Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

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Three-dimensional Green’s functions for fluid and isotropic

thermoelastic solid two-phase materials under heat loading
Qiuhua Li a, b, Pengfei Hou a, b, *
a
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
b
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Thermal exchange between liquid and solid is a common problem for various engineering
Green’s function structures. The thermal stresses caused by temperature change have great influence on the en­
Heat source gineering structures. A three dimensional model for a coupling thermal and mechanical field was
Fluid
established to investigate thermal stress under heat loading. In this study, the three dimensional
Thermoelastic
Two-phase materials
Green’s functions for fluid and isotropic thermoelastic two-phase materials with internal heat
source are obtained and used to study the thermal stress problems between solid and liquid. By
virtue of the compact three-dimensional general solutions expressed in harmonic functions, four
newly introduced harmonic functions are constructed, and all components of coupled field are
expressed in terms of elementary functions which are very convenient to use. Numerical results
are given graphically by contours. The corresponding analysis will contribute to obtain stress
characteristics of the fluid-solid thermal coupling field.

1. Introduction

Thermoelasic problems are becoming significantly important in engineering, such as in aerospace, nuclear reactor engineering, and
ocean engineering [1–5]. The responses caused by the coupling between mechanical and thermal fields may change dramatically. The
heat conduction, strains and stresses induced by the coupling responses have a great influence on the behavior of mechanical system.
Therefore, an accurate and comprehensive analysis of thermoelastic structure is necessary at the stage of the structure design. As a
consequence of the coupling between thermal and mechanical fields, a large stress gradient may be generated and leads to a trou­
blesome problem for which traditional commercial software are difficult to obtain high precision solutions. The Green’s functions are
useful and common tools in solving thermoelastic problems with large stress gradient.
Green’s functions have been well investigated and many works can be found in the literatures for various types of pure elastic
solids. Lifshitz and Rozentsveig (1947) [6], Elliott (1948) [7], Sveklo (1969) [8], Lejcek (1969) [9], Pan and Chou (1976) [10] have
done a lot of research works to obtain the Green’s functions for transversely isotropic elastic materials. Many scholars obtained the
Green’s function solutions of elastic structures in different ways, such as Kroner (1953) [11], Willis (1965) [12] obtained them using
the direct method, and Sveklo (1969) [13] found them using the complex method. Considering the thermal load effects, Sharma (1958)
[14] derived the Green’s functions of semi-infinite thermoelastic field in integral form. For transversely isotropic thermoelastic field,
the Green’s function for infinite, semi-infinite and two-phase transversely isotropic thermoelastic materials have been constructed by

* Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR
China.
E-mail address: houpengfei@hnu.edu.cn (P. Hou).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100631
Received 8 February 2020; Received in revised form 20 March 2020; Accepted 23 March 2020
Available online 8 April 2020
2214-157X/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

virtue of the general solution [15,16]. Chen (2019) [17] presents the harmonic general solutions for transversely isotropic elastic field
with thermal and other effects in full summary. For anisotropic materials, some scholars have studied two-dimensional thermoelastic
problems and obtained the Green’s function [18,19]. Three-dimensional thermal Green’s functions of quasi-steady state motion in
bimaterials are derived [20]. When consider isotropic elastic and thermoelastic materials, the Green’s function solution of isotropic
thermal elastic solid have been obtained [21,22]. Nowacki (1986) [23] derived the fundamental solutions for a point heat source in the
interior of an infinite body. Hou et al. [24–26] obtained the Green’s function for two-phase isotropic thermoelastic materials and
piezoelectric biomaterials. The above studies all consider the thermal stress under the heat load between solid and solid, but the
analysis for solid and liquid coupling field are limited.
In engineering, it is important to study the interaction between solid and fluid (including liquid or gas) for complex structures
because of their rapid developments and wide applications. As a representative example, the studies of interaction between the liquid
and the water-beds of the rivers, lakes or seas are helpful to predict the thermal exchange at the interface and the deformation of the
solid, which are the main reasons for the move and failure of the water-beds [27]. The coupled heat transfer for roadway between rock
and air was analyzed to obtain the heat flux, thermal strain under different environment temperatures [28]. It is also of concern that
the heat dissipation of the engine is also a typical liquid-solid heat exchange problem [29–31]. Nuclear reactor is a typical structure
with the interaction of high heat fluid and solid, so the thermal-hydraulic analysis between cooling liquid and reactor wall is necessary
to predict the stress state and cooling effect [32]. According to the authors’ knowledge based on the literatures not limited to the above
review, the heat transfer between solid and solid is popular. However, the problem of heat conduction between the fluid and solid has
rarely been reported. This article is intended to do some targeted research for fluid-solid thermal coupling problems.
In this paper, the solution of the Green’s function for solid and fluid coupling field is studied. For completeness, the governing
equations and corresponding general solutions expressed in harmonic functions are first introduced for thermoelastic materials and
fluid. According to the general solutions, four harmonic functions are constructed for a point heat source applied in the fluid and
thermoelastic two-phase coupling field. Considering two cases with free and fixed interface, the corresponding thermoelastic com­
ponents can be obtained by substituting these functions into the general solutions after the constants determined by compatibility
conditions on interface z ¼ 0 and the equilibrium conditions. Numerical examples are presented. All stress components and tem­
perature increments are shown graphically by contours. The thermoelastic field under arbitrary thermal source could be obtained from
the obtained solution by coordination parallel transformation and integral transformation.

