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THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION AND THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS  IN PLANT NUTRITION

For the proper development of each plant and the achievement of high quality fruits, it is necessary to take in nutrients.
Depending on the amount in which the plant absorbs them, the elements are divided into groups of macro and micro elements.
However, the intake of elements from both groups is equally important, because the lack of any element in the optimal amount
leads to the lag of the plant in development, reduced plant resistance to disease or the inability to produce high quality fruits.
Plants absorb carbon, oxygen and hydrogen from water and air, while other macroelements are best supplied from various
fertilizer formulations.

Iron, boron, zinc, manganese, copper and molybdenum are often found in the soil in inaccessible forms, so it is most appropriate
to provide them to the plant through foliar feeding.

MACROELEMENTS

Nitrogen (N)

Vital element necessary for vegetative and generative growth and development of the plant. Nitrogen de ciency is manifested
through yellowing of leaves, reduced plant growth and fruit size, reduced resistance to plant diseases. Excess nitrogen causes an
excessively large growth of vegetative organs, while generative ones are less well formed, fruit ripening is prolonged, and
susceptibility to plant diseases is increased.

Nitrogen-sensitive plants: lettuce, cabbage, kale, cauli ower, broccoli, pear, apple, raspberry, peach.

Phosphorus (P)
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A necessary element for the development of generative organs, plant growth, cell division, better rooting of plants, development 

of seeds and fruits as well as early fruit ripening. Increases plant resistance to plant diseases.

Phosphorus de ciency slows down the growth of the plant, the formation of ower and leaf buds and the development of young
shoots. The leaves are initially dark green, while later they turn red-purple. Excess rarely occurs, but when it occurs, it causes a
reduced growth of the plant, and dark brown spots can be seen on the leaves.

Plants sensitive to phosphorus de ciency: tomato, paprika, blue eggplant, cucumber, melon, raspberry, apricot, strawberry.

Potassium (K)

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It plays an important role in plant metabolism: the uptake and transport of all nutrients and water, regulating the pH of cell
sap in the plant, stimulating the growth of young tissue, regulating osmotic pressure thereby reducing transpiration. Increases
the resistance of plants to disease attack, as well as to lodging. Potassium de ciency is observed on the oldest leaves in the
form of chlorotic and necrotic spots on the edges of the leaves, which twist. The high N: K ratio in the soil adversely affects
yield and quality.

Potassium-de cient plants: onions and garlic, carrots, potatoes, sun owers, apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries and sour
cherries.

Calcium (Ca)

An extremely important element for the structure of cell membranes, in its absence, cells burst. It is responsible for cell
division, for growth and elongation of roots, increases the plant's resistance to diseases. Symptoms of calcium de ciency can be
seen on the most distant parts of the plant and on the young tissue (the top of the roots, the fruits, the edges of the young
leaves).

Calcium-de cient plants: tomato, paprika, carrot, blue eggplant, cucumber, melon, cabbage, cauli ower, broccoli, lettuce, potatoes,
sugar beet, tobacco, apple, pear, peach, cherry, cherry, apricot, quince, strawberry.

Magnesium (Mg)

It is an important component of chlorophyll and numerous physiological processes in the plant. In the case of magnesium
de ciency, photosynthesis stops and chlorophyll decomposes. Symptoms of magnesium de ciency can be seen on older leaves, in
the form of interventional chlorosis - the nerves remain green, and the surface between them is yellow.

Plants sensitive to magnesium de ciency: tomato, paprika, cucumber, blue eggplant, onion, cabbage, cauli ower, spinach,
potatoes, corn, watermelon, tobacco, clover, apple, pear.

Sulfur (S)

It is part of proteins, enzymes, coenzymes, amino acids. Due to its immobility in the plant, the symptoms are noticeable on the
young leaves. The plant is lagging behind in growth, the leaves turn green-yellow, initially only around the lateral nerves, and
later on the entire surface. The stems are thin and short.

Sulfur-de cient plants: cabbage, broccoli, cauli ower, celery, onions, watermelon, corn, sugar beet, alfalfa.

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MICROELEMENTS

Iron (Fe)

An important element for the process of photosynthesis, it participates in the construction of chlorophyll. In plant tissue, iron
increases resistance to drought and diseases, while in fruits it regulates the synthesis of vitamins. Iron de ciency occurs on
alkaline soils, and manifests itself as chlorosis between leaf nerves, with a clear difference between chlorosis and leaf nerves. In
severe cases, the leaves turn white or get a fried appearance.

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Plants sensitive to iron de ciency: spinach, broccoli, beans, tomatoes, alfalfa, cabbage, cauli ower, celery, barley, oats, soybeans,
quinces, apricots, cherries, cherries, peaches, plums, pears, strawberries, raspberries, vines.

Pine (B)

Pine is an element that enables the development of owers, pollen fertility, conception of fruits and proper development of fruit
tissues. The lack of wrinkles is noticed on the tops of the shoots, where there are leaves whose size has been reduced, and the
top of the shoots is drying. Cracks appear on the fruits of some plants, and the number of fruits on the branches is often
reduced. Excess wrinkles in plants are noticed as the appearance of marginal chlorosis on the leaves.

Plants sensitive to lack of pine: celery, cauli ower, cabbage, carrot, lettuce, onion, tomato, sugar beet (on alkaline soil), corn,
sun ower, clover, cherry, cherry, peach, pear, vine.

Manganese (Mn)

As a special activator of enzymes in the plant, manganese is an important trace element. It acts as a biocatalyst in the
formation of chlorophyll and improves the formation of starch and sugar in plants. In the case of alkaline soils, there is a lack
of manganese, which is observed on the leaves with the appearance of yellow-green chlorosis between the leaf nerves.

