TUTORIAL

Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Dr. SALVADOR VARGAS DÍAZ

A 50-cm x 30-cm x 20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be moved at a constant
velocity of 0.80 m/s on an inclined surface with a friction coefficient of 0.27. (a)
Determine the force F that needs to be applied in the horizontal direction. (b) If
a 0.40-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic viscosity of 0.012 Pa-s is applied
between the block and inclined surface, determine the percent reduction in the
required force.

fn=150 N*cos20
w 20o

F
w 20o
f 𝑓 = 𝜇*150 N*cos 20 = 38.058 N
෍ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 20 − 𝑓 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 20 = 0 f
𝑓+𝑤
cos 20 =
𝑓 + 150 ∗ sin(20) 𝐹
𝐹= = 95.096 𝑁 Cos 20 = (f + w sin20)/F
cos 20
(b) If a 0.40-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic
viscosity of 0.012 Pa-s is applied between the
block and inclined surface, determine the
percent reduction in the required force.

𝑉 𝑓𝑑
𝜏=𝜇 = h
ℎ 𝐴 0.4 mm

 = 0.0020 Pa F
20o
𝑓𝑑
f

𝜇𝐴𝑉 0.012𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 ∗ 0.5𝑚 ∗ 0.2𝑚 ∗ 0.8𝑚/𝑠

𝑓𝑑 = = = 2.4 𝑁
ℎ 0.0004𝑚

𝑓𝑑 + 𝑊 sin(20) 2.4 + 150 sin 20

𝐹= = 𝑁 = 57.150 𝑁
cos(20) cos 20
 percent reduction in the required force

𝐹1 −𝐹2
% of reduction force= ∗ 100
𝐹1

95.096 − 57.150
%𝐹𝑅 = ∗ 100 = 39.90 %
95.096
 HOMEWORK 01
SEND TO: salvador.Vargas@unilibre.edu.co
Due date: 13/08/2021 before 09:00 h

Problem. If the pressure in a sample of water is increase by

1 x 103 Pa above atmospheric pressure what percentage of
reduction in the volume of water is observed? Assume k =
2.2 x 109 Pa. To achieve the same reduction in volume as
above in a sample of air (k = 101 kPa ) by isothermal
process what increase of the pressure in needed?
Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity  through a circular pipe. The velocity profile
in the pipe is given as u(r)= umax(1- rn/Rn), where umax is the maximum flow velocity,
which occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the centerline; and u(r) is the
flow velocity at any position r. Develop a relation for the drag force exerted on the pipe
wall by the fluid in the flow direction per unit length of the pipe.

𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐿

El área se calcula con la

pared interna de la
tubería. Área lateral.

L
𝑑𝑈 𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔
𝑑𝑈(𝑟) 𝜏=𝜇 =
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝐴𝜇 𝑑𝑟 𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑈(𝑟) 𝑟 𝑛−1
= −𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 )
𝑑𝑟 𝑅
 𝑑𝑈(𝑟)
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝐴𝜇 𝑑𝑈(𝑟) 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 )
𝑑𝑟 𝑅
𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = −𝐴𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 ) NOTA: DEBIDO A QUE EL
𝑅 ESFUERZO CORTANTE OCURRE
SOBRE LAS PAREDES DE LA
TUBERÍA, ESTA ECUACIÓN SE DEBE
EVALUAR EN LAS PAREDES; ES
𝑅𝑛−1 DECIR EN r = R.
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = −𝐴𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 )
𝑅 0rR
1
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = −𝐴𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 ) 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐿
𝑅
 1
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = −𝐴𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 )
𝑅

1
𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = −2𝜋𝑅𝐿𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 )
𝑅

𝑓𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔
= −2𝜋𝑛𝜇𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿
A thin 30-cm x 30-cm flat plate is pulled at 3 m/s horizontally through a 3.6-mm-
thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates, one stationary and the other moving
at a constant velocity of 0.3 m/s, as shown in Fig. The dynamic viscosity of the oil is
0.027 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary linearly, (a) plot the
velocity profile and find the location where the oil velocity is zero and (b) determine
the force that needs to be applied on the plate to maintain this motion.

