Pathology (MD406) 02/03/2022

Introduction to Pathology

Marwa ElRakaiby, PhD

marwa.elrakaiby@pharma.cu.edu.eg
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Enroll Access Code

484996

1 March 2022 PMC503 2

 Wednesdays
Week Topic Lecture Monday Practical
10-11
1 2-Mar Introduction Dr. Marwa
2 9-Mar Inflammation I Dr. Yosra 7-Mar Introduction
3 16-Mar Inflammation II Dr. Yosra 14-Mar Acute Inflammation
4 23-Mar Healing and Repair I Dr. Yosra 21-Mar Chronic Inflammation
5 30-Mar Healing and Repair II Dr. Yosra 28-Mar Tissue Deposition
6 6-Apr GIT Disturbances I Dr. Shahira 4-Apr Growth Disturbances I
7 13-Apr GIT Disturbances II Dr. Shahira 11-Apr Growth Disturbances II

8 20-Apr Growth Disturbances Dr. Marwa 18-Apr Necrosis

9 27-Apr Neoplasia Dr. Marwa 25-Apr Sham ElNessim
10 4-May Eid ElFitr 2-May Eid ElFitr
Intracellular
11 11-May Dr. Marwa 9-May Revision
Accumulation
Extracellular
12 18-May Dr. Marwa 16-May Exam
Deposition
Immunology and
13 25-May Dr. Shahira
Microbial Infections
 The Grade Distribution

Quiz Oral Exam

15 points 10 points

Practical Final Exam

25 points 50 points

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 1. What is
Pathology?

• It is the study of disease

• Greek: Pathos “suffering”
and logos “study of ”
• Disease: structural or
functional abnormality
• We study:
ü Changes due to disease
ü Effects of these changes
on total body function

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You must know the NORMAL before
you can recognize the ABNORMAL!

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 1.1 Study of Disease
Four aspects of the disease form the
core of pathology!
• Epidemiology
• Etiology: Causes
• Pathogenesis:
Evolution/development
• Pathological/Morphological
Changes:
Structural changes Link
• Clinical Significance and
Prognosis:
Functional changes and
prediction of the disease course
• Complications: Secondary effects
• Prevention Tree of Medicine

• Treatment MD406 L1 02/03/2022

 2. Etiology
• Diseases are “caused” by internal or external factors.
• Diseases may be multifactorial.
• The cause may be unknown, in this case, we call the disease
“idiopathic.”
• Knowledge or discovery of the primary cause remains the
backbone on which a diagnosis can be made, a disease
understood, and a treatment developed.

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 2.1 Factors

Intrinsic External
Ø Immunological Ø Physical
Ø Psychological Ø Chemical
Ø Genetic: hereditary factors Ø Nutritional
that are inherited genetically Ø Infections
from parents

Multifactorial
Combination of inherited susceptibility and external influence
Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 2.2 Classification of Disease

Congenital Acquired
Ø Present at birth Ø After birth, during
Ø Intrauterine lifespan
environment Ø Infectious factors
Ø It may be genetic or Ø Nutritional,
non-genetic chemical or
physical
Ø Not inherited

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 2.3 Course of the Disease
Exposure Biological onset
Latency Period
Incubation (Induction) Clinical onset

Without
intervention: Permanent Damage
Natural history
of the disease
Death
Ø One agent: One disease (Malaria)
Ø Several agents: One disease (Diabetes)
Ø One agent: Several diseases (Smoking)
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 2.4 Disease Suffixes
• Organ + OPATHY: disease of an organ
e.g.: Hepatopathy: disease of the liver
Nephropathy: disease of the kidneys
• Organ + OSIS: Non-inflammatory disease
e.g.: Hepatosis
Nephrosis
• Organ + ITIS: Inflammatory disease
e.g.: Hepatitis
Nephritis

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 3. Pathogenesis
• The mechanisms or sequence of events leading from
initiation of cell or tissue injury to disease development
• Pathogenesis leads to morphological changes.
• It starts from the initial stimulus to the final expression
of disease.

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 4. Morphological Changes
• The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are often
characteristic of the disease
• Changes at the level of organs are called “gross” and those
at the cell level are called “microscopic.”
• The pathological process includes:
Ø Injury: damage created by the causative agent on
cells, tissues and organs
Ø Reactive changes: pathological changes as a result of
the injury

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 5. Clinical Significance
• The nature of the morphologic changes and their
distribution in organs/tissues influence normal function
and determine the clinical signs, course and prognosis of
the disease.
• Prognosis: prediction of a disease’s probable outcome, the
future course of the disease
• Outcomes of a disease:
ØComplete recovery
ØIncomplete recovery
ØDeath

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 5.1 Clinical Significance
• Symptoms: unobservable effects of a disease reported by
the patient “Subjective” example: muscle ache, fatigue..
• Signs: observable or measurable traits by the clinician
“Objective” example: HR, BP…
• Syndrome: a characteristic combination of signs and
symptoms associated with a particular disease
• Asymptomatic conditions: Cancer, high BP

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 5.1 Clinical Significance
• Symptoms may be:
ü Chronic
ü Relapsing
ü Remitting

• Signs may be:

ü Prognostic
ü Anamnestic
ü Diagnostic
ü Pathognomonic
 6. Diagnosis
• A concise statement or conclusion concerning the nature,
cause, or name of a disease
• Based on the patient’s “symptoms”, the doctor’s findings
“signs”, and the results of investigations and laboratory
tests
• Important for management and prognosis
• Prophylaxis: precautions to prevent disease

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
 Exercise
• What is pathology?
• What are the main aspects of the core of
pathology?
• Mention possible causes of disease and their
classification
• Describe the course of disease
• What is the difference between prognosis and
prophylaxis?

MD406 L1 02/03/2022
Thank you and Good Luck