KHWAJA FAREED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY RAHIM YAR KHAN

RAHIM YAR KHAN

INTERNSHIP REPORT SUMMER SEMESTER 2021

By

Ahmad Waleed

Chem18112053

In partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

BS (Hons) Biochemistry

Of

DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

KFUEIT
KHWAJA FAREED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
 INTERNSHIP REPORT SUMMER SEMESTER 2021

BY

AHMAD WALEED

CHEM18112053

__________________________________________________________________________

An Internship Report submitted to Career Counseling and Industrial Placement

Center, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

BS (Hons) BIOCHEMISTRY

Of

DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

_________________________________________________

Reporting to:

Internship coordinator Department of Bioscience & Technology

Head of Department
Table of Contents

INTRO TO LAB

LAB SAFETY RULES

LABORATORY APPARATUS

RAW MATERIAL

TESTIFYING OF RAW MATERIALS

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION PROCEDURES

BY PRODUCTS
INTRO TO LAB:

•a place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysis

•place like a laboratory for testing, experimentation, or practice

•Lab is the control of raw material and the check of raw material by testifying standards.

LAB SAFETY RULES:

General

1. Safety takes precedence over all other considerations.

2. When performing dangerous chemical procedures, be sure there is someone in the
immediate vicinity you can reach in case of emergency. 3. Know the location of eyewash
fountains and emergency showers. Find out how to use them properly.

4. Before beginning a procedure, take a minute to investigate hazards involved; take all
necessary safety precautions.

5. Store food products in separate non-lab refrigerators specifically reserved for that use.

6. Eating, drinking, and smoking is not permitted in laboratory areas. Break rooms should be
available for that use.

7. Remove unsafe equipment from service. Report unsafe facilities or behavior to your
supervisor.

8. Because unattended equipment and reactions are major causes of fire, floods, and
explosions, double check utility connections. Anticipate hazards that would result from
failure of electrical, water, or gas supply.

9. Use hose keepers on water condenser lines.

Personal Protection, Clothing, and Hair:

1. Properly label all containers.

2. Wear approved eye and face protection suitable for the work at hand. Safety glasses or
goggles should be worn at all times while working with chemicals at the counter or
laboratory hood. A face shield should be worn when working with potentially eruptive
substances.

3. Remind all visitors and non-lab staff to observe lab safety rules, including eye protection,
while in the laboratory.

4. Wear protective gloves and clothing whenever handling corrosive, toxic, or other
hazardous chemicals. Wear closed-toe shoes at all times in the lab.

5. Check that guards are provided on moving parts of mechanical apparatus to prevent
hazardous contact.

6. Maintain lab areas reasonably neat and uncluttered.

7. Use the fume hood for all operations involving harmful gases or fumes and for flammable
or explosive materials. Check the hood to see that it is operating adequately and has been
inspected within the last year.

8. Use a safety shield or barrier to protect against explosion, implosion, and flash fires when
performing reactions with large volume of flammable liquids or unstable material.

9. Inspect glassware for cracks, sharp edges, and contamination before using. Broken or
chipped glassware should be repaired and polished or discarded.

10. Always use a lubricant (e.g., water, glycerol) when inserting glass tubing into rubber
stoppers or grommets. Protect hands in case tubing breaks.

11. Broken glass should be put in impervious containers that are large enough to completely
contain the glass. These containers are to be placed into the building trash dumpsters by
laboratory personnel.

12. Do not handle radioactive isotopes without oversight from the Radiation Safety Office

Chemical Handling :
1. Transport dangerous or flammable liquids in a safety pail or other adequate secondary
containment. Prevent containers from tipping when transporting on a cart.

2. Take extra precautions when working with large quantities of reactants.

3. Use caution when adding anything to a strong acid, caustic, or oxidant. Add slowly.

4. When adding solids (boiling chips, charcoal, etc.) to a liquid, check that it isn't hot.

5. Use a pipet filler - not mouth suction - for all pipet work

6. Keep the mouth of any vessel being heated pointed away from any person (including
yourself)

7. When working with biohazardous material, guard against infection by skin contact,
inhalation of aerosols, and contamination of food and beverages.

