Materials

1. Stone Arches
The stone arches are similarly sub-classified into two types which are as follows,
A. Ashlar Arches:
➢For the formation of the arches, the stones are cut into an adequate
shape and dressed suitably.
➢The joints are filled appropriately with the use of cement mortar so that
adequate bonding should be obtained.
B. Rubble Arches

➢The Rubble arches are utilized for the formation of arches up to the span of 1 meter.
➢These types of spans are formulated of rubber stones that are hammered and
dressed appropriately.
➢ The rubble arches are unstable and normally utilized for inferior work only.
 2. Brick Arches
o The brick arches are one of the popular types of arches which are utilized
in construction.
o This type of arch that established with the help of conventional bricks.
o Cement mortar is utilized in the construction of the brick arches.
o The brick arches are subdivided into three types,
A. Rough Brick Arch
➢ The Rock brick arches are generally wedged in form.
➢ This type of arches is established where high accuracy for completing is not
needed.
➢ These are constructed with conventional bricks without cutting to the shape
of voussoirs
B. Fine Axed Brick Arch
➢The Fine Axed arches are composed by establishing bricks into
the desired shape.
➢In the case of the formation of Fine axed brick arches,
the bricks are cut into wedge-shaped appropriately any three are
normall utilized where the Fine work is needed.
C. Gauged Brick Arches:
➢In the gauge brick type of arch, bricks are cut to the perfect shape and size of the
necessary voussoir with the help of a wire saw.
➢ The bricks are completely dressed and these bricks are joined by lime putty.
Nevertheless, for gauged brick arches simply soft bricks are utilized.
➢The joints are fine, thin, and simply radial.

D. Purpose Made Brick Arches

➢The unique bricks are generated, similar to the accurate shape and size of voussoirs,
to give extremely fine workmanship.
➢Lime putty is utilized as a binding material.
 3. Concrete Arches
oThe concrete arches are subdivided into two types,
A. Monolithic Concrete Block Arches
➢The Monolithic concrete arches were initially utilized for longer spans.
➢Monolithic concrete block arches are generally formed from cast-in-situ concrete,
either plain or reinforced.
➢The thickness is around 15 cm for the arches up to 3 m spans.
B. Precast Concrete Block Arches
➢These types of arches are established with the help of precast concrete blocks.
➢The precast concrete blocks are available in the accurate shape and sizes which are
needed for the construction of the arches.
➢In the case of the requirements of the keystone, a particular type of mold is
prepared for the formation of the precast concrete block arches.
➢In the formation of the precast concrete blocks, the 1:2:4 ratio is utilized.