Hola BSMA Dos-Uno!
Slide 3
I am Kate Manalansan, your healthcare
assistant for today.
first and foremost, I want to share my personal
health care routine to guys. Well frankly as a
student, I do not have enough time to spend on
exercising and plan a healthy meal because we
need to stick on our monthly allowances, right?
But, what I do is I always make sure to have
enough sleep. I also keep an eye on my weight
every week. Since my family on father side had
a history on diabetes I always make sure to limit
my sugar intake.
Oh and before I forgot, A healthy hygiene is a
must! I always take a bath every day and wash
hands before and after eating something or
every time I go out.
What about you guys? I won’t ask or mention
anyone but I just want you to gather and realize
some of your hygiene habits and what are your
secrets to maintaining your body healthy. As we
tackle some of diseases that are relevant and
some of the major causes of fatalities in our
generation.
Slide 2
The content of our discussion will be about
*read ppt*
Behold Dos-Uno as we tackle each of these
topics because the information that we're
about to discuss is extremely important to our
bodies as well as our loved ones. Remember!
that there’s so much you can do to take care of
you
Guys tignan nyo yung graph, the graph shows
that high income countries have the highest life
expectancy, maybe because high income
countries have enough fundings thus making
their healthcare system accessible to everyone.
Even though there have been setbacks in sub-
Saharan Africa region mostly because of AIDS,
life expectancy has continued to rise in most
regions. This measurement, nevertheless, can
be seriously deceptive. In one country, an
increase in life expectancy may provide years of
health, whereas in another, it may only bring
years of pain.
Slide 4
As you can see the 2nd graph illustrates that
since the year 1960 to 2003 the under 5
mortality rates was slowed.
Indeed, if the global trend of the 1980s had
continued through 2003, some 1.2 million child
deaths would have been averted although this
measure omits consideration of the general
health status of the population beyond early
childhood, it is sometimes argued that it is
better to address the health status in early
childhood because some children who survive
early deprivations suffer lifetime health
consequences.
Slide 5
The World Health Organization (WHO), the key
United Nations agency concerned with global
health matters, defines health as “a state of
complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity.” This approach may put us on a better
conceptual foundation but does not in itself
provide a better measure. An alternative
measure of health promoted by the WHO is the
disability-adjusted life year (DALY). There are
doubts about the quality of data used in these
measures, especially for some of the poorest
countries, and the use of DALYs to compare
health across countries are controversial.
Slide 6
For us to better understand DALY or the
disability adjusted life year. Let’s watch this
video:
(play video)
So now, we finally understand the use of Daly,
Let us now discuss some of its findings.
Slide 7
Using a DALY measure, a World Bank study
calculated that about one-quarter of the global
burden of disease was represented by diarrhea,
childhood diseases including measles,
respiratory infections, parasitic worm
infections, and malaria, all major’s health
problems in developing countries. Progress has
continued to be made in most but not all of
these disease categories. However, average
health levels can mask great inequality.
For example, in some countries, minorities and
indigenous populations can have life
expectancies a decade or shorter than the
dominant groups, and their infant mortality
rates can be more than triple the national
average.
Thus, as is the case with income and education,
the distribution of health among the
population, not just averages, is what matters.
As one might expect, the poor are significantly
less healthy than the more affluent
Slide 8
Figure shown in the slide illustrates that the
children of the poor are much more likely to die
than those of the rich.
The proportion of children under age 5 who are
underweight is far higher for poorer quintiles
than for richer quintiles, particularly in South
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Health inequality is a consistent pattern,
whatever the measure of health outcomes
used. Even when public clinics are available in
poor rural areas, they are typically
underequipped and understaffed.
Slide 9
A World Bank study found that absence rates
among health care workers in primary health
facilities on which the poorer population
depends was 43% in India in 14 states studied,
42% in Indonesia, 35% in Bangladesh, 35%,
Uganda, 26% in Peru, and 19% in Papua New
Guinea
So in simple words, kung paano nakakapekto sa
education ang kawalan or kakulangan ng mga
teachers, ofcourse ganun din ang kakalabasan
ng kakulangan sa medical staffs. therefore,
absenteeism of medical personnel can be
pervasive.