2. General solution

In three-dimensional cylindrical coordinateðr;φ;zÞ, as for isotropic thermoelastic model, the constitutive equations considering the
influence of temperature are
� � � �
∂u 1 ∂uφ ur ∂uz 1 ∂ur ∂uφ uφ
σr ¼ ðλ þ 2GÞ r þ λ þ þλ αθ; τrφ ¼ G þ ;
∂r r ∂φ r ∂z r ∂φ ∂r r
� � � �
∂ur 1 ∂uφ ur ∂uz ∂uφ 1 ∂uz
σφ ¼ λ þ ðλ þ 2GÞ þ þλ αθ; τφz ¼ G þ ;
∂r r ∂φ r ∂z ∂z r ∂φ
� �
∂ur 1 ∂uφ ur ∂uz
σz ¼ λ þλ þ þ ðλ þ 2GÞ αθ; (1)
∂r r ∂φ r ∂z

where ui ði ¼ r; φ; zÞ are the displacement components in r; φ; z directions. σi ði ¼ r; φ; zÞ are normal stress components, τij ði; j ¼ r; φ; zÞ are
the shear stress components, and θis temperature increment.α is thermal modulus. λ and G are Lame constant and shear modulus,
respectively, as follows,
νE E
λ¼ ;G ¼ ; (2)
ð1 þ νÞð1 2νÞ 2ð1 þ νÞ

where E is Young modulus and νis Poisson’s ratio.

The mechanical equilibrium equations in cylinder coordinate ðr; φ; zÞ without body force are
∂σr 1 ∂τrφ ∂τzr σr σ φ
þ þ þ ¼ 0;
∂r r ∂φ ∂z r

∂τrφ 1 ∂σ φ ∂τφz 2τrφ

þ þ þ ¼ 0;
∂r r ∂φ ∂z r

∂τzr 1 ∂τφz ∂σ z τzr

þ þ þ ¼ 0: (3)
∂r r ∂φ ∂z r
The steady-state heat conduction equation is

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

� �
∂2
Δ þ 2 θ ¼ 0; (4)
∂z

where Δis Laplace operator. In cylinder coordinateðr; φ; zÞ, Δis as follows

∂2 1 ∂ 1 ∂2
Δ¼ þ þ : (5)
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂φ2
Based on the above governing Eqs. (1)–(5) and using differential operator theory, one can find that the following compact general
solution for the asymmetric problem
∂ψ 1 ∂ψ
2Gur ¼ þ z 2;
∂r ∂r

∂ψ 1 ∂ψ 2
2Guz ¼ ð3 4νÞψ 2 þ z þ 4ð1 νÞψ 3 ;
∂z ∂z

2G ∂ψ
θ ¼ 3; (6a)
Γ ∂z

∂2 ψ 1 ∂ψ 2 ∂2 ψ ∂ψ 3
σr ¼ 2ν þ z 22 2ð1 νÞ ;
∂r2 ∂z ∂r ∂z

1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ 2 z ∂ψ 2 ∂ψ 3
σφ ¼ 2ν þ 2ð1 νÞ ;
r ∂r ∂z r ∂r ∂z

