Digestive System
Digestion- process of breaking down food by
mechanical and enzymatic action
Functions:
1. Ingestion- allows food to enter the
digestive tract and have mastication
(chewing) occurs and the resulting food
is swallowed
Tongue- manipulates food during
mastication
Amylase- enzyme in saliva
Bolus- ball-like mixture of food and saliva
Salivary Glands- parotid, submandibular,
sublingual gland secrete most of the
saliva in the oral cavity
*Saliva- 99.5% water and 0.5% dissolved
substances including aylase enzyme
Teeth- adapted for mechanical digestion or
mastication
2. Propulsion- movement of food along the
digestive tract
Esophagus- serves to carry the food from
pharynx to stomach by peristalsis movement
*Peristalsis- series of alternating contractions
and relaxations of smooth muscle
3. Digestion
a) Mechanical- physical breakdown of
food into smaller particles
 Mouth- teeth, tongue, palates
 Esopagus- peristalsis
 Stomach- muscular churning action
 S. Intestine- bile and peristalsis
b) Chemical- reactions aided by
enzymes chemically break down
food particles
Stomach- pouch-like organ designed for
food storage (2-4 hrs)
- contains rugae (series of ridges that
make up the interior wall of the
stomach)
4. Secretion- enzymes and digestive fluids
secreted by the digestive tract and its
accessory organs to facilitate chemical
digestion
* There is no digestion of carbohydrates in the
stomach
*Chyme- thick mixture of food and gastric
fluid
Chemical Digestion:
1. Gastric Juice- secreted by glands in
the stomach walls into the stomach cavity
a) Mucus- protects stomach lining
b) Hydrochloric Acid- kills harmful
bacteria
c) Pepsinogen- breaks down
proteins
-Pepsin when in contact with HCI
-provides acidic environment for
proteases (break down proteins into
amino acids)
5. Absorption- begins in the stomach with
water and alcohol being absorbed
directly into bloodstream
-takes place in the walls of small intestine
-large intestine is involved in absorption of
water and vitamins B and K
Small Intestine
Duodenum- smallest section; stomach
empties here
Jejunum- middle section; most of nutrients
present in food are absorbed
Ileum- absorb products of digestion that were
not absorbed by jejunum
Large Intestine- further breaks down food
residues
-absorbs most residual water, electrolytes,
and vitamins
-eliminates stool
6. Elimination
Defacation- eliminating undigested material
passing rectum and anus
 If constipation frequently takes place, it
causes ill-health and increases the risk of
contracting colon cancer
 If the colon retains its contents too long,
the fecal matter becomes dried out and
compresses into hard masses causing
constipation and haemorrhoids
Bianca Andrea A. Pielago
8-Auburn
Pancreas- aids in digestion by producing
digestive enzymes (break down proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates)
-produce insulin and glucagon hormones
(regulate blood sugar and carbohydrate
metabolism)
Liver- produces bile
Gallblader- small sac; stores and concentrates
bile secreted by liver
Law of Segregation- Each individual has two
factors for each trait
-The factors segregate during gamete
formation
-Each gamete contains only one factor from
each pair of factors
-Fertilization gives each new individual two
factors for each trait

Patterns of Mendelian’s Experiment

Heredity-
Heredity- passing of traits from parent to
offspring
Traits-
Traits- characteristics that are inherited
hair color, height, blood type, susceptibility to
a certain disease (diabetes, depression,
obesity, breast cancer)
Genetics-
Genetics- the study of heredity
Gregor Mendel-
Mendel- Father of Genetics
-Austrian monk who formulated fundamental
laws of heredity in early 1860s
Law of Independent Assortment- Pairs of
alleles for different traits separate
independently of one another during gamete
formation (meiosis).

-the inheritance of one trait has no influence

on the inheritance of another trait.

Bianca Andrea A. Pielago

8-Auburn

Alleles- allternative forms of a gene that code
for a trait
Punnett Square- All possible genotypes of
sperm are lined up on one axis, and all
possible genotypes of eggs are lined up on
the other axis
-Every possible combination of alleles (zygote
genotypes) placed within the squares

Principle of Dominance

Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross

Note: Sorry po kung kulang pa ito.

Video link (Mendelian Genetics and Punnet
Squares)----
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3f_eisNPpnc&t=453s

Dihybrid Cross

Bianca Andrea A. Pielago

8-Auburn