PREPOSITIONS AND LOGICAL PREPOSITIONS

PROPOSITION is a STATEMENT that can be classified as true or false, but not both.

Example: Their house is massive. (This can either be true or false)

What is your name? (Cannot be true or false, hence not a preposition)
Please stand up. (Cannot be true or false, hence not a preposition)

SIMPLE PROPOSITION is a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words
Example: I live in Navotas City.

COMPOUND PROPOSITION contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words.
Example: I love to eat lasagna but its expensive. (Connective word is BUT)

some logical connectors involving proposition p and/or q may be expressed as follows:

Let preposition p be “I have a job” and preposition q be “I earn a lot of money”

CONNECTORS TYPE OF STATEMENT IN SYMBOL IN EXAMPLE

not p Negation ~𝑝 or ¬𝑝 I do not have a job
p and q Conjunction 𝑝∧𝑞 I have a job and I earn a lot of money
p or q Disjunction 𝑝∨𝑞 I have a job or I earn a lot of money.
𝑝→𝑞
if p, then q Conditional Or If I have a job, then I earn a lot of money.
𝑝⊃𝑞
𝑝↔𝑞 I have a job if and only if I earn a lot of money
if and only if Biconditional or OR
𝑝≡𝑞 I earn a lot of money if and only if I have a job.

ASSIGNMENT:
What’s More ALL EVEN NUMBERS
What I can Do ALL EVEN NUMBERS

SOLUTIONS TO WHAT’S MORE ODD NUMBERS

Note: Explanations on each item here is to assist you in understanding the lesson. For your assignment,
there is NO NEED to explain. Just write P or NP

“Proposition or Not”
Directions: Determine whether the following statements are propositions. Write P if
it illustrates a proposition, otherwise NP.

1. Does she give you motivation to work hard?

NP, the given is a question, hence cannot be identified as true or false

3. 4 > 7
P, the statement can be identified as true or false. Since 7 is greater than 4,
then the statement 4 > 7 is false.
5. The 45-degree angle is a kind of acute angle.
P, the statement can be identified as true or false. Since an acute angle is an angle that
measures less than 900, then the statement “The 45-degree angle is a kind of acute angle” is
true.

7. Wait a minute!
NP, the given cannot be identified as true or false

9. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.

P, the statement can be identified as true or false. Since cigarette smoking have been medically
proven to be dangerous to our health, then the statement “Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your
health.” is true.

SOLUTIONS TO WHAT I CAN DO ODD NUMBERS

Note: Explanations on each item here is to assist you in understanding the lesson. For your assignment,
there is NO NEED to explain. Just write SIMPLE, COMPOUND or NEITHER for part 1, and just convert to
symbols in part 2.

Part 1: “Simple, Compound or Neither”

Directions: Classify each proposition as simple, compound or neither.
1. On Monday is Bonifacio Day.
SIMPLE, no connecting word is included in the statement.
3. Eldrian is a kind person.
SIMPLE, no connecting word is included in the statement.
5. Don’t cry.
NEITHER, the given is not a preposition.

Part 2: “Converting Propositions into Symbols”

Directions: Convert each compound proposition into symbols.

Given that:
P = The measure of angle A is 25 degrees
Q = Angle A is an acute angle.

7. If the measure of the Angle A is 25 degrees, then it is an acute angle.

Since the words “IF…THEN” is in the statement then this is a conditinal statement. Therefore,
𝑝→𝑞
9. The measure of the Angle A is not 25 degrees.
There is only one statement and there is the word “NOT”, then this is a negation. Therefore, ¬𝑝.
 PRESENTATION OF PREPOSITIONS IN TRUTH TABLES

A preposition p can either be true or false. Hence, each preposition can be represented as:

Preposition
p
T
F

If there are two or more preposition, we have Example: Let P be “I play basketball” and
to consider all possible circumstances: Q be “I am a good player in basketball”

P Q Both statements can be true if someone plays

T T basketball is a good player.
T F
F T But its also possible that someone plays but is
F F not a good player.

