LABORATORY AGR231/ SOIL SCIENCE

LABORATORY REPORT
AGR 231: SOIL SCIENCE
LABORATORY 1: SOIL SAMPLING AND SAMPLE
PREPARATION

STUDENT NAME NEALIE VEREMAS ANAK ANYIE

MATRIX NUMBER 2021854722
LABORATORY PARTNER 1) BALIQIS SABIHAH BINTI M.
ANUAR
2) NOR SAFNA IDHA BINTI
MOHD SALARUDIN
3) AHMAD SAIFULLAH BIN
AMINUDEEN
4) AIMAN HAZIQ BIN SAIPUDIN
DATE OF EXPERIMENT 17 OCTOBER 2022
DATE OF SUBMISSION 4 NOVEMBER 2022
LECTURER NAME MISS ZAHIDAH BINTI AB RAZAK
 LABORATORY AGR231/ SOIL SCIENCE

LABORATORY 1: SOIL SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION

INTRODUCTION

Soil Sampling
Soil samples are collected to get information about a larger soil body or area, the sample may or
may not be representative of the latter, depending on how the sample is selected and collected.

All soils are naturally variable, that is, their properties change horizontally across the landscape
and vertically down the soil profile. The soil should be subdivided into classes or horizons, which
are as homogeneous as possible. We can characterize the nature of soil cover over a large area of
soil using only several samples, each weighing at most a few kilograms.

Sampling Plans
Sampling plans have two types of it. Which are judgmental sampling and random sampling.
Judgmental sampling typical or visible differences. in environmental studies, judgmental sampling
often forms the basis of exploratory sampling. Random sampling is probability sampling and
benefits from the advantages accruing to the use of probability theory. Random sampling is
achieved by following strict rules, that is, there must be ways of identifying the individuals in a
population and selecting the individual without bias.

Sampling Techniques 1. Sample Random Sampling

Random sampling is in which each core is selected randomly on an open uniform field resulting
in less bias and a more precise method. Simple random sampling allows every possible
combination of sample units to be selected.

Figure 1: Sample the entire field randomly and composite the sample

2. Stratified Random Sampling

A stratified random sample is taken from a field that has been divided into several subunits or
quadrants from which simple random or systematic cores are obtained. In stratified random
 LABORATORY AGR231/ SOIL SCIENCE

sampling, the total area is broken into a number of subs areas or strata and a random sample
is taken from each stratum. This method is used to make statements about each stratum
separately and to increase precision.

Figure 2: Divide the field into zones or areas based on agronomic reasons

3. Grid or Systematic Sampling

The systematic sample is a further progression in an attempt to ensure complete field coverage
because samples are located at regular intervals. The systematic sampling plan has been
widely accepted because it is straightforward and potentially increases the accuracy of soil
tests.

Figure 3: Sample at a fixed interval or grid

One of the systematic sampling methods is grid sampling. Grid is a scheme that selects units
at regular distances from each other. This method attempts to guarantee complete coverage of
 LABORATORY AGR231/ SOIL SCIENCE

a soil population. Sampling points are usually located at regular intervals on a grid. Grid soil
samples should be taken at a specific point, either within the grid cell or at intersection points
between grid cells, consisting of 8-10 cores per sample taken within a 10-foot radius.

Figure 4: Systematic grid-square sampling pattern

4. Composite Sampling
Is used when only the average value of a soil property is needed. Compositing sampling can
save a substantial amount of analytical costs. Several samples representing the soil population
under study are thoroughly mixed to form a composite which is then subsampled for
submission to the laboratory.
 LABORATORY AGR231/ SOIL SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES
1. To obtain reliable information about particular soil.
2. To learn the different sampling methods for different analysis purposes.
3. To prepare samples for further laboratory analysis.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

1. Auger
2. Spade
3. Hammer
4. Meter ruler
5. Tape
6. Plastic bag
7. Marker

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1. Take the soil samples by using an auger at two different depths of 0-25 cm (topsoil) and below
25 cm (subsoil) at two different points or places.

2. Put the soil samples in plastic bags and label them according to the area, soil depth, date and
group numbers.
3. Dry the soil samples in the laboratory for at least 7 days (air dry).
4. By using a pestle and porcelain mortar, crumble a portion of the soil samples. Make sure the
soil samples are free of any dead roots or rubbish.
5. 1- or 2-kilogram samples is generally sufficient.
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RESULTS
Information of the sampling location, sampling technique conducted and picture of soil samples.
Sampling Location- Share Farm

Sampling Technique- Sample random sampling

Topsoil subsoil

DISCUSSION
1. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using random sampling.
The advantages of random sampling are less bias and a more precise method. The advantages of
random sampling are the chance of bias and difficulties in selecting a representative sample.
2. Why is it important to collect representative samples?
Representative samples are important to make sure the resulting cure free from bias and precise
method.
3. How do drying soil samples affect soil properties?
Drying soil samples minimizes several potential problems related to samples. Direct soil samples
were taken.
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CONCLUSION
The sampling technique that has been used is simple random sampling. Random sampling is in
which each core is selected randomly on an open uniform field resulting in less bias and a more
precise method. Simple random sampling allows every possible combination of sample units to be
selected. As we can see from the result, there is a difference between flat area sample by the
colours and texture.