∂2 ψ 1 ∂ψ 2 ∂2 ψ ∂ψ 3
σz ¼ 2ð1 νÞ þ z 22 þ 2ð1 νÞ ;
∂z2 ∂z ∂z ∂z

∂2 ψ 1 ∂ψ 2 ∂2 ψ 2 ∂ψ 3
τzr ¼ ð1 2νÞ þz þ 2ð1 νÞ : (6b)
∂r∂z ∂r ∂r∂z ∂r
In addition, uφ ¼ 0; τrφ ¼ 0; τφz ¼ 0for axisymmetric problem.
The functions ψ j ðj ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ satisfy the following harmonic equations
� �
∂2
Δ þ 2 ψ j ¼ 0: (7)
∂z
For fluid, we can obtain the general solution of the temperature field using differential operator theory,
∂ψ 4
θ¼ : (8)
∂z

Fig. 1. Fluid and solid thermoelastic two-phase infinite body with internal point heat source of strength H in a steady state.

3
Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

Besides, Γ is a constant as follows,

2ð1 νÞE
Γ¼ : (9)
αð1 þ νÞð1 2νÞ
Taking advantage of the general solution, we will construct harmonic function ψ j ðj ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ to solve the solid-fluid coupling
field.

3. Green’s functions for semi-infinite isotropic thermoelastic material with internal heat source

A new model for isotropic thermoelastic semi-infinite structure with internal point heat source is constructed. A point heat source of
strength H is applied in the interior of the isotropic thermoelastic semi-infinite body. The semi-infinite fluid body joins at the interface
z ¼ 0 (Fig. 1). The cylindrical coordinate ðr; φ; zÞ can be chosen such that the r; φ-plane lies in the interface. The point heat source is
applied at the point ð0; 0; hÞ in the cylindrical coordinate. Thus, this is a non-torsional axisymmetric problem, and the relatively
completed general solution Eq. (6) and Eq. (8) will be used to derive the thermoelastic field in this section.

3.1. Green’s function for Extended Mindlin solution

Consider the Extended Mindlin solution for the solid semi-infinite body, the corresponding compatibility conditions on the
interface z ¼ 0 are in the form of
σz ¼ τzr ¼ 0; (10a)

(10b)
0 0 0
θ ¼ θ ; β∂θ=∂z ¼ β ∂θ =∂z;

where the un-primed quantities refer to the variables in the upper semi-infinite body z � 0 and the primed quantities refer to those in
the lower semi-infinite body z � 0.βand β are the heat conduction coefficients of solid and fluid, respectively.
0

For future reference, the following notations are introduced

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
zh ¼ z h; R ¼ r2 þ z2h ¼ x2 þ y2 þ z2h ; zh ¼ z þ h; R ¼ r2 þ z2h ¼ x2 þ y2 þ z2h ; (11a)

* *
Rs ¼ R þ signðzh Þzh ; R* ¼ R þ zh ; R ¼ R zh : (11b)

In the semi-infinite body z � 0, the harmonic functions can be assumed in the following forms
� * � *
ψ 1 ¼ A11 signðzh Þzh ln Rs R þ A12 signðzh Þln Rs
þA11 ðzh ln R* RÞ þ A12 ln R* ;

* 1
ψ 2 ¼ A2 signðzh Þln Rs þ A21 ln R* þ A22 ;
R
*
ψ 3 ¼ A3 signðzh Þln Rs þ A3 ln R* ; (12)

where A1k , A2 , A3 and Ajk ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ, A3 are nine constants to be determined, signð Þ is the signum function. Substitute Eq. (12) into
general solution Eq. (6), the thermoelastic field will be obtained as follows,
r r r r
2Gur ¼ A11 *
þ A12 signðzh Þ *
A11 þ A12 *
Rs RRs R* RR
� �
r r r
þz A2 signðzh Þ * þ A21 * A22 3
;
RRs RR R

* 1 1
2Guz ¼ A11 signðzh Þln Rs þ A12 þ A11 ln R* þ A12
R R
� � � �
* 1 1 1 zh
ð3 4νÞ A2 signðzh Þln Rs þ A21 ln R* þ A22 þ z A2 þ A21 A22
R R R R3
� * �
þ4ð1 νÞ A3 signðzh Þln Rs þ A3 ln R* ;

2G 1 1
θ ¼ A3 þ A3 ; (13a)
Γ R R

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

*
zh z2h Rs r2 R
σr ¼ A11 signðzh Þ *
þ A12 signðzh Þ
3 *2
RRs R Rs
� �
zh z 2 R* r 2 R 1 1 zh
A11 þ A12 h 2ν A2 þ A21 A22
RR* R3 R*
2
R R R3

