CLONING

BY EVANGELINE L. BAUTISTA

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 WHAT IS CLONING?
Cloning is a technique scientists use to make

exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells,

tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned.

Cloning happens often in nature for example,

when a cell replicates itself asexually without any

genetic alteration or recombination.

The term 'cloning' originates from the Greek word

clonos, meaning 'twig'; clonizo is the verb 'to cut

twigs'
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HISTORY OF CLONING
1952 - First successful nuclear transfer
Frog - Robert Briggs and Thomas King – they transferred

the nucleus from an early tadpole embryo into an

enucleated frog egg (a frog egg from which the nucleus had

been removed). The resulting cell developed into a

tadpole.The scientists created many normal tadpole clones

using nuclei from early embryos. But just like Spemann’s

salamander experiments, cloning was less successful with

donor nuclei from more advanced embryos: the few

tadpole clones that did survive grew abnormally.

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J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of

human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and

"cloning", which had been used in agriculture since the

early 20th century

Humans and other mammals can produce natural clones,

commonly referred to as identical twins. When a fertilized

egg separates into two or more embryos with nearly

identical DNA, these twins are created. Despite not

sharing a parent's genetic composition, identical twins are

genetically distinct from one another.

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Dolly the sheep

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The Story of Dolly the sheep
In 1996, Scottish scientists cloned the first animal, a

sheep they named Dolly. She was cloned using an udder

cell taken from an adult sheep. Since then, scientists

have cloned cows, cats, deer, horses, and rabbits. They

still have not cloned a human, though. In part, this is

because it is difficult to produce a viable clone. In each

attempt, there can be genetic mistakes that prevent the

clone from surviving. It took scientists 276 attempts to

get Dolly right. There are also ethical concerns about

cloning a human being.

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Three types of Cloning
Gene cloning

Reproductive cloning

Therapeutic cloning

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Gene cloning
-- a common practice in molecular biology labs that is used

by researchers to create copies of a particular gene for

downstream applications, such as sequencing,

mutagenesis, genotyping or heterologous expression of a

protein.

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Reproductive cloning
-- defined as the deliberate production of genetically

identical individuals. Each newly produced individual is a

clone of the original. Monozygotic (identical) twins are

natural clones or creates copies of whole animals

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Therapeutic cloning
-- creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing

embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell.

These stem cells can be used in experiments aimed at

understanding disease and developing new treatments for

disease.

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 Fun Facts about Cloning
Researchers can use clones in many ways. An embryo made by cloning can be turned

into a stem cell factory. Stem cells are an early form of cells that can grow into many

different types of cells and tissues. Scientists can turn them into nerve cells to fix a

damaged spinal cord or insulin-making cells to treat diabetes.

Cloning could help scientists research how diseases progress. To develop new

medicines for humans, scientists use animals that are as identical as possible. But there

is a very high possibility of death when cloning humans for reproduction, the practice

is viewed as unethical. There are other philosophical concerns about the nature of

reproduction and human identity that reproductive cloning may violate, it has very

low percentages of success and there are some medical concerns which cannot be

overlooked

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THANK YOU

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