‘Aim: To detect one anion and cation in the Theory Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an aquggus solution of the salt, ‘Two basic principles of great use in the analysis ar {i) the Solubility product; and °o (ii) the Common ion effect. Common ion effect: Shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides moron ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium. e Solubility product: It is product of the ionic concentration in a saturated lonic product: It is the product of ionic concentration at any concentrati solution. When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitatigr(ggkes place. lonic product of salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect. Test Of anion involves: Material Required o 1g tube * Test tubes « Test tube stand « Test tuby iter paper,Burner * Reagents Preliminary Test cu s Odour: Deliquescence: roe Oo Analysis of Anions: x& S Write in past tense Experiment Observation Inference Treated 0.1 g of salt with 1! No effervescence and COs*, S03", S*, NOX, dil.H)SO4 and warme evolution of vapours. CHaCOO” absent. Heated 0.1 g of salt with mL Reddish brown gas with a Br may be present. conc. HS04. _ & pungent odour is evolved. Intensity of reddish gas Br may be present. Increases. Solution also acquires red colour. Took pinch of salt added 1 ‘A brown colouration in the Presence of bromide ion ml carbon tetrachloride organic layer . confirmed. (CCI4)/chloroform (CHCI3)/ carbon disulphide. ‘Thereafter added an excess of chlorine water dropwise and shake the test tube. Took salt solution added silver__| A pale yellow precipitate Presence of bromide ionnitrate solution. is obtained. confirmed. To the pale yellow precipitate added ammonium hydroxide solution. A pale yellow precipitate soluble with difficulty in ammonium hydroxide solution is obtained. Presence of bromide ion confirmed. lonic equations should be written on unruled page. If on heating the salt with cone. H»SOs reddish brown fumes of bromine are evolved in excess, this indicates the presence of Br” ions. The fumes get intensified on addition of MnO2. Bromine vapours turn starch paper yellow. 2Br+2H,SOy > Bp + = SOp_ + —_NaySOx + 2H20 2NaBr + MnO + 2H»SOe > SOx? + MnSOa + 2H20 + Bro (2) Add 1 mL of carbon tetrachloride (CCle)/chloroform (CHCl) and excess of freshly prepared chlorine water dropwise to the salt solution in water. Shake the test tube vigorously. The appearance of an orange brown colouration in the organic layer due to the dissolution of bromine in it, confirms the presence of bromide 2Br + Ch———-——> ack +B To the salt solution Add silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution and shake the test tube. A pale yellow orecidais ‘obtained which dissolves in ammonium hydroxide with difficulty. NaBr+AgNO3 s----=--> NaNO: + AgBr Silver bromi (Pale yellow precipitate) Write in past tense Ionic equations should be written on un ruled page. Step-1 Analysis of Zero group cation (NHq* ion) (a) Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it pif there is a smell of ‘ammonia, this indicates the presence of ammonium ions. Bring a glas: din hydrochloric acid hear the mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. (b) Pass the gas through Nessler’s reagent. Brown pre aid Step-2 Confirmatory test. Analysis of Experiment. Inference Noted the colour of the given salt. Cu, Fe, NICO”, Mn are absent. Prepared a paste of the salt with conc. HCI inct colour ofthe | Ca®, Sr®, Ba, Cut may be and performed the flame test. absent. Took 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and adde; ‘Ammonia gas was evolved | NH«" indicated, mL of NaOH solution to it and heated (examined by smell). Brought a glass rod dipped in hydro White fumes were observed. | NHe indicated. acid near the mouth of the test Passed the gas through Nessler' ‘Abrown colouration or Presence of NH" confirmed . brown colour ppt. obtained. Chemistry of Confirmateygf Pests(a) Ammonia gas evolved by the action of sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts reacts with MP ioc acid togive ammonium chloride, which is visible as dense white fume. 0 (NHa)2SOg = + ~=—-2NaOH —————--—~---—--> NagSOs + +=. 2NH3. + 2H20 NH; + HCl ~— > NHACI On passing the gas through Nessler’s reagent, a brown colouration or a rit Ree mercury(I) amido- iodine is formed. 2KHgla + NH3 + 3KOH -—-—---—-> HgO.Hg(NH2)l + 7} & Basic mercury (II) amido-iodine (Brown “=O Result ‘The given salt contains: Anion: Br Cation : NHs* Precautions (a) Always use an apron, an eye protector and hand gloves, Wile Working in the chemistry laboratory. (b) Before using any reagent or a chemical, read the ibs bottle carefully. Never use unlabelled reagent. {c) Do not mix chemicals and reagents unnecessaril taste any chemical. (d) Be careful in smelling chemicals or vapours. Al in the vapours gently towards your nose. (e) Always pour acid into water for dilution. Ni ‘water to acid. (f) Be careful while heating the test tube. Th neighbours while heating or adding a (g)Always use the reagents in minimum . Use of reagents in excess, not only leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes damage to tijgentronment. e $ < e be should never point towards yourself or towards your