8. Known carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens should not be used or stored in normal
laboratory situations. Such substances require extreme precaution, tight security, limited
access, secondary containers, and other safety procedures; see the OSU Carcinogen Safety
program.
9. Flammable liquids should only be heated with steam, hot water or a grounded heating
mantle. Check the area for possible flames or electrical sparks.

10. All experiments involving volatile flammable liquids (e.g., diethyl ether) should be
considered fire or explosive hazards.

11. When not in use, laboratory natural gas lines should be shut off at the line valve rather
than at the equipment.

12. Whenever possible, position energized electrical equipment, or other devices that may
emit sparks or flame, at least six inches above the floor.

13. Properly ground electrical equipment.

14. Laboratory electrical equipment should have a three-conductor cord that connects to a
grounded electrical outlet, unless the equipment is dual-insulated.

15. Electrical wiring for experiments, processes, etc. should be done neatly, and must
conform to electrical code requirements.

16. Store strong oxidants (e.g., nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, peroxides) in a dry area apart
from organic materials.

17. Use a specially designed wash-down laboratory hood for open heated perchloric acid
digestions.

Chemical Storage:
1. Include the word "flammable" on all flammable liquid containers.

2. Whenever possible, store flammable solvents in NFPA-approved flammable liquid storage

cabinets or approved solvent storage rooms.

3. If storing more than 10 gallons of flammable liquids in a laboratory, a flammable liquid

cabinet MUST be used.

4. Pay careful attention to peroxide-forming compounds. Organic peroxides may detonate by

shock, friction, or heat. Compounds with dangerous tendencies to form peroxides by reaction
with oxygen (e.g., many ethers and other chemical classes) have a limited shelf life. They
should be dated on opening, and should in no case be stored for longer than one year.

5. Keep caustics stored below eye level.

6. Keep glass containers of chemicals off the floor - unless they are inside protective
containers or pans that are kick-proof.

7. Inventory chemicals periodically and discard old, no-longer-needed substances through

the campus hazardous waste disposal program. 8. Report chemical inventory annually to
EH&S for OR-OSHA and State inventory reporting purposes. 9. See Safety Bulletin #30 for
more information on chemical storage.

Pressure and Vacuum Systems:

1. Plan and provide for the possibility of explosion prior to conducting experiments that
develop high pressure or vacuum.

2. Heat reactants only in a system with an approved pressure release.

3. Wait for pressure to be released before opening a pressurized vessel (autoclave, etc.).

4. Secure compressed gas cylinders in an upright position at all times to prevent from falling.
Keep protective caps in place when moving or storing gas cylinders.

5. Regulators designed for specific cylinders are not interchangeable.

6. Keep flammable gas cylinders away from exits and oxygen cylinders.

7. When moving cylinders with a lift truck or hand truck, make sure there is an approved
rack or securing device.

8. Oxygen is not a substitute for compressed air.

9. Gauges or regulators for oxidizing gases must not use oil as a lubricant. Oxygen under
pressure reacts violently with oil or grease.

10. Suitable pressure regulators are required for compressed gas use.

11. FULLY RELEASE pressure adjusting screws on regulators BEFORE attaching the
regulator to a cylinder.

12. Always open the valves on cylinders slowly, and do not stand in front of pressure
regulator gauge faces when opening cylinder valves.

13. Do not strike valves with tools, or use excessive force in making connections.

14. Avoid mixtures of acetylene with oxygen or air prior to use - except at a standard torch.
15. Cylinders not provided with fixed handwheel valves shall have keys or handles provided
on valve stems at all times when cylinders are in use.

16. Compressed gas cylinders are high-pressure vessels and should be handled accordingly -
they should not be dropped, bumped violently, skidded or rolled horizontally.

17. Keep stored cylinders out of direct sun and areas with increased temperature, such as
boiler or rooms.

Container Handling:
1. Properly label all containers. If unsure, check rule # 10 (above).

2. Before re-using any food container, first remove the original label completely.

3. Chemical transport containers are not to be used for non-compatible chemicals or for food
products at any time.

4. All containers should have a lid at all times except during an active experiment.

5. Refrigeration of flammable materials must be done in spark-proof or explosion-proof

refrigerators.