Imagine guys sa india yung absence rates nila
almost half of a hundred percent. Isipin nyo
nalang kung gaano karaming mahihirap or
nangangailangan ng tulong sa medications nila
ang naapektohan.
Slide 10
As previous illustrations suggest, developing
countries face a much more
crippling disease burden than developed
countries, especially regarding infectious
diseases. AIDS, malaria, and parasites are three
major problems that we consider in this
discussion.
But here are some examples of Health
Challenges Faced by Developing Countries:
(READ THE PPT)
(wow these diseases might pass as tongue
twisters. just kidding)
But did you guys know that some diseases are
especially deadly when combined with other
diseases? Malnutrition is a form of disease, and
its presence is a major factor among children in
both contracting disease and dying of it.
The interaction between malaria and acute
respiratory infections or anemia is also deadly.
Another important lethal interaction is between
AIDS and tuberculosis. Failure to control either
developing
countries as a whole, AIDS is transmitted
primarily through heterosexual intercourse;
contact with infected blood and drug needles,
and perinatal transmission.
Trivia!
In 2009 about 5 million people were receiving
antiretroviral treatment. Unfortunately, these
lifesaving drugs are still not available to a
majority of the infected in Africa and South Asia
owing to slow implementation and inadequate
health system infrastructure. Treatments have
often otherwise been limited to aspirin,
antibiotics for infections, and cortisone for skin
rashes.
Slide 12
*read the symptoms*
UNAIDS reports that by 2008, over 25 million
people had died of AIDS, with the large majority
in sub-Saharan Africa. Throughout the region,
AIDS is now the leading cause of death of adults
in the economically active years.
of the diseases makes each more likely to be
fatal.
Now, let's look at three significant problems
affecting the developing world: the AIDS,
malaria, and parasites
Slide 11
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is
the final and fatal stage of infection with the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the
In 2009, about 33 million people worldwide
were infected with HIV, about 22 million of
them is in sub-Saharan Africa.
Trivia lang po ulit, the southern subregion of
Africa is the hardest hit, with 34% of global AIDS
Slide 12
Malaria on the other hand, directly causes over
1 million deaths each year, most of them among
impoverished African children. Pregnant
women are also at high risk. Severe cases of
malaria leave about 15% of the children who
survive the disease with substantial
neurological problems and learning disabilities.
A child dies from malaria every 30 seconds.
Over 500 million people become severely ill
with malaria each year.
Slide 13
What are the symptoms of malaria, you say?
*read ppt*
Other diseases that are concentrated in poor
nations rather than in both developing and
developed nations could be managed using
vaccines that present no greater technical
challenges than previously created vaccines for
other diseases. Why then do diseases in the
developing world do not have more vaccines?
 First, there is a motivation for
governments to wait for other countries
to spend the resources on vaccine. Even
if cooperation could be agreed, there is
still an incentive for participating
governments to “defect” and not pay
their share.
- obviously eto yung unang reason kung bakit
walang enough vaccine to address this issue
because most of the countries were not willing
to contribute their resources to support the
production of vaccines.
 Secondly, again due to lack of funding’s
and support. Companies developing
vaccines fear that once they have
succeeded, they will be pushed to lower
their prices to close to production costs,
thereby making regaining their original
research and development costs
unlikely.
If such problems could be overcome, a potential
vaccine is one of the best solutions for malaria
and many other tropical diseases. Presently,
Funding for malaria vaccines are now
substantially improving.
Slide 14
Many health challenges of developing countries
have received high-profile attention in recent
years, epitomized by the relatively well-funded
and central role of the Global Fund to Fight
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
Did you guys know that Around 2 billion
individuals have been impacted by deadly
parasitic worms and 300 million cases were
severe.
Among the many parasitic diseases plaguing
people in the world,
schistosomiasis (also called bilharzias is or snail
fever) is one of the worst in terms of its human
and development impact (following malaria,
which is also classified as a parasitic disease).
Schistosomiasis in humans is caused by
waterborne flatworms (also known as blood
flukes) called schistosomes. According to
estimates, the disease infects about 200 million
people in 74 developing countries, of whom
about 120 million are symptomatic and some 20
million suffer severe consequences, including
about 200,000 deaths each year. Half of those
severely affected are school-age children. The
disease retards their growth and harms their
school performance if they are in school
Schistosomiasis effective treatment is entirely
lacking. these flatworms can cause liver and
kidney damage as well as cancer.
