Task 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFO_bsg1sw8

0:00
Like fireflies on a still summer night,
0:03
they gently dot and illuminate the infinite velveteen sky.
0:12
Stars.
0:14
Be they millions or billions of years old,
0:17
are all born in nebuli, clouds of dust
0:20
and mostly hydrogen gas.
0:23
Within these stellar nurseries,
0:25
stars begin life as protostars
0:27
or hot cores formed by the collection
0:30
and collapse of dust and gas.
0:33
As the protostars become hotter,
0:35
hydrogen nuclei inside of the cores begin to fuse
0:39
and create helium.
0:41
It is this chemical reaction, thermonuclear fusion
0:45
that generates a star's heat and energy
0:47
and causes it to shine.
0:50
Stars are categorized
0:52
by a number of characteristics.
0:54
One of these classifications is by surface temperature
0:57
called spectral classes.
0:59
These seven major groups range
1:01
from the coolest stars which are designated
1:04
as M and up to the hottest stars
1:07
which are designated as O.
1:09
Stars are also classified by the amount
1:11
of light they emit or luminosity.
1:14
Called luminosity classes,
1:16
these nine major groups range
1:18
from the small, less bright white dwarfs
1:21
to the large and extremely bright hypergiants.
1:27
But no matter their luminosity or surface temperature,
1:30
all stars eventually burn through their hydrogen fuel
1:34
and die out.
1:35
Less massive stars
1:37
such as our sun release their stellar material into space
1:41
leaving behind a white dwarf surrounded
1:44
by a planetary nebula.
1:46
More massive stars instead blast matter
1:49
into space in a bright supernova
1:52
leaving behind an extremely dense body
1:54
called a neutron star.
1:57
But the most massive stars,
1:59
stars that are at least three times our sun's mass
2:03
collapse into themselves
2:04
and create a bottomless well of gravity, a black hole.
2:11
But from the remnants of stars,
2:14
heavier elements are cast into the universe
2:17
and it is this star dust
2:19
that form the seedlings of life itself.

Task 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4NXbFOiOGk

0:01
In ancient times,
0:03
humans studied the night sky
0:05
and discovered the worlds of Mercury, Venus,
0:08
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
0:12
But beyond this realm of knowledge,
0:14
another world shined brightly,
0:16
just waiting to be discovered.
0:23
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun
0:26
from a distance of about 20 astronomical units,
0:30
or 20 times the distance between Earth and the Sun.
0:33
Uranus orbits the star once every 84 Earth years,
0:38
approximately the length of a human's entire life.
0:42
This orbit causes each season of Uranus
0:44
to last that much longer.
0:46
Theoretically, a human living on Uranus
0:49
would experience the four seasons only once,
0:52
but each for about 21 years.
0:57
Partially due to its distance from the Sun,
0:59
Uranus boasts the coldest temperatures
1:02
in the solar system.
1:03
These icy temperatures, dropping as low
1:06
as negative 370 degrees Fahrenheit,
1:09
are largely influenced by the planet's composition.
1:12
At about four Earths wide, Uranus has an Earth-sized core
1:16
made of iron and magnesium silicate.
1:20
The remainder, approximately 80% of Uranus,
1:23
is a worldwide ocean of ices made of water,
1:26
ammonia, and methane, the chemical behind the planet's
1:29
cool blue color.
1:31
This icy composition prevents Uranus from emitting much heat
1:34
compared to other planets, making the blue world
1:37
the solar system's coldest.
1:42
In addition to its extreme temperatures and orbit,
1:45
Uranus has a dramatic orientation.
1:50
While the other seven planets spin on their axes like tops,
1:54
Uranus appears to roll along its equator.
1:57
The planet is tilted at a near right angle,
2:00
in which polar regions point toward and away from the Sun,
2:04
rather than upward and downward.
2:08
This tilt, thought to be the result of Uranus' collision
2:12
with at least one celestial body,
2:14
has also affected the orientation of Uranus' 13 rings
2:18
and 27 known moons.
2:21
Unlike the rings and moons of other worlds,
2:23
which orbit their home planets horizontally,
2:26
those of Uranus orbit in a vertical orientation
2:30
along the planet's tilted equator,
2:32
much like a Ferris wheel.
2:36
Uranus and its many unusual features were a mystery
2:39
to the ancients, and the planet was actually thought
to be a star.
2:44
But in the late 18th century, astronomer William Herschel
2:48
discovered that the celestial object
2:50
was actually a new world.
2:53
The scientific community debated over what the planet
2:56
should be called, and eventually chose a name
2:59
suggested by astronomer Johann Elert Bode.
3:03
Bode believed that since Jupiter was the father of the gods,
3:08
and Saturn was the father of Jupiter,
3:11
then this new planet should be the father of Saturn, Caelus.
3:18
But rather than following the tradition
3:20
of using names from ancient Roman religion,
3:23
Bode instead opted for Caelus'
3:25
ancient Greek equivalent, Ouranos.
3:29
Ouranos, the ancient Greek god of the heavens,
3:32
was then Latinized to be Uranus.
3:37
To this day, Uranus is still the only planet
3:41
that veered from tradition with an ancient Greek namesake,
3:44
a status most fitting for a planet beyond convention.