RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is made up of several systems. Each system has its own
function. Each system is related to one another to ensure that our bodies
function efficiently.

Do you remember the systems in the human

body that you have learned before?
HAWA

skeletal system respiratory system digestive system

Let’s review the human

blood circulatory
system. This system
has a close relationship
with other systems in
the body.

HAWA

blood circulatory
system
34
2.3.1
Respiratory System
The respiratory system tranports
oxygen. It depends on the blood
circulatory system to transport
oxygen to the whole body.
The respiratory system
also depends on the
blood circulatory system
to remove carbon
dioxide from the body.

Skeletal System
The blood circulatory
system tranports oxygen
and nutrients to the
skeletal system to help
the growth of bones.
The skeletal system, in turn,
protects the body and the organs
involved in respiration and blood
circulation such as the lungs and
heart.

Digestive
System
The blood circulatory system
tranports oxygen to the blood circulatory system
digestive system.
The digestive system Can the blood circulatory
supplies nutrients to organs system function on its own?
such as the heart so that it can
continue to function well.
HAWA

35
 The systems in the body cannot function independently. If one of the
systems fails to function, other systems will also be affected. Let us look at
the following situations.
fo hok 1
on n c ion

g
od in
he at

What’s wrong? He’s choking on a

tu

piece of food. We
Si

need to get help!

W

CHAN

ROMAN RAVI

HAWA

Choking can disrupt several

systems in the human body.

food
Digestive system and
respiratory system
oesophagus When food gets stuck in a person’s
trachea throat, his/her digestive system is
disrupted at the oesophagus.
Food trapped in the oesophagus
will block air from entering the
trachea. This will cause a disruption
in the respiratory system because
breathing becomes difficult.

36
 2
fr n a on

re e
tu on
ti

d
ua

ac b
t
Si
is eh
W
HAWA

Fractured bones can also

disrupt several systems in
the human body.

Skeletal system and

blood circulatory system
A fractured hand bone affects
the skeletal system.
At the same time, the arm
becomes swollen because
the blood flow in the blood
circulatory system is disrupted.

37
 THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING CARE OF
ALL SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

We need to take care of all the systems

in the human body to make sure they
function effectively. HAWA

What will happen if the systems in the

body are not properly taken care of?

The heart is an essential organ in the blood

circulatory system. The blood vessels in the heart
can become narrow due to the formation of
plaque. This is caused by the presence of excess
cholesterol in the body. cholesterol plaque
n1
io
at
tu
Si

How does healthy eating habits protect our blood circulatory system?

SCIENCE INFO
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that can be found in the blood. The liver
produces cholesterol for the body. Cholesterol is also found in food. We need
cholesterol so that the brain, skin, and other organs can function properly.
Eating foods containing too much cholesterol is harmful to the body.

38
2.3.2
 2
n
io
at According to this X-ray scan,
tu
there is a problem with
Si

your lungs. That’s why you

have persistent cough and
shortness of breath.

We need to avoid bad habits such as smoking to protect our respiratory

system. Why?
3
n
io
at
tu
Si

23
XYZ1

KPRAKK!
Why does wearing protective gear such as the helmet important
in this situation?
4
n
io

I’m having constipation again!

at
tu
Si

How does drinking enough water protect our digestive system?

Why is it important to protect all HAWA

the systems in the human body?

39
 PROTECTING THE SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

All the systems in the human body need to be taken care of so that they
can function efficiently. How do we protect the systems in our body to
maintain a healthy life?

Skeletal system

Consume foods that

are rich in calcium
We need to take
calcium to build
strong bones. Milk
and dairy products Do physical activities
contain calcium that can
Physical activities such
strengthen bones.
as running, jumping, and
dancing can strengthen bones.

Wear protective gear and seat belts

Use helmets when riding motorcycles or when
cycling. Use knee guards, elbow guards, and
wrist supports when necessary. Wear seat
belts in vehicles.

Respiratory system

Avoid cigarettes
Smoking causes respiratory diseases such as
asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.
Live in a clean environment
A clean environment without air pollution reduces
the risk of respiratory diseases.

40
2.3.3
 Wash hands frequently
Make it a habit to clean your hands often
with soap and water or hand sanitising
liquid. Avoid touching your mouth or nose
before washing your hands because
bacteria or virus on your hands may
enter your respiratory system and cause
diseases such as COVID-1 .
Blood circulatory system

Reduce the consumption of foods that

cholesterol plaque
are high in fat and sugar
Consuming foods containing excessive fats
can cause cholesterol to build up in the
blood vessels and form plaques. Plaques
blood cells narrow the blood vessels and the heart has
to work harder to pump blood to the whole
body.

