DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA

(Formerly City College of Lucena)

Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

Names: Group 2 – Neo Behaviorism January 16, 2023

• Alain Miguel V. Ilagan
• Ronabel Digan
• Son Erick James Lagar
• Renalie Asong

Course and Year: ABELS IV-A

“NEO BEHAVIORISM”
Behaviorism - The prediction and control of human behavior in which
introspection and/or independent thinking play no essential part of its teaching
methods.

Neo Behaviorism - is a behavior that cannot be fully understood simply in terms of

observable stimuli and reactions. Neo behaviorism introduce mediating variables
into the behaviorist stimulus-response scheme.

Edward C. Tolman - in full Edward Chace Tolman born April 14, 1886 West Newton,
Massachusetts, U.S. died November 19, 1959, Berkeley, California) aged 73
Notable Works: “Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men” Subjects Of Study:
purposive behaviourism. American psychologist who developed a system of
psychology known as purposive, or molar, behaviourism, which attempts to
explore the entire action of the total organism.

Albert Bandura - born December 4, 1925, Mundare, Alberta, Canada died July
26, 2021, Stanford, California, U.S. Canadian-born American psychologist.
originator of social cognitive theory best known for his modeling study on
aggression, referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that
children can learn behaviours through the observation of adults.
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

Purposive Behaviorism - also been referred to as Sign Learning Theory and is often
seen as the link between behaviorism and cognitive theory. Tolman's theory was
founded on two psychological views: those of the Gestalt psychologists and those
of John Watson, the behaviorist.

Tolman believed that learning is a cognitive process. Learning involves forming

beliefs and obtaining knowledge about the environment and then revealing that
knowledge through purposeful and goal-directed behavior.

Tolman stated in his sign theory that an organism learns by pursuing signs to a
goal, Ex. Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior. He stressed the
organized aspect of learning:

"The stimuli which are allowed in are not connected by just simple one-to-one
switches to the outgoing responses. Rather the incoming impulses are usually
worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative
cognitive-like map of the environment. And it is this tentative map, indicating
routes and paths and environmental relationships, which finally determines what
responses, if any, the animal will finally make."

Cognitive Maps - A rat in a maze will explore the maze to find the shortest route
to the food. If the shortest route is blocked, the rat will switch to the next shortest
route. He doesn't need to explore the maze again because he has a mental
picture of it.

Latent Learning - Latent learning is a kind of learning that remains or stays with the
individual until needed. It is learning that is not outwardly manifested at once.
According to Tolman it can exist even if without reinforcement.

The Concept of Intervening Variable - Intervening variables that are not readily
seen but serve as determinants of behavior. Tolman believe that learning is
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

mediated or is influence by expectations, perceptions, presentations, needs and

other internal or environmental variables. Example, in his experiments with rats he
found out that hunger was intervening variables.

Reinforcement not essential for Learning - Tolman concluded that reinforcement

is not essential for learning, although it provides an incentive for performance. In
his studies, he observed that a rat was able to acquire knowledge of the way
through a maze, i.e, to develop a cognitive map, even the absence of the
reinforcement.

Social Learning Theory - Social learning theory focuses on the leaning that occurs
within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including
such concepts as observational learning, imitation and modeling. The ten-year
old boy Sergio Pelico did watch Saddam's execution on TV and then must have
imitated it Among others, Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of
this theory.

General Principles

1. People can learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes
of those behaviours
2. Learning can occur without a change in behaviour.
3. Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years, social learning
theory has become increasingly cognitive in interpretation of human
learning
4. Social Learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between
behaviourist learning theories and cognitive learning theories
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

How the environment reinforces and punishes modeling - People are often
reinforced for modeling the behaviour of others. Bandura suggested that the
environment also reinforces modeling. This is in several possible ways:

• The observer is reinforce by the model.

• The observer is reinforced by a third person, the observe might be modeling
the actions of someone else.
• behaviours that we learn from others produce satisfying or reinforcing
results
• Consequences of the model's behaviour affect the observer's behaviour
vicariously. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. This where the model is
reinforced for a response and then the observer shows an increase in that
same response.

Contemporary social learning perspective of reinforcement and punishment

1. Contemporary theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment

have indirect effects on learning. They are not the sole or main cause.
2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual
exhibits a behaviour that has been learned.
3. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive processes that
promote learning.

Cognitive Factors in Learning

1. Learning without performance: Bandura makes a distinction between

learning through observation and the actual imitation of what has been
learned.
2. Cognitive processing during learning: Social learning theorists contend that
attention is a critical factor in learning.
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

3. As a result of being reinforced, people form expectations about the

consequences that future behaviors are likely to bring. They expect certain
behaviors to bring reinforcements and others to bring punishment. The
learner needs to be aware, however, of the response reinforcements and
response punishment. Reinforcement increases a response only when the
learner is aware of that connection.
4. Reciprocal causation: Bandura proposed that behavior can influence both
the environment and the person. In fact, each of these three variables, the
person, the behavior, and the environment can have an influence on each
other.
5. Modeling: There are different types of models. There is the live model, an
actual person demonstrating the behavior. There can also be a symbolic
model, which can be a person or action portrayed in some other medium,
such as television, videotape, computer programs.

Behaviors that can be learned through modeling - Many behaviours can be

learned, at least partly, through modeling. Examples that can be cited are,

• students can watch parents read, students can watch demonstration of

mathematics problems, or see someone act bravely in a fearful situation.
• Aggression can be learned through models. Research indicates that
children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or
violent models.
• Moral thinking and moral behaviour are influenced by observation and
modeling. This includes moral judgements regarding right and wrong which
can, in part, develop through modeling.
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

Conditions necessary for effective modeling - Bandura mentions four conditions

that are necessary before an individual can be successfully model the behaviour
of someone else:

1. Attention- The person must pay attention to the model

2. Retention- The observe must be able to remember the behviour that has
been observed. One way of increasing this is using the technique of
rehearsal.
3. Motor Reproduction- The third condition is the ability to replicate the
behaviour that the model has just demonstrated.
4. Motivation- The final necessary ingredient for modeling to occur in
motivation.

Effects of Modeling Behavior

1. Modeling teaches new behaviors.

2. Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors.
3. Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviors.
4. Modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviors.

Educational Implications

1. Students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people.

2. Describing the consequences of behavior can effectively increase the
appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones.
3. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviors.
Instead of using shaping, which is operant conditioning, modeling can
provide a faster, more efficient means for teaching new behavior. To
promote effective modeling, a teacher must make sure that the four
 DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
(Formerly City College of Lucena)
Isabang, Lucena City
Tel No. & Telefax No. (042) 797-1671

essential conditions exist; attention, retention, motor reproduction, and

motivation.
4. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care
that they do not model inappropriate behaviors.
5. Teachers should expose students to a variety of other models. This
technique is especially important to break down traditional stereotypes.