CSC134 COMPUTER & INFORMATION PROCESSING

LESSON OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Differentiate between primary and secondary storage.

2. Identify the important characteristics of secondary storage including
media, capacity, storage devices and access speed.
3. Describe hard-disk platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders and head crashes.
4. Compare internal and external hard drives.
5. Compare performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file
compression and file decompression.
6. Define optical storage including compact discs, digital versatile discs and
Blu-ray discs.

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 LESSON OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:

7. Define solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash memory cards

and USB drives.
8. Define cloud storage and cloud storage services.
9. Describe mass storage, mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems
and storage are networks.
10. Discuss the other types of storage – magnetic stripe card, smart card, RFID
tag, microfilm and microfiche
11. Identify/suggest secondary storage for each category of user

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 STORAGE

STORAGE holds data, instructions

and information for future use

Reading is the process of

transferring items from a storage
medium into memory

Writing is the process of transferring

items from memory to a storage
medium

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 STORAGE
SECONDARY STORAGE
▪ Provides permanent or nonvolatile storage.
▪ Items on a storage medium remain intact even when you turn off a
computer or mobile device

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 STORAGE

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 STORAGE
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY STORAGE

▪ Media
physical material that holds data & programs
▪ Capacity
the number of bytes a storage medium can hold
▪ Storage devices
hardware that reads data & programs from storage media
▪ Access speed
measures amount of time required by the storage to
retrieve data & programs

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 STORAGE
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY STORAGE
CAPACITY

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 STORAGE
HARD DISK

A hard disk contains one or

more inflexible, circular
platters that use magnetic
particles to store data,
instructions and information

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 STORAGE
HARD DISK

▪ Hard disks use rigid metallic

platters that are stacked
one on top of another

▪ It stores and organizes files

using tracks, sectors and
cylinders.

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 STORAGE
HARD DISK
▪ Hard disks are sensitive instruments.
▪ The clearance between a hard disk read/write head and the platter is
about 0.000001 inch thick.
▪ A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a
platter – resulting in a loss of data or sometimes loss of the entire disk

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 STORAGE
HARD DISK : TWO BASIC TYPES

INTERNAL HARD DISK EXTERNAL HARD DISK

▪ Fast access to retrieve large
▪ Slower access
quantities of information
▪ Usually connected to a USB or
▪ Located inside the system unit Thunderbolt port on the system
unit
▪ Cannot be easily removed from
▪ Easily removed
the system unit

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 STORAGE
HARD DISK : PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
▪ Uses cache and anticipates data
▪ DISK CACHING
needs
▪ Linked, inexpensive hard disk
▪ RAID
drives
▪ FILE COMPRESSION ▪ Reduces file size

▪ FILE DECOMPRESSION ▪ Expands compressed files

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 STORAGE
SOLID STATE STORAGE

▪ Solid-state memory contains no moving parts

▪ Data and information are stored and retrieved electronically
▪ Types of flash memory storage:

Solid- USB
Memory
state cards flash
drives drives

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 STORAGE
SOLID STATE STORAGE

▪ Solid-state drives
✓ Faster and more durable than hard disks
✓ Access to flash memory or solid-state storage

▪ Flash memory cards

✓ Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS navigation systems

▪ USB Drives (or Flash Drives)

✓ Connect to USB port
✓ Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB
✓ Portable 15
 STORAGE
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE

Solid-state
drive
• contains its own
processor to
manage its
storage

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 STORAGE
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE

Higher storage capacity

Advantages
of SSDs Faster access times

over Faster transfer rates

traditional Quieter operation

(magnetic) More durable

hard disks: Lighter weight
Less power consumption
Less heat generation
Longer life

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 STORAGE
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE

Memory
card
• a removable flash
memory device that
you insert and
remove from a slot in
a computer, mobile
device, or card
reader/writer

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 STORAGE
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE

CF (CompactFlash)
Common SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity)
types of SDXC (Secure Digital Expanded Capacity)

memory miniSD

cards: microSD
microSDHC
microSDXC
xD Picture Card
Memory Stick PRO Duo
M2 (Memory Stick Micro)

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 STORAGE
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE

USB Flash
Drives

• plug into a USB

port on a computer
or mobile device

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 STORAGE
CLOUD STORAGE
▪ Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to
computer or mobile device users
▪ Supplied by servers that provide cloud storage or online storage

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 STORAGE
CLOUD STORAGE : ADVANTAGES

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images

immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

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 STORAGE
CLOUD STORAGE : DISADVANTAGES

Access Speed

File Security

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 STORAGE
CLOUD STORAGE : SERVICE COMPANIES

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS
▪ An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of
metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS

Use reflected light to represent

data
▪ Lands represent 1s and 0s on
the disc
▪ Pits are bumpy areas on the disc
that, when light is reflected,
determine the 1s and 0s
▪ Use tracks and sectors to
organize and store files but only
use a single track unlike the hard
drive

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS

▪ Optical discs commonly store

items in a single track that
spirals from the center of the
disc to the edge

▪ Track is divided into evenly

sized sectors

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS

A CD-ROM can be
read from but not
written to
• Single-session disc
A CD-R is an optical
disc on which users
can write once, but
not erase

A CD-RW is an
erasable
multisession disc

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS

A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on

which users can read but not write on or erase

A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-

recordable WORM formats, on which users can
write once but not erase

DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are high-

capacity rewritable DVD formats

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 STORAGE
OPTICAL DISCS

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 STORAGE
MASS STORAGE DEVICES

▪ To meet the needs of organizations

requiring large amounts of
secondary storage requirements
▪ Enterprise storage system
✓ Safe use of data across an
organizational network
▪ Devices include:
✓ File servers
✓ Networked attached storage
(NAS)
✓ RAID systems
✓ Organizational cloud storage

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE

▪ Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and

store data and information using devices intended for heavy
use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability

Network attached storage (NAS)

Storage area network (SAN)

RAID(Redundant Array Inexpensive
Disk)
Tape

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE
Network attached storage (NAS)
• a server that is placed on a network with the
sole purpose of providing storage to users,
computers, and devices attached to the network

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE
Storage area network (SAN)
• a high-speed network with the sole purpose of
providing storage to other attached servers

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

• duplicates data, instructions, and

information to improve data reliability

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 STORAGE
ENTERPRISE STORAGE

Tape
• a magnetically
coated ribbon of
plastic capable of
storing large
amounts of data
and information
• A tape drive reads
and writes data and
information on a
tape

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 STORAGE
OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE

Magnetic stripe card

• contains a magnetic stripe
that stores information

Smart card
• stores data on an integrated
circuit embedded in the card

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 STORAGE
OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE

RFID tag
• consists of an antenna and a memory
chip that contains the information to
be transmitted via radio waves

Microfilm and microfiche

• store microscopic images of
documents on a roll or sheet film

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OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

1. Compare primary storage and secondary

storage and discuss the most important
characteristics of secondary storage.
2. Discuss hard disks including density,
platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders, head
crashes, internal, external, and performance
enhancements.
3. Discuss solid-state storage including solid-
state drives, flash memory, and USB drives.
4. Discuss optical disks including CDs, DVDs,
Blu-ray
5. Discuss cloud computing and cloud
storage.

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THANK YOU

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