Plants sensitive to manganese de ciency: cucumber, lettuce, beans, onion, cauli ower, potatoes, spinach, wheat, oats, sugar beet
(on alkaline soil), corn, soybeans, plums, pears.

Zinc (Zn)

The role of zinc in plants is multiple, and the most important is in the formation of chlorophyll. Zinc prevents the accumulation
of excess acids in the leaf and participates in cellular respiration. Its lack can be noticed on the shoots. The leaves in the
middle of the shoot shrink and form a rosette. In severe zinc de ciency, fruit size can be signi cantly reduced.

Plants sensitive to zinc de ciency: corn, soybeans, beans, apricots, cherries, cherries, plums, apples.

Molybdenum (Mo)

An element that is part of the chloroplast of the plant, and thus represents an important factor in photosynthesis. It regulates
the transport of iron through the plant and contributes to the absorption of nitrogen formed by legumes. The de ciency is
re ected in marginal chlorosis and bending of older leaves in the middle of the branches.

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Plants sensitive to molybdenum de ciency: cabbage, broccoli, cauli ower, lettuce, peas, spinach, tomatoes, alfalfa, clover, 

soybeans, tobacco, vines.

Copper (Cu)

Directly or indirectly affects numerous physiological processes in the plant, increases yield, accelerates ripening and improves
fruit quality. In the absence of this element, fertilization is weaker, and several ower branches or owers are lost. Young plants
wither, the leaves turn ashy and dry.

Plants sensitive to copper de ciency: onion, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, carrot, celery, eggplant, spinach, tomato, paprika,

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watermelon, wheat, oats, sun ower, alfalfa.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOLIAR NUTRITION

Necessary elements from the soil are often inaccessible to plants. For the intake of nutrients through the roots, it is necessary
to mobilize the inaccessible forms of elements in the soil on a daily basis into accessible ones, suf cient to provide the plant
with the required daily amount of nutrients. The accessibility of the elements in the soil is in uenced by the cold weather, the
type of soil, the pH reaction of the soil, as well as the water content in it. Depending on the mentioned factors, the soil may
lack elements in an accessible form, even though it has been previously fertilized with an arti cial fertilizer.

Plants have needs for elements in certain stages of fruit growth and development, so in modern agricultural production we
cannot rely on the variable availability of nutrients from the soil.

For example, the introduction of all microelements into the soil at the beginning of the vegetation does not guarantee that the
boron element will be in an accessible form at the time of fruit growth, and its lack at that stage can cause the fruit to crack.

Foliar feeding gives assurance to the producer that the plant will adopt nutrients in a short time interval and be provided with
them in a precisely determined phenophase of development, when they need them the most.

By foliar feeding, we can get rst-class fruits, worthy in all foreign markets, eliminate the alternative yield in perennial fruit
plantations, as well as increase the resistance of plants to diseases and lodging.

INFLUENCE OF PLANT NUTRITION ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

Plant nutrition, although often neglected, is of great importance in controlling the development of plant diseases. Most of the
lands and undergrowth in which plants are grown are rich in a multitude of infectious material that originates from a large
number of pathogens. A plant that suffers from a lack of nutrients will have less energy and will be more susceptible to stress
caused by the negative impact of atmospheric disasters, attacks of diseases and pests.

Each nutrient has a signi cant role in the proper growth and development of the plant, whether it participates in the
physiological processes in the plant, enters the composition of plant organic compounds or affects the formation of stronger cell
walls and other tissues. The solid cell wall as well as the intercellular spaces in it increase the physical resistance of the plant
and represent the rst line of defense against the attacks of many fungal diseases.
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For example. we mentioned that the calcium element is the most important for the structure of cell membranes and that in its 

absence cells burst, so in its absence in plant nutrition we can expect increased development of phytopathogenic fungi and
bacteria such as Erwinia carotovora, Sclerotinia sp, Fusarium sp, Botrytis sp. on various plants.

Timely nutrition, where each element is added in a certain phenophase of the plant, raises the immunity of the plant and thus
increases its resistance to diseases and reduces the required amount of protective means to control them.

In that way, we in uence the achievement of better fruit quality and increase yield.

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INFLUENCE OF PLANT NUTRITION ON STORAGE

During storage, various physiological diseases caused by calcium de ciency in the plant can develop during storage, and the most
common are: bitter spots, glassiness of the fruit, browning of the skin - skald, senescence… Calcium as an element participates
in building the cell wall and affects fruit rmness it is very important to be represented in a plant-based diet.

Such fruits lose their quality and market value. In order to achieve top quality fruit for the market, these diseases must be
reduced to a minimum, which can be achieved by foliar application of calcium 7-10 days before harvest.

The fruits must be bathed with foliar calcium supplementation, because calcium can hardly be absorbed from branches and
leaves, since it is immobile in the plant, so it does not move from one organ to another.

INFLUENCE OF SOLUTION pH ON PESTICIDE EFFECT

To achieve an adequate effect in the treated crop (whether it is the application of herbicides, fungicides or insecticides), the
pH value of water to which we add a certain pesticide or pesticide and fertilizer is of great importance.

Due to inadequate pH value of water and solution of plant protection products (pH> 7), its decomposition can occur, the
stability of the solution is disturbed and thus the effect of the preparation. For that reason, manufacturers often repeat
treatments or increase the doses of pesticides, which can cause phytotoxia on plants. That is why it is very important that the
pH of the working solution is around

6-6.5.

For example. The active substance dicamba, which is used to control broadleaf weeds in maize, is stable and most active at pH
values of 5-6, while at higher pH values the solution decomposes. Also, for the control of weeds in sugar beet, we use, among
others, herbicides based on the active substance phenmedipham, which decomposes in alkaline conditions, ie. at higher pH
values.

NUTRILEADERS COMPATIBILITY MAP

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