 L
+ u(1)
4 e
k2 L
+ u(1)
5 e
− ξ2 L
(73)
u(2) (∞, s) = 0 are applied
(2) (2)
= u(2)
1 e
− k1 L
+ u(2)
3 e
− k2 L
+ u(2)
5 e
− ξ2 L
.

(61)
(2) (2) (2)
θ (x, s) = θ(2)
1 e
− k1 x
+ θ(2)
3 e
− k2 x
+ θ(2)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
3.3. Solutions in time domain

(62)
(2) (2)
(2)
(2)
u (x, s) = u 1 e − k1 x + u(2)
3 e
− k2 x
+ u(2)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.
The inverse Laplace transformation is used to obtain the time-
domain solutions. Due to the complicacy of the Laplace-domain re­
(63)
(2) (2)
σ (2) (x, s) = σ(2)
1 e
− k1 x
+ σ(2)
3 e
− k2 x
+ σ (2)
5 e
− ξ2 x
. sults, it is difficult to seek out the analytical solution. The numerical
inverse Laplace transformation put forward by Brancik [38] is used to
(64) obtain the time-domain solutions.
(2) (2)
q(2) (x, s) = q(2)
1 e
− k1 x
+ q(2)
3 e
− k2 x
+ q(2)
5 e
− ξ2 x
.

The general solutions are substituted into Eqs.(30), (32) and (33), it
4. Results and discussions
can be obtained
(i)
θ1 = A1 u1 ,
(i) (i) (i)
θ 2 = − A1 u 2 ,
(i) (i) (i)
θ 3 = A2 u 3 ,
(i) (i) (i)
θ4 = − A2 u4 ,
(i) (i) (i)
θ5 In case one, the temperature distribution in final state of the first
(i) (i) phase and solid-liquid interface moving velocity are fitted. In cases two
= A3 u5 .
and three, the influences of laser parameters on the transient responses
(65) in the first phase are discussed. In cases four to six, the influences of laser
irradiation time and spatio-temporal nonlocal parameters are studied.
σ (i) (i) (i)
1 = B1 u1 , σ(i) (i) (i)
2 = − B1 u2 , σ (i) (i) (i)
3 = B2 u3 , σ(i) (i) (i)
4 = − B2 u4 , σ(i)
5 The material property parameters are as follows [39–41].
= B(i) (i)
3 u5 . T0 = 293K, Tm = 1687K, Tb = 3173K, αt = 4.14 × 10− 6 K− 1 ,
(66) Ra = 0.3, τ = 0.5ps, κs = 135W/(m⋅K), κl = 60W/(m⋅K), CEs =
1050J/(kg⋅K), CEl = 970J/(kg⋅K), ρs = 2320kg/m3 , ρl = 2530kg/
q(i) m3 , λs = 3.64 × 1010 N/m2 , μs = 5.46 × 1010 N/m2 , pb = 1 × 105 Pa,
(i) (i)
1 = C1 u 1 , q(i) (i) (i)
2 = C1 u2 , q(i) (i) (i)
3 = C2 u3 , q(i) (i) (i)
4 = C2 u4 , q(i)
5
(i) (i)
= C3 u 5 . (67) cs = 0.82, Lm = 1.797 × 106 J/kg, ΔHV = 1.372 × 107 J/kg, kB =
1.38 × 10− 23 J/K, ms = 4.6508 × 10− 26 kg.λl and μl are seen as the
where small amount relative to the Lame’s constants of solid phase (one tenth)
because the liquid is difficult to bear load in the free state.

4.1. Function fitting

In case one, the temperature distribution in final state of the first

phase and solid-liquid interface moving velocity are fitted. The laser
intensity, pulse duration and spatio-temporal nonlocal parameters are