� * � ��
z2 R r2 R z 2 R* r 2 R 1 3r2
þz A2 signðzh Þ h s 2 þ A21 h A22
3 * R3 R*
2
R3 R5
R Rs
� �
1 1
2ð1 νÞ A3 þ A3 ;
R R

1 1 1 1
σφ ¼ A11 *
þ A12 signðzh Þ *
A11 þ A12 *
Rs RRs R* RR

� �
1 1 zh
2ν A2 þ A21 A22
R R R3
� �
1 1 1
þz A2 signðzh Þ * þ A21 * A22
RRs RR R3

� �
1 1
2ð1 νÞ A3 þ A3 ;
R R
� �
1 zh 1 zh 1 1
σz ¼ A11 A12 3
þ A11 A12 þ 2ð1 νÞ A3 þ A3
R R R R3 R R
� � � � ��
1 1 zh zh zh 1 3z2h
2ð1 νÞ A2 þ A21 A22 þz A2 3
A21 A22 ;
R R R3 R R3 R3 R5
� �
r r r r r r 3rzh
τzr ¼ A11 signðzh Þ *
A12 þ A11 A12 þz A2 A21 þ A22 5
RRs R
3
RR* R3 R
3
R3 R

� �
r r r
ð1 2νÞ A2 signðzh Þ * þ A21 * A22
RR RR R3
� �
r r
þ2ð1 νÞ A3 signðzh Þ *
þ A3 : (13b)
RRs RR*

The following function is the harmonic function in the semi-infinite z � 0for the fluid

Fig. 2. A cylinder with internal point heat source of strength H.

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

*
(14)
0
ψ 4 ¼ A3 lnR :
Substituting Eq. (14) into general solution (8) yields
0 1
(15)
0
θ ¼ A3 :
R
Because the signum function signðzh Þ is not continuous on the plane z ¼ h, the compatibility conditions on the plane z ¼ h for ur ,σ r
and σφ given in Eq. (13) yield

A12 þ hA2 ¼ 0: (16)

The compatibility condition on the plane z ¼ h for uz and τzr given in Eq. (13) yields

A11 ð3 4νÞA2 þ 4ð1 νÞA3 ¼ 0; (17)

A11 ð1 2νÞA2 þ 2ð1 νÞA3 ¼ 0: (18)

A cylinder of finite length a1 � z � a2 (a1 < h < a2 ) and 0 � r � b is shown in Fig. 2. The mechanical and the thermal equilibriums
are given as following two equations separately.
Z b Z a2
2π ½σz ðr; a2 Þ σ z ðr; a1 Þ�rdr þ 2π b τzr ðb; zÞdz ¼ 0; (19)
0 a1

Z b� � Z a2
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
2πβ ðr; a2 Þ ðr; a1 Þ rdr 2πbβ ðb; zÞdz ¼ H: (20)
0 ∂z ∂z a1 ∂r
According to the constitutive equations, Eq. (19) can be rewritten to the following form
Z a2 Z b � �
1 ∂ðrτzr Þ ∂σ z
2π þ rdrdz ¼ 0: (21)
a1 0 r ∂r ∂z
From the balance equations, Eq. (21) is satisfied automatically. In addition, some useful integrals are listed as follows,
Z Z � �
∂θ Γ zh zh Γ � zh zh �
rdr ¼ A3 3 þ A3 3 rdr ¼ A3 þ A 3 ; (22a)
∂z 2G R R 2G R R
Z Z � �
∂θ ∂ Γ ∂ψ 3 Γ ∂ψ 3 Γ h r r i
dz ¼ dz ¼ ¼ A3 signðzh Þ * þ A3 * : (22b)
∂r ∂r 2G ∂z 2G ∂r 2G RR RR

It is obvious that the integral (20) having the sign function signðzh Þ is not continuous at z ¼ h, so the integration should be done in
two parts as follows
Z a2 Z h Z a2
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
dz ¼ dz þ dz: (23)
a1 ∂r a1 ∂ r hþ ∂r

Substituting Eq. (13a) into the steady-state heat conduction equation (20) with using integrals (22, 23) yields
GH
A3 ¼ : (24)
2πβΓ
At the interface z ¼ 0, we have
zh ¼ h; zh ¼ h;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
R¼R ¼ r2 þ h2 ;

* * pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Rs ¼ R ¼ R* ¼ r2 þ h2 þ h: (25)

Substituting Eqs. 13 and 15 into the compatibility condition (12) and using Eq. (25), one can obtain
σz ¼ 0 :

