SCIENCE
GRADE 8 3RD QUARTER REVISED NOTES BY MIGUMI LUZARAN
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
★ Nutrition
- The process that converts
substances into a living matter.
THE HUMAN PROCESSES
1. Ingestion - the intake of food
2. Digestion - the breakdown of food
3. Absorption - food passes through
intestines
4. Assimilation - movement of digested
food, conversion into energy
5. Excretion - elimination of waste matter
PHASES OF DIGESTION
1. Mechanical
- physical movements to make food
smaller (chewing)
2. Chemical
- Mouth > Carried out by enzymes to
speed up chemical reactions > These
are called catalyst
STEPS IN DIGESTION
1. Chewing
- Saliva contains enzymes ptyalin or
amylase
- Food = semi-solid mass called bolus
- Nilunok > goes to the back of the
mouth called pharynx
- Flap tissue = epiglottis = closes
trachea to ensure food enters
esophagus a.k.a. gullet
- Nutrients will be absorbed in the villi =
located in the small intestine = it is a
circulatory system
- Sinok = defense mechanism of the
epiglottis
NOTE:
- Nagsstart na agad sa mouth ang initial
digestion og starch/carbs
food - Ptyalin = converts starch into
disacharrides
- Starch = polysaccharide = many =
complex carbohydrate
- Starch > polysaccharides or Starch >
Maltose (an enzyme that converts) >
Disaccharides
TABLES: TABLE 1 TABLE 2
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Cell Cycle
- A series of events that take place in the life of
a cell as it grows and divides.
Mitosis - Mitosis is a process where a single
parent cell divides into two identical
daughter cells. It is for cell growth or repair.
TABLES: TABLE 1
Meiosis - Meiosis is a process where a cell
divides twice to produce four daughter cells
containing half the original amount of genetic
information of the parent cell. These
cells are our reproductive cells (sex cells or
gametes) – sperm cells in males and egg
cells in females. It is for reproducing (sexual
reproduction)
TABLES: TABLE 2
Mitosis vs Meiosis Table: TABLE 3
1
SCIENCE
GRADE 8 3RD QUARTER REVISED NOTES BY MIGUMI LUZARAN
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
★ Gametogenesis -The process of
gametes formation that occurs in the
gonads (ovary and testis).
★ Gonial Cells - The designation given to
reproductive cells before they enter
meiosis. They replicate mitotically and
are genetically identical to the original
zygote. When they begin meiosis, they
are called spermatocytes and oocytes.
★ Spermatogenesis - The process of
formation of sperm cells. This happens
in puberty (10-16). 23 chromosomes, 11
pairs, and the unpaired chromosome is
either x or y. Produces 200 million
sperm cells a day.
★ Oogenesis - Oogenesis is the
production of an ovum. It differs from
spermatogenesis in that it begins in the
fetus prior to birth. 23 chromosomes, 11
pairs, and the unpaired chromosome is
x.
Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis - TABLE 3
MENDELIAN PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
Gregor Mendel
- Father of Modern Genetics
- Australian Monk
- 3 Principles of Heredity
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel believed that heredity is the result of
discrete units of inheritance, and every single
unit (or gene) was independent in its actions in
an individual’s genome. Inheritance of a trait
depends on the passing-on of these units.
Monohybrid Cross
- Genetic cross involving two
true-breeding parents that differ only
in one characteristic.
Dihybrid Cross
- A dihybrid cross shows the possible
pattern of inheritance of two
independently- assorting genes.
Reginald Punnet
- A British geneticist who devised a
Punnett square to predict the possible
outcomes of a genetic cross or mating
and their expected frequencies.
2
SCIENCE
GRADE 8 3RD QUARTER REVISED NOTES BY MIGUMI LUZARAN

CONCEPT OF SPECIES

Biodiversity
- refers to the existence of many species
of plants and animals in a specific
environment.

Why is Biodiversity important?

- sustains our life support system on
earth such as food, materials and
medicines.
- also contributes to environmental
sustainability; provides options for
present and future generations in terms
Domain: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
of bio-resources.
Kingdom: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista,
Archaea, and Eubacteria
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
Phylum
Class
A. Genetic Diversity
Order
- a sum of all genetic information or
Family
characteristics within a species.
Genus: It is the first part of an organism’s
scientific name using binomial nomenclature
B. Species Diversity
Species: The second part is the name of
- refers to the number of different
species.
species existing in a given area.
What is the difference between Archaebacteria
C. Ecosystem Diversity
and Eubacteria?
- refers to the variety of habitats, living
communities, and ecological processes.
Monera
- It contains unicellular organisms with
TAXONOMY
prokaryotic cell organization.
- A branch of biology that classifies living
things
Archaebacteria
- Carlos Linnaeus = father of taxonomy
- live in harsh environments where few
kinds of other organisms can live.

3
SCIENCE
GRADE 8 3RD QUARTER REVISED NOTES BY MIGUMI LUZARAN

Eubacteria
- usually live in a less harsh
environment. It is the larger of the two
groups of bacteria.

Protist
- is a eukaryotic organism and have one-
or many- celled organisms that lives in
moist or wet surroundings.

TRANSFER OF ENERGY IN TROPHIC LEVEL

Biomass
- Is the total mass of organisms in a food
chain or a food web.
- Only about 10% of biomass and energy
are transferred to the next level.
- Only plants are producers because they
are the only one who can make their own
food.
- Primary Consumers are always
herbivores
- Secondary Consumers are always
carnivores