BIODIVERSITY

AND
EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 7
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

• A DYNAMIC AND IMPORTANT PROCESS IN

THE LIVING WORLD.
• RANDOM MUTATION CONTINOUSLY CHANGE
LIFE AND MAKE LIVING ORGANISMS EXIST
THE WAY THEY ARE TODAY.
EVOLUTION..

•EVOLUTION REFERS TO THE

CUMULATIVE CHANGE IN A
POPULATION OF ORGANISMS OVER
TIME.
EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
CREATION VS EVOLUTION DEBATE

•Were we created or did we

evolve? Why do you say so?
EVIDENCE..
PROOF
THE AVAILABLE BODY OF FACTS OR
INFORMATION INDICATING WHETHER
A BELIEF OR PROPOSITION IS TRUE OR
VALID.
EVOLUTION CAN BE EXPLAINED
THROUGH…

EVIDENCE such as: PATTERNS OF

FOSSILS DESCENT which show:
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES COEVOLUTION
HOMOLOGOUS DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
STRUCTURES
CONVERGENT
COMMON TRAITS EMBRYO
EVOLUTION
GENETIC SIMILARITIES
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
 ARCHAEOLOGY
• Archaeology is the study of the human past using material
remains. These remains can be any objects that people
created, modified or used.
• Artifacts pertains to portable remains including tools,
clothing and decorations.
• Features non-portable remains such as pyramids or post-
holes.
ARTIFACTS
 FEATURES

THE GREAT PYRAMID

OF GIZA
 ARCHAEOLOGIST
• ARCHAEOLOGISTS STUDY FOSSIL RECORDS IN ANCIENT
SITES TO LEARN ABOUT THE PAST.
• ARCHAEOLOGISTS CARRY OUT EXCAVATIONS TO RECORD,
ANALYZE AND INTERPRET ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS.
• OFTEN, THEY WORK IN MUSEUMS OR HERITAGE CENTERS,
AND ARE INVOLVED IN THE PRESERVATION,
CONCERVATION, DISPLAY AND INTERPRETATION OF
ARTIFACTS AND FOSSILS.
 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
FOSSIL RECORDS
FOSSIL ARE THE REMAINS OF DEAD PLANTS AND
ANIMALS OF LONG AGO.
MOST TANGIBLE FOSSIL ARE HARD,RESISTANT
STRUCTURES SUCH AS TEETH SHELLS, AND BONES.
FOOTPRINTS
CASTS
MOLDS
 THREE TYPES OF FOSSILS BASED
ON HOW THEY ARE FORMED

IMPRESSION FOSSILS
TRACE FOSSILS
REPLACEMENT FOSSILS
IMPRESSION FOSSILS
• THESE FOSSILS CONTAIN PRINTS, OR
IMPRESSIONS OF PLANTS OR ANIMALS FROM
LONG AGO. THE PLANT OR ANIMAL LANDS IN
MUD, SILT OR SAND AND MAKES AN IMPRESSION.
• OVER TIME, IT DISAPPEARS, BUT THE
IMPRESSION REMAINS. THE MUD, SILT OR SAND
HARDENS INTO ROCK, AND AN IMPRESSION
TRACE FOSSILS
•THESE TYPES OF FOSSILS CAPTURE THE
ACTIVITIES OF ANCIENT ANIMALS. THESE
ANIMALS LEAVE THEIR FOOTPRINTS OR
SCAT, WHICH MAKES AN IMPRESSSION IN
THE SOFT MUD,SILT OR SAND.
REPLACEMENT FOSSILS
• THESE FOSSILS ARE REPLICAS OF THINGS THAT WERE
ONCE ALIE, SUCH AS TREES OR SEA CREATURES. THESE
LIVING THINGS ARE TRAPPED, DIE AND ARE COVERED
BY MINIERAL-RICH WATER.
• AS THEY ROT, ORGANIC PARTS ARE REPLACED BY A
HARD MINERAL CALLED SILICA. THE MINERALS FILL
IN THE SPACES AND CREATE A REPLACEMENT, OR
REPLICA, FOSSIL OF THE LIVING THING.
AMMONITES
AMMONITES/ AMMONOIDS
ARE GROUP OF EXTINCT MARINE
MOLLUSC ANIMALS IN THE
SUBCLASSS AMMONOIDEA OF THE
CLASS CAPHALOPODA.
 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISM REVEAL HOW
ORGANISMS EVOLVED IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS.
DARWIN’S VOYAGE TO GALAPAGOS
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY- THE GRADUAL MOVEMENT OF THE
CONTINENTS ACROSS EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH GEOLOGICAL TIME.
AS PANGAEA CONTINUED TO MOVE AND SEPARATE INTO SEVERAL
CONTINENTS, THE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE ON THEM WERE ALSO
DISTRIBUTED.
 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY/ HOMOLOGOUS

