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Plant Nutrition
1. What is meant by “plant nutrition”
The nutrient elements differ in the form they are absorbed by the
plant, by their functions in the plant, by their mobility in the
plant and by the plant deficiency or toxicity symptoms
characteristic of the nutrient.
Name Chemical Relative Function in plant
symbol % in plant
to N
Primary macronutrients
Nitrogen N 100 Proteins, amino acids
Phosphorus P 6 Nucleic acids, ATP
Potassium K 25 Catalyst, ion transport
Secondary macronutrients
Calcium Ca 12.5 Cell wall component
Magnesium Mg 8 Part of chlorophyll
Sulfur S 3 Amino acids
Iron Fe 0.2 Chlorophyll synthesis
Micronutrients
Copper Cu 0.01 Component of enzymes
Manganese Mn 0.1 Activates enzymes
Zinc Zn 0.03 Activates enzymes
Boron B 0.2 Cell wall component
Molybdenum Mo 0.0001 Involved in N fixation
Chlorine Cl 0.3 Photosynthesis reactions
3. How plants take up mineral elements from soil
The root hair cells of plant roots secrete H+ into the water around
nearby clay particles. These smaller H cations replace the larger
macro- and micro-nutrient cations:
2H+
Ca2+
The released cations are now available for uptake into roots.
In this summary occurrence of H+ in soil water is
shown as the result of respiration of CO2 and
disassociation of carbonic acid H2CO3 that forms
Water flow
Summary of soil water chemistry
Single cell root hairs
Apoplastic and Symplastic Transport
Recall transport of sucrose from photosynthesizing cells to phloem
Cross section of Smilax root Cross section of Zea mays root using
showing heavily thickened fluorescence microscopy showing
endodermis walls thickened cell walls on the inside of
endodermis
Uptake of water and nutrients by roots
The ions that have passed through the endodermis are contained
within the vascular tissue.
Water can then be drawn into the root from the soil by osmosis, the
endosmotic root pressure. This can be sufficient to force water up
through the xylem and may be particularly important when there is
not a strong water potential gradient due to transpiration
Some plants have hydathodes at their leaf margins that secrete water
as droplets, a process called guttation.
Film clip
4.Problems in plant nutrition
Plant Nutrient Type Visual symptoms
Nitrogen Deficiency Light green to yellow appearance of leaves, especially
older leaves; stunted growth; poor fruit development.
Excess Dark green foliage which may be susceptible to
lodging, drought, disease and insect invasion. Fruit and
seed crops may fail to yield.
Potassium Deficiency Older leaves turn yellow initially around margins and
die; irregular fruit development.
Excess Excess potassium may cause deficiencies in magnesium
and possibly calcium.
W.F. Bennett (editor), 1993. Nutrient Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants, APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.
5. Nitrogen and the effects of soil organic matter
on plant nutrition
Fig. 32.13
Organic material is important in agricultural soils both as a
source of nitrogen and because it can increase water holding
capacity, e.g. biosolids application effects
A characteristic of non-agricultural
soils is accumulation of organic
material and acidification of the soil.
Such soils typically develop a very
distinct stratification, with organic
mater at the top.
Spodic soil
Senescence is a
term for the collective
process leading to the
death of a plant or plant
part, like a leaf. Leaf
senescence is a part of
the process by which a
plant goes into dormancy
and is induced by a
change in day length.
Changing leaf color
Leaf Stem
Abscission layer