P and Q are two different prepositions. The
truth table represents that there will be
circumtances that both of the prepositions are
true. Or P is true and Q is false. Or P is False and
Q is True. Or both of the prepositions are false.
But then, its also possible that someone do not
play basketball but is still a good player. (Those
who quit playing)
And of course, there are also people who do not
player basketball and are not a good player.

Another situation is if we have 3 prepositions. That situations caan represented in a truth table as seen
below.

Note: P, Q, R are represention of prepositions. Any variable can be used.

P Q R
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
 DIFFERENT OPERATIONS IN PREPOSITIONS

NEGATION (¬) is the statement that contradicts 𝒑 and has the opposite truth value.

P ¬𝑷
T F
F T

CONJUNCTION (∧) is a compound statement representing the word “and”.

Truth table on the right shows the CONJUNCTION:

representation of CONJUNCTION of statements. I have a job and I earn a lot of money.

CONJUNCTION IS ONLY TRUE IF BOTH OF THE P Q 𝑷∧𝑸

STATEMENTS ARE TRUE. Otherwise, it will be T T T
false. T F F
F T F
Example: F F F
Let preposition p be “I have a job” and
preposition q be “I earn a lot of money”

DISJUNCTION (∨) is a compound statement representing the word “or”.

Truth table on the right shows the DISJUNCTION:

representation of DISJUNCTION of statements. Jose Rizal is a hero or a Filipino.

DISJUNCTION IS TRUE, IF ONE OR BOTH OF THE P Q 𝑷∨𝑸

ORIGINAL STATEMENTS IS TRUE. T T T
T F T
Example: F T T
Let preposition p be “Jose Rizal is a hero” and F F F
preposition q be “Jose Rizal is a Filipino”

IMPLICATION (→) is statement that is divided into two where the first or the “if” part is the antecedent
or called as the hypothesis and the second or the “then” part is the consequent or called as the
conclusion.

Truth table on the right shows the IMPLICATION:

representation of IMPLICATION of statements. If the roads are wet, then it rained today.

IMPLICATION IS FALSE, IF THE HYPOTHESIS IS P Q 𝑷→𝑸

TRUE BUT IMPLIES A FALSE CONCLUSION. T T T
T F F
Example: F T T
Let preposition p be “The roads are wet” and F F T
preposition q be “It rained today”
BICONDITIONAL (↔) is a statement that can be written as “p if and only if q” or “p iff q”.

Truth table on the right shows the BICONDITIONAL:

representation of BICONDITIONAL statement. An angle is a right angle if and only if it
measures 900.
BICONDITIONAL IS TRUE, IF BOTH
STATEMENTS ARE BOTH TRUE OR BOTH FALSE. P Q 𝑷↔𝑸
T T T
Example: T F F
Let preposition p be “An angle is a right angle” F T F
and preposition q be “An angle have a measure F F T
of 900”

WHAT I CAN DO NOS. 1 AND 3

Directions: There are given statements below. Construct a truth table for each and highlight its truth
values.

2. ~(~𝑄 ∧ ~𝑅)
Find the negation Find the conjunction of Find the negation of
of Q and R ~𝑄 and ~𝑅 ~𝑄 ∧ ~𝑅
Q R ~𝑄 ~𝑅 ~𝑄 ∧ ~𝑅 ~(~𝑄 ∧ ~𝑅)
T T F F F T
T F F T F T
F T T F F T
F F T T T F
4. ~𝑃 ∨ ~𝑅
Find the negation Find the disjunction of
of P and R ~P and ~𝑅
P R ~P ~𝑅 ~𝑃 ∨ ~𝑅
T T F F F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T

5. 𝑅 ∨ (~𝑃 ∧ 𝑅)
Find the Find the conjunction of Find the disjunction of
negation ~P and 𝑅 R and ~𝑃 ∧ 𝑅
of P
P R ~P ~𝑃 ∧ 𝑅 𝑅 ∨ (~𝑃 ∧ 𝑅)
T T F F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T F T

6. 𝑃 ∨ 𝑅 → ~𝑅
Find the disjunction Find the Find the implication of
of P and R negation of R 𝑃 ∨ 𝑅 and ~R
P R 𝑃∨𝑅 ~R 𝑃 ∨ 𝑅 → ~𝑅
T T T F F
T F T T T
F T T F F
F F F T T