Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sect 5. Performance
Sect 5. Performance
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Use of Performance Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Sample Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Takeoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Cruise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Fuel Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Airspeed Calibration - Normal Static Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Airspeed Calibration - Alternate Static Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Altimeter Correction - Alternate Static Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Pressure Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Temperature Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
ISA Conversion and Operating Temperature Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Stall Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Wind Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Maximum Engine Torque for Takeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Maximum Engine Torque for Climb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
WARNING
To make sure that performance in this section can
be duplicated, the airplane and engine must be
maintained in good condition. Pilot proficiency and
proper preflight planning using data necessary for
all flight phases is also required to assure expected
performance with ample margins of safety.
It should be noted that the performance information presented in the
range and endurance profile charts allows for 45 minutes reserve fuel
at the specified cruise power and altitude. Some indeterminate
variables such as engine and propeller condition, and air turbulence
may account for variations of 10% or more in range and endurance.
Therefore, it is important to utilize all available information to estimate
the fuel required for the particular flight.
Notes have been provided on various graphs and tables to
approximate performance with the INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS
and/or CABIN HEAT ON. The effect will vary, depending upon
airspeed, temperature, and altitude. At lower altitudes, where operation
on the torque limit is possible, the effect of the inertial separator will be
less, depending upon how much power can be recovered after the
separator vanes have been extended.
In some cases, performance charts in this section include data for
temperatures which are outside of the ISA Conversion and Operating
Temperature Limits charts. This data has been included to aid in
interpolation. For operations below the lowest temperature shown on
the performance chart, use the values associated with the lowest
temperature.
USE OF PERFORMANCE CHARTS
Performance data is presented in tabular or graphical form to illustrate
the effect of different variables. Sufficiently detailed information is
provided in the tables so that conservative values can be selected and
used to determine the particular performance figure with reasonable
accuracy.
TAKEOFF CONDITIONS:
Field pressure altitude 3500 Feet
Temperature 16°C (8°C Above Standard)
Wind component along runway 12 Knot Headwind
Field length 4000 Feet (Paved, Level, Dry
Runway)
CRUISE CONDITIONS:
Total distance 650 Nautical Miles
Pressure altitude 11,500 Feet
Temperature 8°C
Expected wind enroute 10 Knot Headwind
LANDING CONDITIONS:
Field pressure altitude 1500 Feet
Temperature 25°C
Wind component along runway 12 Knot Headwind
Field length 3000 Feet (Paved, Level, Dry
Runway)
TAKEOFF
The Takeoff Distance chart should be consulted, keeping in mind that
distances shown are based on the short field technique. Conservative
distances can be established by reading the chart at the next higher
value of weight, altitude and temperature. For example, in this
particular sample problem, the takeoff distance information presented
for a weight of 8807 pounds (3994.7 kg), pressure altitude of 4000 feet
and a temperature of 20°C should be used and results in the following:
These distances are well within the available takeoff field length.
However, a correction for the effect of wind may be made based on
information presented in the note section of the takeoff chart. The
correction for a 12 knot headwind is:
12 Knots
X 10% = 11% Decrease
11 Knots
TAKEOFF (Continued)
The Maximum Engine Torque For Takeoff chart should be consulted for
takeoff power setting. For the above ambient conditions, the power
setting is:
The Maximum Engine Torque For Climb chart should be consulted for
climb power setting from field elevation to cruise altitude. For the above
ambient conditions, the power setting is:
CRUISE
The cruising altitude should be selected based on a consideration of
trip length, winds aloft, and the airplane’s performance. A cruising
altitude and the expected wind enroute have been given for this sample
problem. However, the power setting selection for cruise must be
determined based on several considerations.
The Range Profile chart shows range at maximum cruise power and
also at maximum range power. For this sample problem, maximum
cruise power and 1900 RPM will be used.
FUEL REQUIRED
The total fuel requirement for the flight may be estimated using the
performance information in the Time, Fuel, and Distance to Climb chart,
Cruise Performance chart, and Time, Fuel, and Distance to Descend
chart or in the Fuel and Time Required (Maximum Cruise Power) chart
and Fuel and Time Required (Maximum Range Power) chart. The
longer detailed method will be used for this sample problem, but the
use of Fuel and Time Required (Maximum Cruise Power) or Fuel and
Time Required (Maximum Range Power) charts will provide the desired
information for most flight planning purposes.
