“Evolution and The Origin of Earth”

Theory of Special Creation Pre-Cambrian Eon

-all different forms of life is created by God. -is the most point of time in which our planet
started to form.
Cristian and Islam Believe -No evidence of life, oldest known origin of
-God created this universe, plant, animals, and earth.
human beings in about six days.
PHANEROZOIC EON
Theory of Spontaneous Generation PALEOZOIC ERA:
-living things originated spontaneously from
Cambrian Period
inanimate objects.
-age of invertebrates, marine algae flourish.
-It is also called Abiogenesis and Biopoesis
Ordovician period
Theory of Bio-genesis
-abundance of marine algae,appearance of
-Living things arise from living organism.
first vertebrates.
-Opposed by:Francisco Redi, Spallanzani, Luis
Pasteur. Silurian period
-Jawed fish appear,vascular plant evaded the
Theory of Biochemical Evolution land.
-Known as materialistic theory of psysicochemical
theory. Devonian period
-prosposed independently by Russian scientist -Age of the fish,first appearance of amphibians
A.L. Oparin, and English scientist JBS Haldane. and insects

Theory of Panspermia Carboniferous period

-Life had come to earth from other planets of the -animals are mostly amphibians,seed plants
universe, in the form of resistant pores. appear.
-Proposed by Ritcher in 1865 and supported by
Permian period
Arrhenius.
-reptiles, modern insects and conifers appears.
Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory MESOZOIC ERA:
-Scientist put forth a hypothesis that life
originated near a deep see hydrothermal vent. Triassic Period
-Life first arose from a collection of chemical -First mammal exist, dinosaur appears.
substances by a progressive series of reactions.
-Formed a “Hot diluted soup” or “Hot primordial
Jurassic period
-age of dinosaurs, apes appear, plant with no
soup”, also known as Darwin’s Little Pond.
seeds are dominant above lands.
Black Smoker Hydrothermal Vent
-first discovered vent. Crestaceous period
-produce extremely hot water,360°c -extinction of dinosaurs and other animals,
-not conductive to micro-chemical evolution. placental mammals exist, flowering plant
appears.
Geological Time Scale
-Geological Time requires an understanding of the CENOZOIC ERA:
laws of nature. Tertiary period
-The layer on the surface of earth ,from the -Humans appear, herbaceous plants, spread
recent origin down to the most ancient, made and diversified.
possible to split Geological time into Eons, Eras,
and Periods. Quaternary period
-age of man abundance of herbaceous plants.
7 Basic Characteristics of Life
 Movement
 Respiration
 Sensitivity
 Growth and Development
 Reproduction
 Excretion
 Nutrition
Movement
-all living things move, animals move one place to
another.
Respiration
-the process in which the energy from the food
eaten is being released in all living cells.
Sensitivity
-living things are able to respond to the
environment through a stimulus.
Growth and Development
-oganism grow and develop according to its genes
that gives instruction that will direct the cellular
growth and development exhibit many of the
same characteristics as its parents.
-Mitosis and meiosis play an important role in
this matter
Reproduction
-Unicellular organism produce by DNA replication
and dividing equally as the new cell prepares to
form two new cells while multicellular organism
often reproduce using its gametes in order to
form new individuals
Excretion
-the removal of toxic materials in excess from the
organism.
Nutrition
-Living things take in minerals and food from the
environment in order to survive and grow.
-it is the process of which organism obtain energy
and raw materials from nutrients such as fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins.
Evolution
-the process by which species change over time or
became extinct.
Species
-all the organism that can interbreed and produce
fertile offspring and look roughly alike.
Extinction
-when all members of a species have died and
that species no longer exist.
Charles Darwin
-lived in England
-he took a voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle and set
sail to pacific ocean to the Galapagos and
discovered several new species.
Adaption
-a trait that an organism has which helps it to
survive its environment
Natural Selection
-the natural changes in environment which will
determine which traits are traits are useful and
which are not, those traits well be passed on to
succeeding generation.
Fossils
-are the petrified bones of animals and plants that
lived thousand to million years ago.
Vestigial Organs
-not used for anything to humans,but used in by
many other mammals
Homologous Body Structures
-body structures of different species which look
very similar, if not the same.
How does Evolution work?
Genetics
-each species has a natural variation, because of
different alleles when something in the
environment changes.
Hardy Weinberg Principle
-states that gene frequencies will remain constant
unless something causes them to change
Hardy’s five principle
 Random matting must occur
 Population must be large
 No immigration or migration
 No mutations
 No environmental changes
Behavioral Isolation
-Occurs when two populations are capable of
reproduction, but their behavior force them to
not to mate with each other.

Geographic Isolation
-Two population are separated by geographic
barriers, like mountains or rivers ,preventing
interbreeding.

Temporal Isolation
-when two or more species reproduce at different
times.

History if Life on Earth

-the pattern seems to be from simpler forms to
more complex forms.

Extinction
-99% of all species who ever live are now extinct.

Adaptive radiation
-one species evolve into man different diverse
forms.

Covergent Evolution
-when two species evolve along similar lines, look
similar, but evolved from very different ancestors.

Coevolution
-when two species or grouping of species, evolve
together in an ecosystem.

Punctuated Equilibrium
-long stable periods of no specification, with short
rapid changes
-changes in developmental genes, Hox Genes
(master control genes) change slightly (mutation)
Changing how other genes are expressed.