Slides 15
Another long-standing scourge, African
trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, still
affects several hundred thousand people in sub-
Saharan Africa, mostly in remote areas.
Tragically, because the disease is endemic
where health systems are weakest, most people
who contract sleeping sickness die before they
are even diagnosed.
Sleeping sickness kills over 55,000 a year. The
impact of trypanosomiasis on economic
development can be severe; in addition to the
loss of human life and vitality, the disease kills
cattle and leads to the abandonment of fertile
but infected land. This parasite is transmitted to
humans by tsetse flies.
The essentials for treating sleeping sickness
include medications such as:
Pentamidine
Melarsoprol
Flornithine
Slide 17
In addition to parasitic worms, there are also
some neglected tropical diseases. the
illustration is ranked by their global prevalence
or number infected cases.
(read the ranking on the presentation)
-Chagas’ disease
-Leprosy
-Human African trypanosomiasis
-Dracunculiasis
-Buruli ulcer
Taken together, these diseases cause an
estimated 534,000 deaths each year. But most
of these diseases are curable, can be prevented
with environmental improvements at their
source, and can ultimately be inoculated against
with vaccines. The cost of combating these
diseases are relatively low in most cases, and
the tragedy is that despite this, they have
received relatively little attention.
Slide 18
Guys did you know according to a study tall
people makes more money and has a higher
productivity level?
John Strauss and Duncan Thomas found that
taller men earn more money in Brazil, even
after controlling for other important
determinants of income such as education and
experience.
Kada 1% na increase in height is associated
with a 7% increase in wages in that middle-
income country.
Moreover, shorter individuals are more likely to
be unemployed altogether. Height reflects
various benefits achieved in early life.
Thus, the preponderance of the evidence is that
health and nutrition do affect employment,
productivity, and wages and very substantially
so among the poorest of the poor.
The research highlights the importance of
health policy in health is a vital objective in and
of itself but it also has a considerable impact on
development. This also includes the effect on
income levels.
Slide 19
In the WHO’s definition, a health system is “all
the activities whose primary purpose is to
promote, restore, or maintain health.” Health
systems includes.
The components of public health departments,
hospitals and clinics, and offices of doctors and
paramedics.
Outside of this formal system exists an informal
network used by many poorer citizens, which
includes traditional healers, who may use
somewhat effective herbal remedies or other
methods that provide some medical benefits,
such as acupuncture, but who may also employ
techniques with no evidence of effectiveness
beyond the placebo effect.
The WHO concluded that “dollar for dollar
spent on health, many countries are falling
short of their performance potential. The result
is a large number of preventable deaths and
lives stunted by disability. The impact of this people are always a national priority:
failure is born disproportionately by the poor.” government responsibility for it is continuous
At any given income level, there was wide and permanent.”
variation in country performance, showing that
Slide 21
a low-income country can achieve fairness in
allocating the resources that it has. Many health and education
Slide 20 problems plague developing countries, ranging
from child labor to heavy disease burdens.
An effective government role in health systems
Education and health will not always
is crucial for at least four
automatically improve
Important reasons:
with higher incomes. And market failures mean
First, health is central to poverty alleviation, that too few investments in
because people are often uninformed about
education and health will be made from the
health, a situation compounded by poverty.
social point of view. Moreover,
Second, households spend too little on health
the wrong kinds of government policies have
because they may neglect externalities (such as,
sometimes led to distortions in the educational
literally, contagion problems).
system that have reinforced inequality; and
Third, the market would invest too little in inequities in
health infrastructure and research and
health systems are common.
development and technology transfer to
developing countries due to market failures.

Fourth, public health programs in developing Thereby, the government plays an important
countries have many proven successes. role in health and education, and significant
Government has different roles in different policy improvements are required in the
countries. majority of developing countries.

But as per, the WHO So that's it for our presentation on Human

Capital: Education and Health in Economic
“The careful and responsible management of
Development guys. Thank you for listening!
the well-being of the population—stewardship
—is the very essence of good government. . . .
The health of