Exercise
We should have proper and regular
exercise to ensure a strong heart.

Digestive system

Eat foods that are rich in fibre l

Eat foods that are rich in fibre such as
vegetables, fruits, and whole grains to
ease defecation. Explain ways that can be HAWA

practised to protect the

Drink enough water systems in the body if a
Drink enough water to keep our person has obesity.
digestive system running smoothly. 41
 CHECKLIST OF SYSTEMS
FUN ACTIVITY
IN THE HUMAN BODY
APPARATUS AND
Manila card and marker pen.
MATERIALS
STEPS
CHECKLIST
SENARAI SEMAK
Systems
Sistemindi
the human
dalam body
tubuh

Situasi
Situation

1. Based on the checklist provided, 2. Discuss with your group members

choose one system in the human a situation when the chosen
body. system is disrupted and its effect
on another system in the body.

SENARAI SEMAK
CHECKLIST
SENARAI SEMAK
CHECKLIST
Systems
Sistemindi Systems
Sistemindi
the human
dalam body
tubuh
the human
dalam body
tubuh
Situasi
Situation

Situasi
Lungs failure
X X
Situation BowelKegagalan
failure
peparu berfungsi

X X
Fractured leg
Lungs failure

3. Label “X” on the systems that are 4. Paste your completed work on
affected in the situation discussed the wall. A group representative
earlier. For example, for a situation will present the outcome to the
where the lungs fail to function, the other groups.
affected systems in the body
will be labelled with “X”.
Based on the title discussed, how can we protect the systems in the
human body to ensure a healthy life?
SENARAI SEMAK
CHECKLIST
Systems in
Sistem di
thedalam
humantubuh
body

TEACHER'S Teachers provide a checklist on the systems in the human body for Situasi
Situation

NOTE each group.

42
2.3.1, 2.3.4
 FUN SCIENCE BLOOD CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM MODEL
Produce a blood circulatory system model using a screwdriver,
scissors, hot glue gun, plastic cups, binder clips, plastic bottles,
plastic tubes, blue-coloured and red-coloured water.
Blood circulatory
STEPS system model

1. Make two holes on the bottle 2. Prepare two plastic tubes of

cap. Enlarge the holes using a different lengths. Insert the tubes
screwdriver. into the holes of the bottle cap.

Right Left
side of side of
heart heart

3. Screw the bottle cap back to the 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 to produce the
bottle. Make sure the end of the second bottle. Label the bottles as
longer tube reaches the bottom shown above.
of the bottle. The shorter tube is
inserted just below the bottle cap.
Rig e o
sid ear
ht f
h
t

5. Seal gaps on the bottle cap to

Be careful when making holes on prevent air from entering the bottle
the bottle caps and using the hot glue gun.
using the hot glue gun.
43
 sid eft
he of
art
L
e
human lungs
body

human lungs
body

6. Pour blue-coloured water into the
first plastic cup and label it “human
body”. Then, pour red-coloured
water into the second plastic cup
and label it “lungs”. Fasten two
binder clips to each cup.
hea f
side t
o
Lef
7. For the left side of the heart, attach
the end of the shorter tube to the
mouth of the cup labelled “human
body”. Then, attach the longer
tube to the base of the cup labelled
“lungs”.

rt
Rig of
sid art
he

ht
e

human lungs
body
human lungs
body

8. For the right side of the heart, attach 9. Alternately, squeeze and release the
the end of the shorter tube to the bottles. Observe the movement of
mouth of the cup labelled “lungs”. the red-coloured water (blood rich in
Then, attach the longer tube to the oxygen) and the blue-coloured water
base of the cup labelled “human (blood rich in carbon dioxide).
body”.

44
 MIND REFLECTION
1. The functions of the main human skeleton are as follows:
Main skeleton Function
backbone supports the body
skull protects the brain
ribs protect the internal organs
hand and leg bones for support and movement

2. A joint is a place where two or more bones are joined together.

3. The positions of the joints in the human body are as follows:

4. Joints allow movement and flexibility of the body.

5. The main parts in the blood circulatory system and their functions are
as follows:

Main part Function

heart pumps blood to the lungs and to the whole body
blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
blood transports oxygen, nutrients, water, and waste products
lungs place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

45
 6. Blood circulatory pathway:
• blood rich in oxygen: lungs heart human body
• blood rich in carbon dioxide: human body heart lungs
7. The importance of the human blood circulatory system are:
• to transport oxygen, nutrients, and water throughout the body.
• to transport carbon dioxide and other waste products out of the body.
8. Ways to protect the systems in the human body are as follows:
Skeletal system Blood circulatory system
• consume foods that are rich in calcium. • reduce the consumption of foods
• do physical activities. that are high in fat and sugar.
• wear protective gear and seat belts. • exercise.