10
Y. Li et al.
specified as L0 = 5 × 103 J/m2, tp = 2 ps, α = 0.2 and e0a = 2 × 10− 4.
4.1.1. Fitting of temperature curve
The non-dimensional melting point is 4.76. The temperature distri­
bution when surface melting (non-dimensional time t = 0.175) is dis­
played in Fig. 2 and the curve can be fitted as a function related to
position coordinate.
( )
θ x, tsurface melting = ξ1 exp( − ξ2 x). (74)
where.
ξ1 = 4.789, ξ2 = 5.461.
4.1.2. Fitting of solid-liquid interface moving velocity
The moving velocity of solid-liquid interface can be fitted by the time
and position at the moment when the temperature rises to the temper­
ature of silicon melting. The linear relationship obtained by fitting
among the solid-liquid interface location, interface moving velocity and
time is as follows
S(t) = ϑt. (75)
where
ϑ = 1.578.
4.2. Influence of the laser intensity
In case two, the effects of L0 on the thermoelastic responses of solid
silicon in the first phase are studied. Four different L0 are chosen, i.e., 3
× 103 J/m2, 4 × 103 J/m2, 5 × 103 J/m2 and 6 × 103 J/m2, while tp = 2
ps, α = 0.2, e0a = 2 × 10− 4 and t = 0.15 (For simplicity, the dimen­
sionless time t = 0.15 is used. The non-dimensional time of t = 0.15 is
0.132 ps. Do the same in the following discussion). The results are shown
in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3(a) indicates that the temperature distributions increase with
the L0 increasing, which is caused by the larger input of heat flow to the
surface with the increase of L0. As depicted in Fig. 3(b), different parts of
target experience different deformations. It can be found that the surface
(x = 0) displacement and positive peak internal displacements increase
with the L0 increasing. From Fig. 3(c), it can be concluded that there is
only compressive stress in the structure before the target surface melts,
which results from the finite expansion. The compressive stress reaches
its peak around x = 0.14 and the peak values of compressive stress in­
crease with the L0 increasing.
4.3. Influence of the pulse duration
In case three, we research how the tp influences the transient re­
sponses of solid silicon in the first phase. Four different tp are selected, i.
e., 2 ps, 4 ps, 6 ps and 8 ps, while L0 = 5 × 103 J/m2, α = 0.2, e0a = 2 ×
10− 4 and non-dimensional time t = 0.15. The results are shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 focuses on the influences of pulse duration of the ultrashort
pulse laser on the transient thermoelastic responses. It can be found the
temperature and compressive stress decrease with pulse duration
increasing. This is because the laser power density I(t) decreases when L0
as well as Ra remains unchanged and tp increases. It also indicates that
the introduction of ultrashort pulse duration can achieve higher heat
input.
4.4. Influence of the time lapse
In case four, we focus on the moving solid-liquid interface locations
and transient responses of solid silicon in the second phase. Six different
non-dimensional time are chosen, i.e., t = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25
and 0.30, while L0 = 5 × 103 J/m2, tp = 2 ps, α = 0.2 and e0a = 2 × 10− 4.
The results are shown in Fig. 5.
11
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (2022) 106506
The moving solid-liquid interface locations with time lapse are
shown in Table 4.
Fig. 5(a) exhibits that the temperature is always equal to melting
temperature in the solid-liquid interface locations. The temperature of
solid silicon increases with the passage of time. According to Fig. 5(b),
the displacement in the solid-liquid interface and peak values of internal
displacement increase with the time lapse. From Fig. 5(c), the peak
tensile stress increase with the time lapse and the peak values occur at x
= 0.113 when t = 0.05, x = 0.242 when t = 0.10, x = 0.370 when t =
0.15, x = 0.486 when t = 0.20, x = 0.624 when t = 0.25 and x = 0.740
when t = 0.30.
4.5. Influence of the fractional order parameter
In case five, the influences of α on the transient responses of solid
silicon in the first and second phase are discussed. Four different α are
chosen, i.e., 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 (integer order), while L0 = 5 × 103 J/m2, tp
= 2 ps, e0a = 2 × 10− 4 and t = 0.25. The results are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 focuses on the influences of fractional order parameter on the
transient thermoelastic responses. As shown in Fig. 6(a) and (d), the
thermal wave travels faster with the decrease of fractional order
parameter, which means that the introduction of α can reflect faster
process of thermal conduction. Fig. 6(b) and (e) reveal that the peak
displacements increase with α increasing. That is to say the maximum
peak value of displacement can be described by the integer order de­
rivative. From Fig. 6(c), the stress in the first phase is always compres­
sive stress. Fig. 6(f) exhibits the stress is constant at zero in the solid-
liquid interface location because the liquid silicon is difficult to bear
load in the free state. It is also concluded that the peak tensile stresses
increase and the peak compressive stresses decrease with α decreasing.
4.6. Influence of the spatial nonlocal parameter
In case six, the effects of spatial nonlocal parameter e0a on the
transient responses of solid silicon in the first and second phase are
investigated. Three different spatial nonlocal parameters are selected, i.
e., e0a = 0, 2 × 10− 4 and 4 × 10− 4, while L0 = 5 × 103 J/m2, tp = 2 ps, α
= 0.2 and t = 0.25. The results are shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 reflects that with the changes of the spatial nonlocal param­
eter, displacement and stress change significantly, while temperature
changes slightly. The reason is that the spatial nonlocal parameter rep­
resents the spatial nonlocal effect, which has a significant influence on
the stress-strain relationship and hardly influence on the heat conduc­
tion equation controlling temperature. In general, the influence of
deformation on temperature is very small although thermo-mechanical
coupling is considered. Therefore, the spatial nonlocal parameter
remarkably affects the displacement and stress distributions, while
barely affects the temperature distribution. According to Fig. 7(b) and
(e), the peak displacements increase with the e0a decreasing, which il­
lustrates that compared with the classical generalized thermoelasticity,
the spatial nonlocal generalized thermoelastic theory can predict higher
stiffness when the thermal load is ultrashort pulse laser (the influence of
spatial nonlocal effect on structural stiffness depends on the external
load attribute). From Fig. 7(f), if the spatial nonlocal effect is not
considered (e0a = 0), the peak value of tensile stress will be
overestimated.
5. Conclusions
In this manuscript, the generalized thermoelastic Stefan model
considering the spatio-temporal nonlocal effect is built. The research is
divided into two phases and the Laplace integral transformation
together with Laplace inversion are used. According to the obtained
results, the conclusions are as follows
Y. Li et al.
(1) For solid-liquid phase change problem, the Stefan conditions are
used to describe the interface moving with time, which can be
closer to the real physical process. The stress is constant at zero in
the solid-liquid interface because the liquid silicon is difficult to
bear load in its free state.
(2) The laser parameters have the significant effects on the thermo­
elastic responses of the Stefan problem. The temperature, peak
displacements and peak stresses increase with the increase of the
laser intensity or decrease of the pulse duration.
(3) The introduction of fractional order parameter can clarify faster
thermal transfer process. The spatial nonlocal parameter
remarkably affects the displacement and stress, while barely in­
fluences the temperature distribution.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Yan Li: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis,
Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,
Visualization. Yi Zhao: Validation, Software, Formal analysis. Tianhu
He: Resources, Visualization. Xiaogeng Tian: Supervision, Methodol­
ogy, Writing – review & editing. Kai Liao: Data curation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal re­
lationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
Xiaogeng Tian reports financial support was provided by National
Natural Science Foundation of China.
Data availability
The data that has been used is confidential.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Founda­
tion of China (11732007).
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