A11 þ A11 2ð1 νÞðA2 þ A21 Þ þ 2ð1 νÞðA3 þ A3 Þ ¼ 0; (26)

A12 A12 þ 2ð1 νÞA22 ¼ 0: (27)

τzr ¼ 0 :

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

A11 þ A11 ð1 2νÞð A2 þ A21 Þ þ 2ð1 νÞð A3 þ A3 Þ ¼ 0; (28)

A12 A12 þ ð1 2νÞA22 ¼ 0: (29)

0
θ¼θ :
� �
G
(30)
0
A3 þ A3 ¼ A3 :
Γ
0
∂θ 0 ∂θ
β ¼β :
∂z ∂z
� 0�
Gβ
(31)
0
A3 A3 ¼ A3 :
βΓ

Ten constants of Ajk , A3 and,Ajk cA3 ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ an be obtained by using Eqs.16–18 and Eqs. 25–31. And the thermoelastic fields of
0 0

Eqs. 13 and 15 in two-phase infinite body can be obtained.

3.2. Green’s function for Extended Lorentz solution

For the solid semi-infinite body with fixed boundary condition, the corresponding compatibility conditions on the interface z ¼ 0
are in the form of
ur ¼ uz ¼ 0; (32a)

(32b)
0 0 0
θ ¼ θ ; β∂θ=∂z ¼ β ∂θ =∂z:

In this case, the corresponding harmonic functions and thermoelastic fields are still in form of Eqs. (6), (8) and (12), 14). A1k , A2 and
A3 ðk ¼ 1; 2Þ constants are still determined by Eqs. (16)–(18), (24), while the underdetermined constantsAjk ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ, A3 , A3 will be
0

determined by compatibility conditions (32). So substituting Eqs. 13 and 15 into the compatibility condition (32), one can obtain
ur ¼ 0 :

A11 þ A11 ¼ 0; (33)

A12 A12 ¼ 0: (34)

uz ¼ 0 :

A12 þ A12 ð3 4μÞA22 ¼ 0; (35)

A11 þ A11 þ ð3 4μÞðA2 A21 Þ 4ð1 μÞðA3 A3 Þ ¼ 0: (36)

0
θ¼θ :
� �
G
(37)
0
A3 þ A3 ¼ A3 :
Γ
0
∂θ 0 ∂θ
β ¼β :
∂z ∂z
� 0�
Gβ
(38)
0
A3 A3 ¼ A3 :
βΓ

The constants of Ajk ðj; k ¼ 1; 2ÞA3 ,A3 can be obtained by Eqs. 33–38. And the thermoelastic fields of Eqs. (4) and (6) in two-phase
0

infinite body with fixed interface boundary can be obtained.

4. Green’s functions for fluid with internal heat source

A model for point heat source of strength H applied in the interior of the fluid is established. The isotropic thermoelastic semi-
infinite body joint at the interface z ¼ 0(Fig. 3). The cylindrical coordinate ðr; φ; zÞ can be chosen, in which the r; φ-plane lies in
the interface. The point heat loading is applied at the point ð0; 0;hÞin the cylindrical coordinate. This is a non-torsional axisymmetric

7
Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

problem, and the relatively completed general solution (6) and (8) will be used to derive the thermoelastic field in this section.

4.1. Green’s function for Extended Mindlin solution

For the solid semi-infinite body with free boundary condition, the corresponding compatibility conditions on the interface z ¼ 0are
in the form of

(39a)
0 0
σz ¼ τrz ¼ 0;

(39b)
0 0 0
θ ¼ θ ; β∂θ=∂z ¼ β ∂θ =∂z;

where the primed quantities refer to the variables in the lower semi-infinite body z � 0and the un-primed quantities refer to those in
the upper semi-infinite body z � 0as the same as in section 3.1. βand β are the heat conduction coefficients of fluid and solid,
0

respectively.
In the semi-infinite body z � 0 (solid field), the harmonic functions can be assumed as following
0 0 * 0 *
ψ 1 ¼ A11 ½zh lnR þ R� þ A12 lnR ;

0 0 * 0 1
ψ 2 ¼ A21 lnR þ A22 ;
R
*
(40)
0
ψ ’3 ¼ A3 lnR ;

where Ajk ;A3 ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ are five underdetermined constants.