Respiratory system Digestive system
• avoid cigarettes. • eat food that are rich in fibre.
• live in a clean environment. • drink enough water.
• clean hands frequently.

MIND TEST
Answer all questions in the Science exercise book.
1. Label the skeletal system below. 2. Sketch the diagram of the human
skeleton. Identify and circle the
positions of joints in the diagram.
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

46
3. State the functions of joints in the human skeletal system.
4. The figures below show the three main parts of the human blood circulatory
system.

X Y Z
State the functions of X, Y and Z in the system.

5. Complete the concept map of the blood circulatory pathway in humans with
the answers provided below. You may use the answers more than once.

human body lungs blood rich in oxygen

blood rich in carbon dioxide

HEART

47
 6. Write the correct answers to show the importance of the blood circulatory
system using the list given below.
other waste
nutrients food water
products

(a) Transports oxygen, _____ , and water throughout the body.

(b) Transports carbon dioxide and _____ to be removed from the body.

7. The following pictures show several situations that disrupt the systems in the
human body.

Situation

A. choking on food B. fractured bone C. heart failure

(digestive system) (skeletal system) (blood circulatory system)

Based on the situations above, explain how the disruptions of the

systems can affect other systems in the human body.

8. The picture below shows a habit that can disrupt the digestive system.
Based on this situation, state another system in the human body that
is also disrupted.

9. State two ways of protecting the systems in the human body to ensure
a healthy life.
48
 it
Un ANIMALS

Animals need to protect themselves to maintain the survival of their species.

How do animals protect themselves and their species?
49
 SURVIVAL OF ANIMAL SPECIES

Do you know that animals have specific characteristics and behaviours to

protect themselves so that their species can survive? Observe the situation
below.

It’s not easy for Wow! You have a really hard

you to attack me shell, Mr Horseshoe Crab!
because I have big
and sharp claws.

This shell is for

my protection.

Based on the situation, how do the crab and

horseshoe crab protect themselves to ensure ZAKI

the survival of their species?

The survival of an animal species is the ability for animals

to maintain their species to avoid extinction.

50
3.1.1
 PROTECTION FROM ENEMIES

Specific characteristics of the body of animals can protect them from

their enemies. Observe the situation below.

Fortunately, the
eagle is gone.

We are protected by
our hard shells.

Based on the situation above, how did the tortoise save itself from the eagle?
Are there other animals that have the same characteristics as the tortoise?
51
3.1.2
 Let us follow the adventure of Ana, Melia, and Chan.

bee centipede
wasp

Bees, centipedes, and wasps have stings that can release venom to
hurt or kill the enemies. What other animals have similar characteristics?

bedbug beetle cockroach moth

Bedbugs, beetles, and Moths have patterns that

cockroaches produce bad resemble fake eyes on their
smell causing the enemies wings to deceive the enemies.
not to come near them.

crocodile
The hard scales found on crocodiles
and arapaima fish can protect them from
injuries. What other specific characteristics
do crocodiles have to protect themselves
from enemy threats?
arapaima fish

52
 Horses, rabbits, and frogs have
strong leg muscles to move fast so
that they are able to escape from the
enemies. What other animals have
similar characteristics?

frog

horse
rabbit

deer

buffalo
Sharp horns of deers, buffaloes, and
gaurs are used for self-defence. What
are other specific characteristics of deers,
buffaloes, and gaurs that can be used to
protect them from the enemies?
How do the specific
characteristics of the part of an
animal’s body protect it from
the enemies? Explain these
characteristics with examples.
gaur
Some animals such as
buffaloes, rhinoceros, and
elephants have thick and
hard skin. How do these thick
and hard skin protect them
from the enemies?
53
 Some animals have specific behaviours to protect themselves from the
enemies. Let us identify what these specific behaviours are.

Porcupines will run into their burrows when they are attacked. If they fail
to escape, porcupines will raise the sharp spines on their bodies to scare
the enemies. The enemies trying to touch porcupines’ bodies will be pierced
with those sharp spines.

SCIENCE INFO
Porcupines’ spines are actually
hard prickly quills that protect
them. They can reach up to
30 000 spines. These spines can
stick on the skin of the enemies
that are trying to catch or touch
the porcupines.

porcupine

When pufferfish feel threatened, they

will inflate their bodies that have
sharp spines three times of their size to
scare the enemies. Pufferfish are also
poisonous.
pufferfish

Pufferfish are poisonous and have sharp spines.