𝑉 𝑓
𝜏=𝜇 =
ℎ 𝐴
V=0

h1

h2 - y
h2
y

Vw
 V 𝑉 𝑉𝑤
 =
ℎ2 − 𝑦 𝑦
h2-y = 2.364 mm

𝑉 ℎ2 − 𝑦 ℎ2
h2 +1= =
𝑉𝑤 𝑦 𝑦
y
y = 0.2364 mm 𝑉 ℎ2

Vw +1=
𝑉𝑤 𝑦
𝑦 𝑉
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑉𝑤 ℎ2 − 𝑦

−3 0.3𝑚
ℎ2 𝑉𝑤 ℎ2 2.6𝑥10 𝑚( )
y= = = 𝑠 = 2.364𝑥10−4 𝑚
𝑉 𝑉 + 𝑉𝑤 3𝑚
+1 + 0.3𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤 𝑠
= 0.2364 𝑚𝑚
 F

𝑉 𝑓
𝜏𝑠𝑢𝑝 =𝜇 = Pa = N/m2
ℎ1 𝐴
3𝑚
𝜇𝑉𝐴 0.027𝑃𝑎. 𝑠( 𝑠 )(0.3𝑚 𝑥0.3𝑚)
𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑝 = = = 7. 290 𝑁
ℎ1 0.001𝑚
𝑉 𝑓
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑓 =𝜇 =
ℎ2 − 𝑦 𝐴
3𝑚
𝜇𝑉𝐴 0.027𝑃𝑎. 𝑠( 𝑠 )(0.3𝑚 𝑥0.3𝑚)
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑓 = = = 3.084 𝑁
ℎ2 − 𝑦 (0.002364)𝑚

𝐹 = 𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑝 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 10. 374𝑁

Contrary to what you might expect, a solid steel ball can float on
water due to the surface tension effect. Determine the maximum
diameter of a steel ball that would float on water at 20°C. What
would your answer be for an aluminum ball? Take the densities of
steel and aluminum balls to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3,
respectively. Surface tension (𝜎𝑠 ) = 0.07286 N/m,  = 0

4 3 4 2
𝐹 𝑊 𝑔𝜌𝑉 𝑔𝜌 3 𝜋𝑅 𝑔𝜌 𝑅
3 2𝑔𝜌𝑅 2
𝜎𝑠 = = = = = =
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 2𝜋𝑅 2 3
 2𝑔𝜌𝑅2 3𝜎𝑠 D =2R
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑅=
3 2𝑔𝜌
For steel
3(0.07286 N/m) -3m
𝑅= 𝑚 = 1.195 x 10
2(9.81 2 )(7800 kg/m3)
𝑠

¿ 𝐶𝑢á𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎?

4
D = 2.39 mm W esfera = 𝑔𝜌 𝜋𝑅3 = 5.4696E-4 N
3
 For Alluminium

3(0.07286 N/m) -3m

𝑅= 𝑚 = 2.031 x 10
2(9.81 𝑠2 )(2700 kg/m3)

D = 4.06 mm

¿ 𝐶𝑢á𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎?

4
W esfera = 𝑔𝜌 𝜋𝑅3 = 9.2950E-4 N
3
 The pressure in the deepest part of the ocean is 110 MPa. For seawater at this depth,
use a constant bulk modulus (k = 2.33 GPa) to estimate at point 2 and the density
increase over the sea level value. The atmospheric pressure is 0.1 MPa. The density of
seawater at the surface is 1025 kg/m3.
Free surface 1
∆𝑃
𝑘=𝜌
∆𝜌
∆𝑃 ∆𝑃 h
∆𝜌 =  𝜌2 − 1 = 1 P = gh
𝑘 𝑘
∆𝑃
𝜌2 = 1 + 1 h = 10.95 km 2
𝑘
P2 = 110 MPa
2= ?

(110 𝑀𝑃𝑎 −0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎) 𝑘𝑔

𝜌2 = (1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3) + 1025 = 1073.347 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
2330𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑚3

∆𝜌 = 1073.43 – 1025 = 48.43 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3  4.5%

 ∆𝑃
𝑘 = −𝑣
∆𝑣
∆𝑣 ∆𝑃 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
% =− =− = 4.717%
𝑣 𝑘 2330𝑀𝑃𝑎