0

Substitute Eq. (40) into general solution (6) yields the expressions of coupled field as follows
� �
0 0 0 r 0 r 0 r 0 r
2G ur ¼ A11 * þ A12 * þ z A21 * A22 3 ;
R RR RR R
� �
0 0 0 * 0 1 0 0 * 0 1
2G uz ¼ A11 lnR A12 ð3 4ν Þ A21 lnR þ A22
R R
� �
0 1 0 zh 0 0 *
z A21 þ A22 3 þ 4ð1 ν ÞA3 lnR ;
R R
0
2G 0 0 1
0 θ ¼ A3 ; (41a)
Γ R

Fig. 3. Fluid and thermoelastic two-phase infinite body with a point heat source of strength H in fluid.

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

* � �
0 0 zh 0 z2h R r2 R 0 0 1 0 zh
σ r ¼ A11 *
þ A12 3 *2
þ 2ν A21 þ A22 3
RR RR R R
� 2 * � ��
0 z R r2 R 0 1 3r2 0 0 1
þz A21 h 3 *2 A22 3 5
þ 2ð1 ν ÞA3 ;
RR R R R
� �
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 zh 0 1
σ φ ¼ A11 þ 2ν A21 þ A22 3
*
þ A12 *
R RR R R
� �
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
z A21 * þ A22 3 þ 2ð1 ν ÞA3 ;
RR R R
� �
0 0 1 0 zh 0 0 1 0 zh
σ z ¼ A11 þ A12 3
þ 2ð1 ν Þ A21 þ A22 3
R R R R
� � ��
0 zh 0 1 3z2h 0 0 1
þz A21 3 A22 3 5
2ð1 ν ÞA3 ;
R R R R
� �
0 0 r 0 r 0 0 r 0 r
τzr ¼ A11 *
þ A12 3
ð1 2ν Þ A21 * A22 3
RR R RR R
� � (41b)
0 r 0 3rzh 0 0 r
þz A21 3 þ A22 5 þ 2ð1 ν ÞA3 *
:
R R RR
In the fluid semi-infinitez � 0, the harmonic function is as follows
*
ψ 4 ¼ A3 signðzh Þln Rs þ A3 ln R* ; (42)

whereA3 ,A3 are two constants to be determined.

Substitution Eq. (14) into the general solution (8) of fluid field, it yields
1 1
θ ¼ A3 þ A3 : (43)
R R
Consider the continuity on the interfacez ¼ 0, and substitute Eq. (41)(43) into Eq. (39) gives
0
σz ¼ 0 :

(44)
0 0 0 0 0
A11 þ 2ð1 ν ÞA21 2ð1 ν ÞA3 ¼ 0;

(45)
0 0 0
A12 2ð1 ν ÞA22 ¼ 0:
0
τzr ¼ 0 :

(46)
0 0 0 0 0
A11 ð1 2ν ÞA21 þ 2ð1 ν ÞA3 ¼ 0;

(47)
0 0 0
A12 þ ð1 2ν ÞA22 ¼ 0:

0
θ¼θ :

� Γ0 �
(48)
0
A3 þ A3 ¼ A3 :
2G0
0 0
β∂θ = ∂z ¼ β ∂θ =∂z :

� β0 Γ 0 �
(49)
0
A3 A3 ¼ A3 :
2G0 β
For further consideration, the thermal equilibrium for a cylinder within a1 � z � a2 (a1 < h < a2 ) and 0 � r � bas shown in Fig. 2
form an additional equation as follows
Z b� � Z a2
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
2πβ ðr; a2 Þ ðr; a1 Þ rdr 2πbβ ðb; zÞdz ¼ H; (50)
0 ∂z ∂z a1 ∂r

Substituting (43) into (50) and using integrals (22) and (23), one can obtain

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

H
A3 ¼ : (51)
2πβ

Thus, the seven constants Aij ði;j ¼ 1; 2ÞandA3 ,A3 A3 can be determined by seven equations, including Eqs.44–49 and Eq. (51). Then
0 0

we can obtain the Extended Mindlin solution.