However, the pufferfish often become prey. Why?

54
3.1.2
Lizards and octopuses will detach certain parts of their bodies when
they are attacked. This will distract their enemies while they escape.

lizard

octopus

cuttlefish
Cuttlefish and octopuses will spurt out black ink towards their
enemies when they are attacked. After that, these animals will run
away quickly to save themselves.
55
 Hmm! Why are you behaving like these?

I withdraw parts of I curl myself up when

my body into the shell I feel threatened.
when I feel threatened.

I also roll myself up

to protect my head
when I am feeling
threatened.
millipede
pangolin
tortoise Like the elephants,
We live in groups to we live and move in
protect ourselves and groups to ensure our
reduce the risk of being safety.
attacked by enemies.

ants

How do specific behaviours of

animals protect them from enemies?
Explain with examples.
elephants

The specific characteristics on the parts of the body of

animals and their behaviours can protect them from
56 the enemies and ensure the survival of their species.
ZAKI
 FUN ACTIVITY DIGITAL BOOK
OF ANIMALS
APPARATUS AND Computer software and internet access.
MATERIALS
Animal
STEPS digital book

1. Use the internet to identify and 2. Discuss the information gathered

gather information on the specific in groups.
characteristics and behaviours of
animals that can protect them from
the enemies.

R5
E YEA
NC
C IE
S

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF ANIMALS TO PROTECT
THEM FROM ENEMIES

3. Prepare the information discussed 4. Present the discussed idea of your

using Microsoft PowerPoint or group in front of the class.
digital scrapbook.

How do predatory animals such as snakes,

spiders, eagles, and lions protect themselves
from enemies?
57
3.1.2, 3.1.6
 PROTECTION FROM EXTREME WEATHER

Animals that live in extreme weather have specific characteristics on

parts of their bodies and specific behaviours to protect themselves. How
do the animals in the polar regions protect themselves from extremely
cold weather? Observe the situation below.

The thick fur of a polar bear traps its body heat to keep
warm. Polar bears also hibernate to reduce movement
and prevent themselves from losing energy.

SCIENCE INFO
Hibernation is a condition
where certain animals
become inactive and sleep
polar bears throughout winter.

The short and densed

feathers make the
penguins waterproof.
These densed feathers also
serve as a thermal insulator
to maintain their body
temperature.
58 penguins
 snow geese

How do the thick layers of fat and fur of animals in the polar
regions able to maintain the animals’ body temperature and
protect them from extremely cold weather?

Walruses and sea lions have small

ear lobes to reduce heat loss from
their bodies. These animals also have
thick layers of fat under their skin
to maintain body heat in very cold
weather.

sea lion

walruses

Some animals cannot survive in the polar

ZAKI
regions and areas that are too cold. How
do animals like birds and whales protect
themselves from extreme weather?
59
 Whales and some species of birds migrate across
continents and oceans to avoid cold weather of their
origin country. This is called migration.
The Kuala Gula Bird Sanctuary in Perak is one of
the places for birds from cold regions of northern
Asia and Europe to stop and rest before continuing
their migration to hot regions such as Australia.
Milky stork, lesser adjutant, and sandpiper
are examples of migratory birds in Kuala Gula.

milky stork lesser adjutant sandpiper

Legend:
bird
migration
route SCIENCE INFO

In 2012, Malaysia became a member of the

whale
migration East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership (EAAFP).
route This international organisation plays a role in
protecting migration and habitat of birds. Malaysia
through the Department of Wildlife and National
Migration of birds at Parks (DWNP) or also known as PERHILITAN has
Kuala Gula, Perak successfully gazetted Kuala Gula, in Perak as a
Flyway Network Site for migratory birds.

By winter, whales will migrate

to warmer seas to breed and to
find food.

whales Name other animals that migrate.

60
ZAKI
 Buffaloes wallow in water or mud to cool their
bodies and avoid insect bites and parasites.
buffaloes

elephant
hippopotamus

Hippopotamuses wallow themselves to Elephants also regularly wallow

control their body temperature in extremely
hot weather. Wallowing in water and mud
also prevents skin diseases and bites of
horseflies, a type of fly that sucks blood of
other animals.
themselves in mud and water.
Search information from various
sources and explain the reason
they need to wallow.

61
 Extremely hot weather in deserts is only suitable for certain animals.
Let us have a closer look at how animals living in this area protect
themselves.

