References:

https://www.slideshare.net/iamsudip03/brick-masonary-47967723

https://www.gobrick.com/docs/default-source/read-research-documents/technicalnotes/30-
bonds-and-patterns-in-brickwork.pdf?sfvrsn=0

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---
emp_ent/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_650138.pdf

https://www.dimensions.com/collection/stone-masonry

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/COLLEGE%20KATE/btbm/Stone-Masonry.pdf

BRICK LAYING TYPES AND BONDS

Bricklaying
The art of masonry is the accurate laying of bricks or blocks by ensuring:
 correct measurements as per the drawings,
 accurate vertical lines (plumb),
 accurate horizontal lines,
 accurate levels.

Types of Brick Masonry

1. Brick work in mud

- The mud is used to fill up the joints.
- Thickness of the mortar jar is 12mm.
 - Chepest
- Maximum height of wall is 4 meters.
2. Brick work in cement

1st Class
- Cement of lime mortar is used.
 The surface and edges of bricks are sharp.
 The thickness of mortar joints doesn’t exceed 10mm

 2nd Class
 Ground moulded bricks are used.
 Bricks are rough and shape is slightly irregular.
 The thickness of mortar joint is 12 mm.

 3rd Class
 Bricks are not hard ,rough surface with distorted shape.
 Used for temporary structures.
 Used in places where rainfall is not heavy.

Bonds in Brick Masonry:

 Running Bond - the simplest of the basic pattern bonds, the running bond, consists of all
stretchers. Since there are no headers in this bond, metal ties are usually used.
 Common or American Bond – a brickwork bond having a course of full length headers
between every five or six courses of stretchers. In laying out any bond pattern, it is
important that the corners be started correctly. For common bond, a three-quarter brick
should start each way from the corner at the header course.

Closer – a masonry unit specially formed or cut to finish a course or complete the
bond at the corner of a wall. Also, closure.

 Flemish Bond – a brickwork bond having alternating headers and stretchers in each
course, each header being centered above and below a stretcher.

King Closer – a three-quarter brick for finishing a course of for spacing regular
bricks. Also, king closure.

 English Bond – a brickwork having alternate courses of headers and stretchers in which
the headers are centered on stretchers and the joints between stretchers line up
vertically in all courses.

Queen Closer – a brick of the half of the normal width, used for completing a
course or for spacing regular bricks. Also, queen closure
  English Cross or Dutch Bond – a modified English bond in which the head joints in the
stretching courses are offset by half the length of a stretcher.
 Block or Stack Bond – a brickwork or masonry bond having successive courses of
stretchers with all head joints aligned vertically. It is purely a pattern bond.
 Flemish Diagonal Bond – a form of Flemish cross bond in which the courses are offset to
form a diamond pattern.
 Flemish Cross Bond - a modified Flemish bond having courses of alternate headers and
stretchers alternating with stretching courses.

Flare header - a brick having a darker and exposed as a header in patterned

brickwork.

 Garden-wall bond – a brickwork bond for lightly loaded boundary walls, having a
sequence of a header and three stretchers in each course, with each header being
centered over a header in alternate courses.

BUILDING STONE METHODS

STONE MASONRY
Definition:
The art of building a structure in stone with any suitable masonry is called stone masonry.

Types of Stone Masonry:

Stone masonry may be broadly classified into the following two types:
1. Rubble Masonry

2. Ashlar Masonry

Rubble Masonry: The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly dressed stone
are laid in a suitable mortar is called rubble masonry. In this masonry the joints are not of
uniform thickness.

Rubble masonry is further sub-divided into the following three types:

 Random rubble masonry
 Squared rubble masonry
 Dry rubble masonry

1. Random rubble masonry: The rubble masonry in which either undressed or hammer
dressed stones are used is called random rubble masonry. Further random rubble
masonry is also divided into the following three types:
a. Un-coursed random rubble masonry: The random rubble masonry in which stones are
laid without forming courses is known as uncoursed random rubble masonry. This is the
roughest and cheapest type of masonry and is of varying appearance. The stones used in
this masonry are of different sizes and shapes. Since stones are not uniform shape and
size, they are arranged with great care so as to distribute pressure over maximum area
and at the same time avoid long vertical joints.