STRUCTURES
ORGANS THAT HAVE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
BUT HAVE SIMILARITIES IN STRUCTURES.
 GEORGES CUVIER
• WAS A FRENCH NATURALIST WHO WAS AN
AUTHORITY IN NATURAL HISTORY AND
PALEONTOLOGY. HE IS CONSIDERED AS THE “FATHER
OF COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY” BECAUSE
OF HIS BOOKS ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF
QUADRUPEDS, FISHES AND OTHER ANIMALS. HE IS
KNOWN FOR ESTABLISHING EXTINCTION AS A FACT
AND THAT NEW SPECIES WERE CREATED AFTER
PERIODIC CATASTROPHIC FLOODS SUCH AS
PALEONTOLOGY
•THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF LIFE
ON EARTH AS REFLECTED IN THE
FOSSIL RECORD.
PALEONTOLOGIST IS A SCIENTIST WHO
STUDIES THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON
EARTH THROUGH THE FOSSIL RECORD.
 VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
• STRUCTURES THAT HAVE NO APPARENT
FUCTION AND APPEAR TO BE RESIDUAL
FROM A PAST ANCESTOR.
EXAMPLE: WISDOM TEETH AND APPENDIX IN
HUMAN
PELVIC BONE OF A SNAKE
THE WINGS OF FLIGHTLESS BIRDS
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
COMMON TRAITS IN EMBRYO
EMBRYOS OF MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANIMALS: MAMMALS,
BIRDS, REPTILES, FISH ETC. LOOK VERY SIMILAR AND IT IS
OFTEN DIFFICULT TO TELL THEM APART.
MANY TRAITS OF ONE ANIMAL APPEAR IN THE EMBRYO OPF
ANOTHER TYPE OF ANIMAL.
EXAMPLE: FISH EMBRYOS AND HUMAN EMBRYOS BOTH HAVE
GILL SLITS. IN FISH THEY DEVELOPIN GILLS, BUT IN HUMAN
THEY DISAPPEAR BEFORE BIRTH.
 EMBRYOLOGY
•THE STUDY OF EMBRYO AS ONE TYPE
IN THE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION.
EMBRYO IS AN UNBORN(OR
UNHATCHED) ANIMAL OR HUMAN
YOUNG IN ITS EARLIEST PHASE.
 EMBRYOLOGIST
• THE EMBRYOLOGIST IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
MAINTAINING THE LAB ENVIRONMENT FOR THE
DURATION OF THE EMBRYOS STAY IN LAB.
• ENSURING THAT THE LAB ENVIRONMENT MIMICS THAT
OF A WOMAN’S UTERUS.
• INSEMINATING THE EGGS TO CREATE EMBRYOS.
• FREEZING SPERM, EGGS AND EMBRYOS.
 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
GENETIC CHANGES
DNA(DEOXYRIBUNUCLEIC ACID) IS THE
BLUEPRINT OF LIFE. IT IS THE GENETIC
MATERIAL OF ALL LIFE FORMS AND YET IT IS
ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR SHOWING VARIATIONS
AMONG ORGANISMS.
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID..
•CARRIES THE
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
ASSEMBLING A
VARIETY OF
PROTEINS
FOUR(4) NITROGEN BASES
RESPONSIBLE FOR OF DNA