Chemical Spills and Waste Disposal :

1. Devise a plan to deal with small spills before one occurs. POST the plan in the lab and get
appropriate equipment. Quickly and thoroughly clean up any liquid or solid chemical spill in
the laboratory or area of operations. If any uncertainty exists, call Environmental Health &
Safety (EH&S).

2. For large spills, contact EH&S to activate OSU's chemical spill response team.

3. Dispose of chemical wastes by approved methods only. Unwanted or no-longer-useful

chemicals are chemical wastes. Contact EH&S for waste disposal guidelines.

4. Reagent bottles should be thoroughly cleaned of any hazardous material prior to disposal.
Clean glass reagent bottles can usually be recycled.

5. Four simple steps to help comply with hazardous waste rules:

a. Perform a waste determination on all wastes (EH&S responsibility)

b. Label all waste containers with "waste" or "used", plus a chemical description, BEFORE
adding waste.

c. Keep all waste containers closed except when adding waste.

d. Keep the waste in the room where it was generated.

LABORATORY APPARATUS:
FOUR DIGITS WEIGHT MACHINE

FLASH POINT APPARATUS

POUR POINT APPARATUS

VISCO BATH (VISCOSITY BATH)

ANTI FOAMING

COLOR COMPARATOR

ANTI FOAMING

Copper strip testing

FURNACE

OVEN

FOUR DIGITS WEIGHT MACHINE

• When a weight is applied to the digital balance, an electronic circuit generates a current
which is then converted into a digital readout on the display
FLASH POINT APPARATUS:
A flash point tester is an instrument that determines the flash point of a sample. To find
the flash point, heat the liquid in a container and then introduce a small flame just
above the liquid surface. the temperature recorded as the flashpoint.

POUR POINT APPARATUS:

Pour Point Apparatus is used for determination of the highest temperature at which haziness
in oil is observed (cloud point) or the lowest temperature at which movement of the oil is
observed (pour point) of petroleum products.
VISCO BATH (VISCOCITY BATH):
A constant temperature viscometer bath is required for the purpose of creating a temperature-
controlled environment for the capillary viscosity measurement.

ANTI FOAMING:
A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the
formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are
often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-
foamers prevent the formation of further foam.

Copper strip testing:

The copper strip corrosion test measures the corrosivity of hydrocarbon liquids. It is a
subjective test based on the discoloration and corrosion of a copper coupon under standard
test conditions when compared to a series of ASTM standards

FURNACE:
A furnace, referred to as a heater or boiler in British English, is an appliance used to generate
heat. Furnaces are mostly used as a major component of a central heating system

OVEN:
An industrial oven is a heated chamber that is used to perform a wide range of applications
within industry. Generally, industrial ovens process a raw material at extremely high
temperatures to perform a heat treatment process.

TESTING OF RAW MATERIALS:

STANDARDS TESTING

RAW MATERIALS:

SCRAB OIL (USED MOBIL OIL)

ACID (CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID)

BLEACHING EARTH CLAY

OPTIONAL PRODUCTS AS A RAW MATERIALS

•LIMESTONE

•CAUSTIC SODA

SCRAB OIL (USED MOBIL OIL)

•MAIN RAW MATERIAL
CHECK MOISTURE ACCEPTABLE PERCENTAGE 3%

CARBON TESTING ACCEPTABLE PERCENTAGE OF CARBON SLUDGE 20%

Also check other impurities like diesel.

Acid:
Concentrated sulphuric acid

Check density 1.82 g/cm³

Color transparent

Bleaching earth clay:

Check moisture 100 % pure

Filtration flow

Limestone :
Check moisture

Production:

• In 1st step we treat black oil in oil cracking vessel

Density of black oil approx.. 0.886 g/cm³

Container size 30000 lit.

Oil cracking vessel:

We do not fill the container approx. 28000 liters we fill

And give temp of 160c

When given a high temp of 160c the moisture in black oil start evaporating. About 1700 liters
of water evaporate from the container.

And about 2000 liters of diesel evaporate we collect diesel and use it

And then we shift it into a dehydration tower.