Suitability: Used for construction of walls of low height in case of ordinary buildings.

b. Coursed random rubble masonry or built to course: The random rubble masonry in
which stones are laid in layers of equal height is called random rubble masonry. In this
masonry, the stones are laid in somewhat level courses. It is similar to un-coursed except
that the work is roughly levelled up to form courses 30-45 cm thick and not less than 15
cm.

Suitability: Used for construction of residential buildings, go downs, boundary walls etc.

2. Square rubble masonry: The rubble masonry in which the face stones are squared on
all joints and beds by hammer dressing or chisel dressing before their actual laying

There are two types of squared rubble masonry:

a. Coursed Square rubble masonry: The square rubble masonry in which chisel
dressed stones laid in courses. This is a superior variety of rubble masonry. It
consists of stones, which are squared on all joints and laid in courses. The stones
are to be laid in courses of equal layers. and the joints should also be uniform.

Suitability: Used for construction of public buildings, hospitals, schools, markets,

modern residential buildings etc and in hilly areas where good quality of stone is easily
available.

b. Un-coursed square rubble masonry: The squared rubble in masonry which

hammer dressed stones are laid without making courses. Stones having straight
beds and sides are arranged in irregular pattern to give good appearance and
avoid the formation of long, continuous joints.

Suitability: Used for construction of ordinary buildings in hilly areas where a good
variety of stones are cheaply available.

1.   Polygonal rubble masonry

In this type, stone is hammer finished on face to an irregular polygonal shape. If stones
are roughly shaped to form rough fitting, such a work is called rough picked form and if
they are carefully shaped to form close fitting then it is called close-picked form. The
stones should be so arranged as to avoid long vertical joints in face work and to break
joints as much as possible. Small stone chips should not be used to support the stones
on the facing as shown in the figure below.

2.    Flint rubble masonry

In this type, flints or cobbles which vary in width and thickness from 7.5 cm to 15 cm
and length from 15 cm to 30 cm are used. The stones are extremely hard but brittle.
Strength of such walls can be increased using lacing course of thing long stones or
bricks at 1 to 2 m vertical intervals.

3. Dry rubble masonry: The rubble masonry in which stones are laid without using
any mortar is called dry rubble masonry or sometimes shortly as "dry stones". It is an
ordinary masonry and is recommended for constructing walls of height not more than
6m. In case the height is more, three adjacent courses are laid in squared rubble
masonry mortar at 3m intervals.

Ashlar masonry: The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or
lime mortar is known as ashlars masonry. In this masonry are the courses are of uniform
height, all the joints are regular, thin and have uniform thickness. The size of stones blocks
should be in proportion to wall thickness.This type of masonry is much costly as it requires
dressing of stones.

Suitability: This masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural buildings, high piers
and abutments of bridges.

The various types of masonry can be classified under the following categories are
1) Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar masonry: In this type of stone masonry stone blocks
of same height in each course are used. Every stone is fine tooled on all sides.
Thickness of mortar is uniform through out. It is an expensive type of stone masonry
as it requires heavy labor and wastage of material while dressing. Satisfactory bond
can be obtained in this type of stone masonry.

2) Ashlar rough or roughed tooled ashlar masonry : This type of ashlar masonry the
sides of the stones are rough tooled and dressed with chisels. Thickness of joints is
uniform, which does not exceed 6mm.

3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced: This type of ashlar masonry is similar to rough tooled
type except that there is chisel-drafted margin left rough on the face which is known
as quarry faced.
4) Ashlar facing: : Ashlar facing is the best type of ashlars masonry. Since this is type
of masonry is very expensive, it is not commonly used throughout the whole
thickness of the wall, except in works of great importance and strength. For economy
the facing are built in ashlars and the rest in rubble.

5) Ashlar chamfered: It is similar to quarry faced except that the edges are beveled or
chamfered to 450 for depth of 2.5 cm or more.

6) Ashlar block in course: It is the name given to a class of ashlar masonry which
occupies an intermediate place between rubble and ashlars. The stones are all
squared and properly dressed. It resembles to coursed rubble masonry or rough
tooled ashlar masonry.