K.

JOHN PUBLIC SCHOOL

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022-2023

PHYSICS PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY : ARYAN YADAV

CLASS : XII
ROLL NO :

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :

(MR. KADIR SIR )
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ARYAN YADAV of class XII
has completed the project work in PHYSICS in the
year 2022-23 project titled (BOHR MODEL) under
the guidance of MR. KADIR SIR as prescribed by
CBSE course.

Internal Examiner Principal’s Signature

School Stamp
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, ARYAN YADAV of class XII would like to

express our sincere gratitude to our
PHYSICS teacher MR. KADIR SIR , for his
vital support guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not have
come forth. We would like to express our
gratitude to our school K.JOHN PUBLIC
SCHOOL for letting us the use the school
laboratory.
 Bohr Model of a Hydrogen Atom
Dalton was the first chemist to introduce the fact
that matter is made from small elements called
atoms, which was considered the smallest form of
matter at that time. Several years later, Rutherford
performed the famous experiment with a
radioactive element, radium, and a thin gold foil.
Based on the concentration and deflections of the
alpha rays, he concluded that there is a mass of
positive charge at the centre of the atom, but
surrounding the nucleus are negatively charged
electrons. However, his theory proved two major
flaws- instability of the entire atomic structure and
lack of information on the hydrogen spectra. Niels
Bohr introduced the reality between the atomic
structure in the famous Bohr Model formula.
 What led to the discovery of Bohr’s Model?
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment was a huge
contribution because he was the first to give an idea
about the atomic structure, the positions of the protons
and electrons in the atom, and so on. However, his
theory had two major drawbacks, which completely
contradicted the principle of mass.

o He said that electrons continuously lose energy and

follow a spiral path till it falls into the nucleus. If
that had been the truth, then the existence of
matter would be under question. Moreover, it
implied that the atomic structure is not stable.

o Another major drawback was his theory about the

continuous hydrogen spectra because electrons
emit energy constantly. However, when the
spectrum was observed in the lab, it was line
spectra.
 o As Rutherford’s model contradicted the very
existence matter, it was considered incomplete.
This is what led to the conception of the Bohr
Model formula.

What is Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom ?

Hydrogen atomic spectra
o It is important to have a basic idea about the atomic spectra
to learn everything about the Bohr Model of hydrogen. It is a
pattern of the atoms’ energy that allows scientists and
researchers to study elemental behaviour. There are two
types of atomic spectra:
o The emission spectrum represents the energy released by
excited atoms when an element is heated.
o The line spectrum is the uniqueness of every element that
describes the number of orbits, the energy differences, and
electronic behavior.
o On this basis Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen spectrum was
conceptualized.
 Introduction to Bohr’s atomic theory
o In 1913, Niels Bohr introduced the theory about
the hydrogen line spectrum and the reasons
behind the discontinuities in the lines. His theory
also proved that the question of instability of the
atomic structure as per Rutherford’s model was
invalid. This is the main reason why his theory is
considered as the major game-changer. Besides,
the Bohr Model formula is defined based on the
quantum theory of Planks that says:

o Every matter emits or absorbs a certain amount of

energy in small packets known as quantum.

o For light energy, a quantum is known as a photon.

o The formula defines a photon’s energy: E= hf,

where h is the Plank’s constant, and f is the
frequency.
Rules of Bohr’s atomic model theory
o The Bohr Model of hydrogen can be explained by his postulates
which are as follows:

o The entire atomic mass is concentrated at the centre, where

the positively charged particles, called protons, are present.
The electrons surround the nucleus and constantly revolve in
non-radiating energy orbits known as stationary orbits.

o These stationary orbits have fixed energy, so they are also

known as energy levels. The greater the distance between the
orbit and the nucleus, more will be the energy. Considering the
orbital number system, K is the closest orbit and has the least
energy while M, N, and so on have a high amount of energy.

o Bohr’s formula for energy levels also defines that one of those
orbits is permissible where the angular momentum of the
electrons can be a whole multiple of h/2π.

o When electrons jump from one energy level, it emits or absorbs

a certain amount of energy in the form of Qantas. Here, the
amount of energy in the Qantas is equal to the gap between
the energy of the E₁ and E₂ stationary orbits.
Formulas of Bohr’s postulates
o To determine the relationship between the
number of the orbit and electrons’ angular
moment, the following Bohr model formula is
used:

o mvr = nh/2𝜋

o where m is the mass of an electron, v is the

velocity, r is the radius of the orbit, h is Planck’s
constant, and n is the number of the orbit.

o For defining the energy emission or absorption

of the electrons, the Bohr’s formula for energy
levels:

o E1 – E2 = hf

o Or, En = – (2𝜋2me4z2k2/n2h2)
Hydrogen spectra explanation based on Bohr’s theory
o The entire hydrogen spectrum is made from
discontinuous lines with varied spaces and
classified into five segments- Lyman, Balmer,
Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund. In Bohr’s theory
of hydrogen spectrum, it has been explained
that the electron present in the atom jumps to
higher energy levels on being excited. However,
such a state is highly unstable, and soon, the
electron jumps back to the lower energy level,
thereby losing energy. As the amount of energy
lost is different based on the energy level
differences, the line spectra are discontinuous
and uneven.
 Conclusion
o The Bohr Model formula has definitely given a
new direction to the study of atomic structure.
Niels Bohr used quantum theory to explain that
electrons can only revolve in the permissible
orbits based on the angular momentum and
Planck’s constant. However, his theory didn’t
have any mathematical proof, which is why it
wasn’t accepted as a law. Moreover, it was
based on a single element, and therefore, the
behaviour of other atoms having more
electronic states wasn’t described properly.
That’s why Schrodinger’s wave equations and
Heisenberg’s Principle are said to prove
mathematical expressions for the generalised
behaviour of the electrons.