Dehydration tower:

Glycol Dehydration:
The glycol dehydration process is an example of a process that provides absorption
dehydration, and in the process, a liquid desiccant provides the means to absorb water from
the gas stream. Ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) was, initially, the principal chemical agent
in this process, has a very strong affinity for water and when the glycol is in contact with a
stream of water-wet natural gas, the ethylene glycol absorbs the water from the gas stream.
Initially, the process used ethylene glycol as the absorbent but, with the advancement of the
technology, glycol dehydration now involves the use of an aqueous solution of a glycol
derivative in which the glycol is either diethylene glycol (DEG) or Tri ethylene glycol (TEG),
which is brought into contact with the water-wet gas stream in a contactor. The glycol
solution will absorb water from the wet gas and, once absorbed, the glycol sinks to the
bottom of the contactor while the natural gas, stripped of most of the water content, is then
transported out of the dehydrator. The glycol solution, bearing all of the water stripped from
the natural gas, is put through a specialized boiler designed to vaporize only the water out of
the solution where the boiling point differential facilitates removal of the water for the makes
it relatively easy to remove water from the glycol solution after which the glycol is recycled
to the contactor.

After oil cracking process we shift into the dehydration tower

In dehydration tower we give temperature of 360c for approx. 5-6 hours

For cooling down we use water pit

In water pit pipe lines are used from which oil passes and temperature of oil decreases at 45c.

And the water is used in the agricultural purpose near industry

Why we cooled oil?

• For acid treatment

• if we don’t cool down the diesels fire can catch because of high temp, oxygen in air
help in fire

After cooling:

Shift it into an Acid treatment kettle capacity of 30000 liters.

•For safety purposes we use antifoaming agents. (Use only 50 ml anti

foaming agent)

Why do we use anti foaming?

a defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the
formation of foam in industrial process liquids.

After cooling down and after using anti foaming agent then we use Acid approx.. 7-8%

About 2000 liters that depends on the quality of products

We pour acid slowly in 1-1.5 hours because of the efficiency of Acid and for safety.

In an acid treatment kettle there is homogenizer that circulates the oil, and acid is poured
slowly, because acid is in high density instead of oil, so it can sit into the bottom
homogenizer mix acid with the oil for getting good efficient results and for safety.

We stay for 7-8 hours approx. Because acid and carbon react and carbon sludge layer formed
approx. about 2500 kgs.

Acid treatment kettle:

Then we shift it into neutralizer kettle:

We give temp approx. 220c

•After using temperature, we use bleaching earth clay which is raw material use in the

procedure:
•After giving temperature we use 1.5 ton (1500kg) of bleaching earth clay

For more neutralizing we use optional raw materials

•limestone and caustic soda and that’s procedure take time approx. 4 hours

Filtration:
Next step is filtration

In filtration, filtration plates and filter clothes are used and the temp of oil is maintained less
then 120c

And the process of filtration takes place in approx.. 3 hours

And we use a warm air compressor to get the absorbed oil from raw material, and black clay
is left.

And the powder black clay which is the byproduct of the procedure is in 2400kg

And that is the first finish product

Having density of o.867 g/cm³

Flash point 185c

Quantity left 19000 lit.

Next step;

Vacuum distillation tower:

Vacuum distillation is the process of lowering the pressure in the column above the solvent to
less than the vapor pressure of the mixture, creating a vacuum, and causing the elements with
lower vapor pressures to evaporate off.

In a vacuum distillation tower we give a temperature of about 220c and give pressure of
200BAR and take time of 7-8 hours.

And the byproduct of this procedure is oil petroleum transparent in color and about 18600
liters left.

•Density of light oil petroleum o.820 g/cm³

•Quantity 400 liters

•From tower when temperature decreases to 55c oil is then

Taken out from tower

• That is our finish product

Properties:

•Density 0.86 g/cm³

•Flash point 220c

•Pour point –6 c

•Viscosity at 100 – 9.5-11

•Viscosity at 40 – 75 –85
•Color standards

By products:

By products Quantity

•Water 2000 liters

•Diesel 200liters

•Carbon sludge 2500kg

•Black clay 2400kg

•Low oil petroleum 400 liters

I have performed all the above Experiments and procedures in ittehad lubricants
Reclamation and Blending plant.

Adress:Garhi ikhtiar khan, khanpur

Cell#03008739220

Mail#xohaibkhan47@gmail.com.