4.2. Green’s function for Extended Lorentz solution

For the solid semi-infinite body with fixed boundary condition, the corresponding compatibility conditions on the interface z ¼
0are in the form of

(52a)
0 0
uz ¼ 0; ur ¼ 0;

(52b)
0 0 0
θ ¼ θ ; β∂θ=∂z ¼ β ∂θ =∂z:

In this case, the corresponding harmonic functions and thermoelastic fields are still in the form of Eqs.40–43. Three constantsA3 ,A3
0

andA3 are still determined by Eqs. (48), (49) and (51), while constantsAjk ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ will be determined by compatibility conditions
0

(52a). And substituting Eq. (41a) into the compatibility condition (52a), one can obtain
0
ur ¼ 0 :

(53)
0
A11 ¼ 0;

(54)
0
A12 ¼ 0:

0
uz ¼ 0 :

(55)
0 0 0 0 0
A11 ð3 4ν ÞA21 þ 4ð1 ν ÞA3 ¼ 0;

(56)
0
A’12 þ ð3 4ν ÞA’22 ¼ 0:

By virtue of Eqs.53–56, the four constantsAjk ðj; k ¼ 1; 2Þ will be determined. Then the Green’s function for Extended Lorentz so­
0

lution can be obtained.

5. Numerical results and applications

In this section, considering the fluid and solid two-space as an example, the thermoelastic fields of Mindlin problem are calculated
and compared when the point heat in the interior of solid or in the interior of fluid respectively.
In additions, following non-dimensional components are used.
G ν λ 1 α
G1 ¼ ¼ ; λ1 ¼ ¼ ; α1 ¼ ;
E ð1 þ νÞð1 2νÞ E 2ð1 þ νÞ Eα0

E β 2ðλ1 þ 2G1 Þ
E1 ¼ ¼ 1; β1 ¼ ¼ 1; Γ 1 ¼ ;
E β α1

θ σi τij
ϑ¼ ; σk ¼ ; τkl ¼ ;
T0 Eα0 T0 Eα0 T0

r z
ξ ¼ ; ζ ¼ ; ði; j ¼ r; φ; z; k; l ¼ ξ; ς; ζÞ; (57)
r0 r0

where r0 is a non-zero dimension. T0 and α0 are the reference temperature and thermal expansion coefficient, respectively. Eq. (24) can
be rewritten in non-dimensional form,
G1 δ
A3 ¼ : (58)
2πΓ1 β1
Similarly, Eq. (51) can be rewritten in the following form
δ
A3 ¼ ; (59)
2πβ1

where δis a non-dimensional strength of point heat source given by

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

H
δ¼ : (60)
r0 βT0
Letδ ¼ 1, and take characteristic parameter has the non-zero dimension r0 ¼ h.
By virtue of the solutions derived in chapter 3 and chapter 4, some applicable examples will be presented. The material properties
are mentioned according to the values of parameters listed in Table 1. At last, the influences on temperature for different heat con­
duction coefficients of fluid are analyzed, and then we can analyze the heat dissipation performance of different kinds of fluids. The
designed material parameters are shown in Table 2.

5.1. Stress fields of isotropic thermoelastic material

In this paper, the green’s functions for thermoelastic materials are analytical solutions. So the physical quantities at the action of
point heat source can be calculated precisely. Meanwhile, with the principle of integral superposition, the field under arbitrary load
can also be solved easily. The contours of all stress components and temperature increments induced by point heat source H in the
interior of the solid and fluid respectively are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5. According to these contours, we can study the distributions of
stresses and temperature increments in solids for the thermal loadings applied in the interior or in the external of the solid. The results
can be served as benchmarks for other investigators. In additions, some conclusions can be used for the strength analysis and structure
design.
Apparently, the coupled fields for the isotropic thermoelasic materials have many similarities in the distribution trend. It is
observed that all components will tend to be zero in the far field. Figs. (4)-(5) depict all components are singular at the point ð0; 0; h=
r0 ¼ 1Þ for the application of the point heat source where stress concentration is easy to occur. Fig. 5 exhibits the variation graditents of
stresses are very large near the heat source while they are gradual at distance away from it. Analytic solution obtained in this paper can
quickly find the exact solution where the point heat source loaded. Nevertheless, it is difficult for traditional business software to
obtain the exact solution, even then, smaller grids maybe needed.
What’s more, we find an interesting conclusion. The stress σ z and τzr in the steel semi-infinite body are identically vanishing when
the thermal source is applied in the external of solid. It is evident that the semi-infinite thermoelastic solid is in plane stress state. In
addition, we will analyze these contours in detail to obtain some valuable conclusions as follows.
Fig. 4 shows obviously that the temperature increments are continuous at the interface and the distribution trend is basically same
in different cases. The maximum temperature increment happens near the point heat source. Because of the interfaces effects, the
gradients of the contour at the interface are discontinuous. The gradients of temperature increment are in little difference when the
point heat source is applied inside or outside of the solid. Nevertheless, the gradient of temperature increment in water semi-infinite
body is much larger than that in the steel semi-infinite body for the point heat source is applied in the interior of fluid. These results
display most of the heat energy is bounded by the fluid semi-infinite body, because the heat conduction ability of water is worse than
steel. Further, the liquid has good heat storage and cooling capacity.
Fig. 5 exhibits the normal stress σ z and shear stress τzr for Extended Mindlin solution for Steel semi-infinite body with internal heat
source. It is evident that σz and τzr are tend to be zero on the interface z ¼ 0 while they satisfy the compatibility conditions of the
Extended Mindlin solution. Each figure has a zero contour, and the gradients of stresses near the zero contour are larger than those of
other areas. It is noted that there is a higher order singularity for shear stress τzr near the heat source. The zero contour is degenerated
into a single tangent which means the shear failure of the material is possible to happen here.

