1.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER

An air traffic control tower keeps track of an airplane's position and guides it in navigating through
airspace using radar and wireless transmissions to prevent collisions and uphold aviation laws. ATC
tower is essential for providing assurance of safety, for effective mobilization and use, for monitoring
and regulating the airfield, and for precise traffic management. The windows of ATC tower provide a
great overview of the airport and the area around it. They are built to withstand powerful winds,
earthquake pressures, and more. None of these things can damage them. ATC towers are often situated
close to the terminal buildings of the airport.

1.1 COMPARISON

1.1.1 Jinnah International Airport

The Jinnah International Airport ATC tower is situated inside the airport, at a height of under 100 feet. It
is difficult to operate airplanes using standard ways of evaluating air traffic flow due to their low altitude
and old structure. The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) announced in September 2021 that it planned to
build a brand-new air traffic control tower at Karachi's Jinnah International Airport. (Desk, 2021)

1.1.2 Frabkfurt International Airport

1.1.3 Improvement and Development measure

The new control tower at Jinnah International Airport needs to be constructed and be at least 125
feet tall. The advanced ATC should improve visibility and greatly enhance airplane safety.
Additionally, the tower should offer assistance with parking aircraft and airways. The fire station and
department offices will also be constructed in the new ATC facility. The new ATC tower may increase
operational efficiency while also enhancing air traffic control and the security of runway and ground
operations because it is equipped with several helpful features and capabilities.

Refrence:

Desk, W. (2021, September 4). CAA established air traffic control tower and fire station at

Karachi International airport. SUCH TV.

https://www.suchtv.pk/pakistan/general/item/108049-caa-established-air-traffic-control-

tower-and-fire-station-at-karachi-international-airport.html
2. Terminal Building:
An airport terminal is a structure where travelers change from their mode of ground
transportation to the areas where they can board and leave from aircraft. Sometimes,
travelling through airports may be a misery due to overcrowded check-in counters, delayed
flights, and misplaced bags. They may be the most challenging aspect of flying. There are
several ways, nevertheless, that airport design can be used to get around some of the
challenges that we travelers encounter there. A passenger's every need is catered to in the
terminal building of an airport. The layout of airport terminals is based on a number of
levels, such as departure, arrival, a food and beverage court, a shopping area, parking, and
others.

2.1 Comparison
2.1.1 Jinnah International Airport

Jinnah Airport has a single main terminal with two concourses and five stories. The international
flight terminal is known as the Jinnah East Satellite Concourse. The domestic flight terminal is
the Jinnah West Satellite Concourse. However, the Karachi International Airport has four
terminals, but only the Jinnah terminal is accessible to the public. The terminal at Jinnah Airport
has two levels in total. At Jinnah International Airport, the lower level was designated for
arrivals, and the higher level is used for departures. Concourses at Jinnah International Airport
are centrally located and have finger piers. Terminal 2 is now only used for Hajj activities. The
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority's headquarters are presently located in Terminal 1, and
Terminal 3 is reserved for commercial offices. Jinnah terminal has a capacity of handling 12
million passengers annually. (Jinnah International Airport, 2023)

2.1.2 Frankfurt International Airport

There are two major primary passenger terminals at Frankfurt Airport (Terminal 1 and Terminal 2).

Terminal 1:

The oldest and larger of the two passenger terminals is Terminal 1. The landside extends about 420 meters. It has
a capacity of roughly 50 million people annually and is separated into concourses A, B, C, and Z. It has undergone
various expansions. In terms of features, Terminal 1 is split into three levels: the departures level, which has check-
in counters, the arrivals level, which has baggage claim areas, and the distribution floor, which has access to the
regional station as well as underground and multilevel parking. At arrivals level there is a bus station. There are 103
gates in Terminal 1. (Wikipedia contributors, 2003)

Terminal 2:
Terminal 2 has a passenger capacity of 15 million per year and is separated into concourses D and E. An
uninterrupted concourse connects Terminals 1C and 2D, allowing direct but private access between the two
terminals. It can accommodate wide-body aircraft and has 42 gates in total, including eight gates with jetways and
34 apron stands.

Further Expansion:

In order to manage the anticipated 90 million passenger movements at Frankfurt Airport, the
German government opted to build third terminals. The building of Terminal 3 is one of the
greatest infrastructure projects in Europe and is proceeding south of Frankfurt Airport. Once
finished, it will include 75 extra aircraft spots and a capacity for up to 25 million people
annually. (Terminal 3, n.d.)

2.1.3 Improvement and Development measure

The four terminals at the Karachi airport lag substantially behind those at the Frankfurt
airport. The Frankfurt airport has two main terminals, each with all the amenities. Each terminal
is uniquely designed with a sophisticated aesthetic that appeals to people and promotes
tourism. Furthermore, Terminal 3 is under construction, which is scheduled to open in 2026 for
accommodating 90 million passengers. On the other hand, Karachi International Airport has 4
terminals, but only Jinnah Terminal is accessible to the public. This demonstrates how the civil
aviation authority's handling, controlling, and monitoring processes are lacking. The JIAP
terminal level needs to undergo a wide range of changes.

For example:

Locals who cannot afford private vehicles, a bus and train station are located inside the terminal
buildings at Frankfurt Airport. In comparison, at Karachi Airport, there is limited public
transportation available, with the only option being expensive taxis, which the vast majority of
people cannot afford. As a result, we need to expand our terminal to add these amenities

In Frankfurt Airport It is possible for passengers and visitors to switch terminals using the
shuttle service system called SkyLine, which has three stops in Terminal 1 and one in Terminal
2, but there is only one active terminal at Karachi Airport, making it difficult to manage
passenger flow there. For this reason, we need to use the airport's inactive terminals and
manage passenger flow using the shuttle service or construct another terminal to
accommodate more people.

A separate VIP resting lounge can be built to accommodate the needs of the foreign guests.

Reference:
1.  "Jinnah International Website". Archived from  the original on 25 April 2010
2. .  "Complete Guide | Jinnah International Airport Karachi". 23 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020

3. Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, January 20). Jinnah International Airport. Wikipedia.

Retrieved January 21, 2023, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport#cite_note-13
4. "2012 Facts and Figures on Frankfurt Airport" (PDF). Fraport. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on
12 December 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
5. Wikipedia contributors. (2003, June 18). Frankfurt Airport. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport

6. Terminal 3. (n.d.). Fraport AG.

https://www.fraport.com/en/business-areas/constructions/terminal-3.html