The fuel required for a standard start up, taxi and takeoff is
approximately 35 pounds. Additional fuel will be required for extended
taxi and hold times and must be accounted for during preflight planning.
CLIMB
For this sample problem, the Time, Fuel, And Distance To Climb -
Maximum Rate Climb chart may be used to determined the time, fuel
and distance required for a maximum rate of climb for a weight of 8807
pounds and a temperature 20°C above standard. The difference
between the values shown in the table for 4000 feet and 12,000 feet
result in the following:
Time: 11 Minutes
Fuel: 77 Pounds
Distance: 22 Nautical Miles
Similarly, the Time, Fuel, And Distance For Cruise Descent chart shows
that a descent from 12,000 feet to Sea Level results in the following:
Time: 15 Minutes
Fuel: 77 Pounds
Distance: 43 Nautical Miles
The distances shown on the climb and descent charts are for zero
wind. A correction for the effect of wind may be made as follows:
Similarly, the distance for descent may be corrected for the effect of
wind and results in the following.
Therefore, the time required for the cruise portion of the trip is:
45
X 364 pounds/hour = 273 Pounds
60
Once the flight is underway, ground speed checks will provide a more
accurate basis for estimating the time enroute and the corresponding
fuel required to complete the trip with ample reserve.
LANDING
A procedure similar to takeoff should be used for estimating the landing
distance at the destination airport. The estimated landing weight is as
follows:
Figure 5-2A
Figure 5-2B
PRESSURE CONVERSION
Example:
Pressure = 29.55 inches of mercury
Pressure = 1000.6 millibars.
Figure 5-3*
Figure 5-4*
ISA CONVERSION
AND OPERATING TEMPERATURE LIMITS
AIRPLANE SERIALS 208B2197; AND 208B5000 AND ON
NOT INCORPORATING FACTORY KIT 06E - HOT
WEATHER OR CAB-78-01
CAUTION
Airplane restricted to ground operations ONLY in grey
shaded area.
Figure 5-5A
ISA CONVERSION
AND OPERATING TEMPERATURE LIMITS
AIRPLANE SERIALS 208B2197; AND 208B5000 AND ON
INCORPORATING FACTORY KIT 06E - HOT WEATHER
OR CAB-78-01
CAUTION
Airplane restricted to ground operations ONLY in grey
shaded area.
Figure 5-5B
Figure 5-6
WIND COMPONENTS
NOTE
Maximum demonstrated crosswind velocity is 20 knots (not
a limitation).
Figure 5-7*
NOTE
1. Torque on this chart shall be achieved without exceeding
825°C ITT or 103.7 percent Ng.
2. With the INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, decrease
torque setting by 115 FT-LB.
3. With the CABIN HEAT ON, decrease torque setting by 85 FT-
LB.
Figure 5-12*
Figure 5-13*
Figure 5-14*
Figure 5-15*
Figure 5-16*
Figure 5-17*
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 8% or CABIN
HEAT ON, increase time by 4%.
Figure 5-21 (Sheet 1 of 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 11% and fuel by
4%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 8% and fuel by 4%.
Figure 5-21 (Sheet 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 5% and fuel by
2%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 5% and fuel by 2%.
Figure 5-22 (Sheet 1 of 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 3% and fuel by
4%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 2% and fuel by 3%.
Figure 5-22 (Sheet 2)
Figure 5-23
Figure 5-24
Figure 5-25
NOTE
Figures 5-27 thru 5-43 apply to airplanes configured
WITHOUT a cargo pod.
Figure 5-29*
Figure 5-30*
Figure 5-31*
Figure 5-32*
Figure 5-33*
Figure 5-34*
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 9% or CABIN
HEAT ON, increase time by 6%.
Figure 5-38 (Sheet 1 of 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 11% and fuel by
4%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 7% and fuel by 3%.
Figure 5-38 (Sheet 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 5% and fuel by
2%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 5% and fuel by 2%.
Figure 5-39 (Sheet 1 of 2)
NOTE
1. Fuel required includes the fuel used for engine start, taxi, takeoff, maximum
climb from sea level, descent to sea level and 45 minutes reserve. Time
required includes the time during a maximum climb and descent.
2. With INERTIAL SEPARATOR in BYPASS, increase time by 2% and fuel by
5%, or CABIN HEAT ON, increase time by 2% and fuel by 3%.
Figure 5-39 (Sheet 2)
Figure 5-40
Figure 5-41
Figure 5-42