5.2. The influences of liquid thermal parameters

For convenience, the influences on interface of the temperature for different liquid thermal parameters are presented in Fig. 6. It is
helpful to judge the heat dissipation performance of fluid with different thermal conductivity parameters through the interface steady
temperature field. From the previous analysis, we know that the stress is caused by the change of temperature increment which can
predict the thermal stress changes. Therefore, this chapter only gives the change of temperature increment at the interface.
Fig. 6A depicts the change of interface temperature increment with the heat conduction coefficients of the fluid when the heat
source inside the fluid. The temperature decreases gradually and ends with zero at infinity as r increases. The interface temperature
field increases with the increase of fluid thermal conductivity. When the fluid thermal conductivity is close to that of the solid, the
distribution of the temperature field is ring shape centered on the heat source. The high interface temperature is not conducive to the
protection of the solid. When the thermal conductivity factor of fluid is small, the interface temperature is low, which indicates that
liquid with low thermal conductivity has weak heat dissipation and good thermal resistance.
Fig. 6B presents interface temperature increment filed with the heat conduction coefficients of the fluid when the point heat source

Table 1
Material properties.
Materials Young modulus Poisson ratio ν thermal expansion coefficient α0 coefficients of heat conduction β
E(109 Nm 2 ) (10 6 K 1 ) (Wm 1 K 1 )

Steel 210.0 0.29 12.0 45.0

Water 0.62

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

Table 2
The designed heat conduction coefficients of liquid.
Material property Water origin WaterL WaterS WaterLL

Heat conduction coefficients (WK 1m 1) β 0.62 6.2 0.062 62

Fig. 4. Temperature increment ϑ � 102 contours of Extended Mindlin solution for Steel (left) and Water (right) semi-infinite body with internal
heat source.

Fig. 5. Stress contours σ ζ ðσ z Þ � 102 and τξζ ðτzr Þ � 102 of Extended Mindlin solution for Steel semi-infinite body with internal heat source.

inside the solid. The temperature also decreases gradually and ends with zero at infinity as rincreases. When the heat source in solid,
the interface temperature increment decreases with the increase of fluid heat conduction coefficients. With the fluid heat conduction
coefficients decreases, the interface temperature has a little increase. The interface stress has close relationship with the increment of
interface temperature. These results are very important to study the dependence of the stress field on the fluid heat conduction
coefficients.

6. Conclusions

In this study, we propose analytical solutions for isotropic thermoelastic field for three dimensional two-phase materials under heat
source loading. The corresponding Green’s function induced by a point heat source applied in the interior of solid and fluid are derived.
The solution in the case of arbitrary heat source can be easily generalized from the obtained solution by coordination parallel
transformation and integral transformation. The solution obtained in this study is very convenient to use because it is in terms of
elementary functions. Finally, some typical numerical examples are presented to obtain temperature and stress contours. The interface

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Q. Li and P. Hou Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 20 (2020) 100631

Fig. 6. The influences of heat conduction coefficients on the distributions of non-dimensional temperature increment ϑ � 102 on the interface under
heat source in liquid (A) and in solid semi-infinite body (B).

temperature fields are analyzed with different fluid conduction parameters to help predict heat transfer form between fluid and solid.
Finally, we believe that this paper can help us to acquire depth understanding of mechanical behavior for the fluid and thermoelastic
two-phase thermo-elastic field by using Green’s function method.

Declaration of competing interest

We declare that we have no conflicts of interest to this work.

We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the
work submitted.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Qiuhua Li: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Pengfei Hou: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - original
draft.

Acknowledgements

The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.11572119), and
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (NO.2019JJ50633).

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