It’s so hot! No grass to eat. Thankfully, I have a food

storage hump in the form of fat. I can survive two weeks
without water and food.

camel

We have large ear lobes so that our

bodies can release more heat.
desert fox
desert rat

Specific characteristics of parts of the body and behaviours of animals

can help protect them from extreme weather to ensure the survival of
their species.

How do the specific characteristics of parts

of the body and behaviours of the animals
protect them from extreme weather? Explain
those specific characteristics and behaviours
with examples.
ZAKI

62
 FUN ACTIVITY POCKETBOOK
OF ANIMALS
APPARATUS AND Computer, internet access, printer, scissors,
MATERIALS stapler, A4 paper of various colours, and glue.
STEPS

4 cm

2 cm

1. By using the internet, find pictures of 2. Arrange three pieces of A4

animals and words related to their coloured paper as shown
specific characteristics and behaviours in the picture.
that are used to protect them from
extreme weather. Print and cut the
pictures and the word cards.

3. Then, fold and combine the 4. Paste the pictures of animals and
coloured paper using a stapler. their matching characteristics or
specific behaviours on each page
of the pocketbook.

State the importance of specific 5. Present your work.

characteristics and behaviours
of the animals to protect them
from extreme weather. 63
3.1.3, 3.1.6
 ANIMALS PROTECT THEIR EGGS

Animals lay eggs and protect them to ensure

the survival of their species from extinction.
Let us read the story below.

Dear friends, I am ordered by the King of the

Jungle to make sure that all animals are to
protect their eggs from any threats. I would like
to know about the ways you protect your eggs.

mousedeer
I hide and incubate my eggs to
keep them warm in a bushy nest
filled with dried leaves.

The toad and I lay many eggs.

Our eggs smell bad and are
covered with mucus to make
them difficult for the enemy to crocodile
eat. Isn’t that so, toad?
That’s right, frog.
mosquito

frog toad

64
3.1.4
 I hide my eggs in nests or tree holes
and incubate them until they hatch.

woodpecker

I hide my eggs in gaps found in

cupboards or any hidden places.

cockroach
I hide my eggs
in the soil.

I lay eggs in a hole that I dig

water strider using my hind legs. The eggs
grasshopper are covered with soil that is
dug earlier.

I lay eggs on the surface

of rocks or leaves near
river banks with calm
water. tortoise

Some animals such as mosquitoes and turtles do not take

care of their eggs. How are their eggs being protected
from enemy threats? 65
 FUN ACTIVITY ROLE-PLAY
APPARATUS AND Marker pens, glue, envelopes,
MATERIALS pictures of animals, and A4 paper.

STEPS

Slimyberlendir
–-Telur eggs.
–-Telur
Smelly eggs.busuk
berbau
–-Bilangan telur yang
Large number banyak
of eggs.

1. A representative from each group
picks an envelope containing two
pieces of animal picture cards.
The animals in the pictures are not
known to the other groups.
2. Discuss how the animals care for
their eggs and write the information
on the A4 paper.

PUPILS’
SUDUT HASIL CORNER
KERJA MURID

– Telur berlendir. – Bertelur di dalam sarang.

MELIA - Slimy eggs. –- Ayam
Lay eggs
betinainmenjaga
the nest.
– Telur berbau busuk.
- Smelly eggs. - Hens take care and
– Bilangan telur yang banyak. dan mengeramkan telur
- Large number of incubate their eggs
eggs. until theymenetas.
sehingga hatch.

3. A representative from each group 4. Paste the results of the discussion

role-plays the animals protecting
their eggs. Other groups will identify
the characteristics and behaviours
and guess the names of the animals
being acted out.
at the Pupils’ Corner. A member of
the group will explain or answer
questions from the other groups.

Explain with examples other ways animals protect their eggs.

66 TEACHER'S
Teachers will prepare several pictures of animals that
3.1.4, 3.1.6 NOTE lay eggs and some envelopes.
 ANIMALS ENSURE THE SURVIVAL OF THEIR YOUNG

Animals protect their eggs and young in

many ways to ensure that their species
can continue to live and prevent extinction.

Mammals such as rabbits, cats, and

goats care and suckle their young until
they are able to find their own food.

rabbits

cats

goats

The joeys suckle and grow in the

pouches of their mothers to ensure
their safety.

kangaroos

Crocodiles and tilapia fish protect their young by placing them in their
mouths while moving and looking for food.

tilapia fish 67
crocodiles 3.1.5
 Chickens and monkeys will attack
the enemies when their young are
in danger.

monkeys

chickens

Besides caring for their young,

animals such as birds and lions will
also feed their young.

birds lions

Animals protect their eggs and young to ensure the survival of their species.

68