BIO REVIEWER!

☹ CENOZOIC ERA - Considered as the most recent of

the major subdivisions of animal history within Earth’s
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATION
geologic timescale.
 GENETIC ENGINEERING - It is a molecular PALEOZOIC ERA - At the start of this era, the world
technique to modify traits. continent Pannotia was broken into pieces leading to
 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES (STEPS) the formation of Pangea that makes the Earth’s
1. Cutting or Cleavage of DNA by restriction continent connected once again.
enzymes.
2. Selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle PRE CAMBRIAN-ERA - he predated era prior to the
which would propagate the recombinant DNA. emergence of life during the Cambrian period.
3. Ligation of the gene of interest with the vector
MESOZOIC ERA - This era is really famous for the
4. Transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host
presence of the dinosaurs.
cell.
5. Selection process to screen which cells actually TERTIARY - It is marked by the diversification of
contain the gene of interest mammals.
 APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
 AGRICULTURE JURASSIC - Golden Age of the Dinosaurs.
o Golden Rice CRETACEOUS - Flowering plants first appeared.
o Glyphosate-resistant Soybean
o FLAVR SAVR Tomatoes QUARTERNARY - It is marked by the evolution of
humans.
o Bioreactor Cows
o GM Salmon CAMBRIAN - The explosion of life occurred.
 BIOREMEDIATION
DEVONIAN - It is also known as the Age of Fishes
o Use of microbes to degrade environmental
o contaminants CARBONIFEROUS -First seed plants and first reptiles
o Improvement of microbe bioremediation appeared
capacity.
SILURIAN - It is marked by the first appearance of land
 PHARMACEUTICALS
of plants
o Production of Human Insulin
o Humulin by Eli Lilly PERMIAN - It is marked by the extinction of 90% of
 GENETIC TESTING Earth’s species.
o Detection of genetic diseases ORDOVICIAN - Dominant animals were marine
o Uses DNA probes and PCR invertebrates such as corals.
o Detection of Huntington’s Disease
 GENE THERAPY ARCHAEAN - Earth’s interior was still hot and active
o Introduction of normal genes into viruses and this causes a series of volcanic eruptions.
o Treatment of genetic disorders in humans. HADEAN - Earth’s surface was in form of liquid rock
o Treatment on hemophilia. and boiling sulfur that built an ocean of hot material.
EARTH’S GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE TRIASSIC- The continent was still connected as one.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY - This theory JURASSIC - A tectonic shift took place several rifts
states that organisms can come from nonliving sources. formed and filled with water.
THEORY OF PANSPERMIA (EXOGENSIS) - This JURASSIC - Dinosaurs continued as the dominant
theory suggests that building blocks of life came from species and evolved to be gigantic.
another planet.
CRETACEOUS - The environment evolves to the point
PRIMORDIAL SOUPT THEORY - This theory suggests that flowering plants began to appear for the first time.
that life started in a primordial soup of organic
molecules. QUARTERNARY - Evolution of human genera.

JOHN TUBERVILLE NEEDHAM - He supported the PALEOGENE - Extinction of non-avian dinosaur.

Theory of Spontaneous generation. QUARTERNARY - Glaciation periods culminating to ice
age.
NEOGENE - The climate continues to grow cooler and
drier.
AUSTRALOPITHECINES - considered as the closed
human ancestors.
QUARTERNARY - is also known as “Anthropogene
Period”
Pleistocene megafauna considered as highly diverse
during Pleistocene epoch.
MECHANISM THAT PRODUCES CHANGE FROM
GENERATION TO GENERATION
DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS - It decrease the fitness
of organisms.
ADVANTAGEOUS MUTATIONS - It increase the fitness
of organisms.
PHENOTYPES - These are physical expression of a
trait.
GENOTYPES - These are pairs of genes responsible
for a particular trait.
POPULATION GENETICS - A field of science that deals
with genetic variation in the populations of organisms in
the ecosystem.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION - It is a process of selecting
plants or animal individuals for breeding. This principle
was developed from our understanding of heritable
traits.
POPULATION - It refers to the group of all individuals
belonging to a species that live in a particular area and
interbreed with one another to form an offspring.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION - It refers to the
collection of evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological
mechanisms that drive speciation of an organism.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - It produces offspring
from a single organism. It does not require the presence
of sex cells.
SPECIFICATON - It refers to the process of emergence
of new species from its ancestral population.
HYBRID INFERTILITY - It happens when hybrids fail to
produce functional gametes.
NATURAL SELECTION - It refers to the process where
individual organisms having favorable traits have
greater survival fitness and reproductive success than
those that do not have the trait.
VARIATION – is where the individuals of a population
have many characteristics that differ.
OVERPRODUCTION - is where every species tends to
produce more individuals that can survive to maturity.
ADAPTATION - is where the traits of those individuals
that survive and reproduce will become more common
in a population.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION - served as the primary
principle behind selective breeding used for producing
new varieties of plants and animals.
Through selective breeding, there is an increase in
chances of achieving desirable traits that could lead to
higher production in any plant or animal derived
products.
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION - It is a geographically
isolated population.
PARAPATRIC SPECIATION - It is a continuously
distributed population.
ECOLOGICAL BARRIER- Occurs when species
occupy different habitats.
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION - It is within the range of the
ancestral population.
BEHAVIORAL BARRIER - Occurs when two species
have different courtship behavior.
EMPORAL BARRIER - Occurs when two species
mates at different times of the year.
MECHANICAL BARRIER - Occurs when physical
differences prevent copulation/pollination.
PERIPATRIC SPECIATION - It is a small population
isolated at the edge of a larger population.
EVOLUTION - It states that changes that happen to
species are usually small and accumulate through time.
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRRIUM - It describes that
species’ traits are relatively stable in optimum
environmental conditions.
DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION, FOSSIL
FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION
 Common Descent said that all species have
common ancestry.
 Darwin joined the second voyage of HMS Beagle
and traveled the world as part of its crew.
 Carbonization- This happens when organisms leave
behind the residual carbon while other elements are
shed off.
 Replacement- This process involves the minerals in
organisms’ bodies being replaced by other minerals.
 Relative dating- These methods involve estimating
sequences of events.
 Absolute dating- These methods give a numerical
estimate of the age of rock layers and fossils.