Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 11
Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible
Rough Texture
Based on the arrangement of the stones in the
construction and the degree of refinement in the
surface finish, the stone masonry can be classified
broadly in the following two categories:-
1) Rubble masonry
2) Ashlar masonry
Rubble masonry
In this category the stones used are either
undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints
Random rubble uncoursed
This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of
stone masonry
The stones used in this type of masonry are very
much vary in their shape and size and are directly
obtained from the quarry.
Can be uncoursed random rubble or uncoursed
square rubble
• Bigger stone blocks are employed as quoins and
jambs to increase the strength of masonry
• The vertical joints are not constructed in plumb.
uncoursed square rubble
• The stone blocks are made roughly square with
hammer.
• They can be of varying size and are placed in
irregular pattern.
• Generally the facing stones are given hammer
dressed finish.
• More uniform joint is made in the facing and better
appearance is obtained by arranging stones in
series
• Large size stones are employed as quoins
Coursed random rubble
The method of construction is the same as above
• The course is roughly leveled up-to form courses
varying from 30 to 45 cm thick
• All the courses are of the same height
• Construction of this type of masonry, quoins are
built first and line (string) is stretched between the
tops of quoins
Uncoursed square rubble
Square rubble masonry uses stones having
straight bed and sides
The stones are arranged on face in several
irregular pattern
Coursed square rubble
• This type of masonry is also uses the same stone
as uncoursed square rubble but the work is
levelled up to courses of varying depth
• The courses are of different heights
Regular coursed square rubble
• In this type of masonry the wall, consists of
various courses of varying height, but the height
of stones in one course is the same
Polygonal rubble masonry
• Stones are bedded in position to show face joints
running irregularly in all directions
• The first type the stones are only roughly shaped
resulting in only rough fitting
• In the second type the faces of stones are more
carefully formed so that they fit more closely
Flint rubble masonry
• The stone used in this masonry are flints or
cobbles, which vary in width the thickness from
7.5 to 15cm and length from 15 to 30cm
• The face arrangement of the cobbles may be
either coursed or un coursed
• Strength of flint wall may be increased by
introducing lacing coursed of either thin long
stone or bricks at vertical internal of 1 to 2 meters
Ashlar masonry
Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately
dressed stone with extremely fine bed and end
joints.
Ashlar fine tooled
• The finest type of none masonry work
• Each stone is cut to regular and required size and
shape so as to have all sides rectangular, so that
the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical
joints with adjoining stone.
Ashlar rough tooled (bastard ashlar)
The beds and sides of each stone block are finely
chisel dressed just in the same manner as for
ashlars fine but the exposed face is dressed by
rough tooling.
Ashlar rock faced (rustic or quarry faced)
• The exposed face of the stone is not dressed but
is kept as such so as to give rock facing.
• A strip of width about 25mm is provided around
the perimeter of the exposed face of every stone
Ashlar chamfered
This is the special form of rock faced ashlars
masonry in which the strip provided around the
perimeter of the exposed face is chamfered or
beveled at an angle of 45
Around this beveled strip, another strip of 15cm is
dressed with the help of chisel
Ashlar facing masonry
• Is provided along with block or concrete block
masonry , to give better appearance.
• The sides and beds of each block are properly
dressed so as to make them true to shape.
• The exposed face of the stone are rough tooled
and chamfered.
• The backing of the wall maybe made in brick
masonry
Brick masonry
• Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded
together with mortar.
Two essential components of brick masonry are
therefore:
• Bricks
• Mortar
Types of bricks
Bricks used in masonry can be of two types
• Traditional bricks
• Modular bricks
Traditional bricks
Are those which have not been standardized in
size.
The dimensions of traditional bricks vary from
place to place.
Modular bricks
• Any bricks which is of uniform size as laid down
by standards.
Bonds in brick work
• Bond is the interlacement of bricks
Rules for bonding
For getting good bond the following rules should be
observed.
1) The bricks should be of uniform size.
2) The length the brick should be twice the length of the
width plus one joint, so that uniform lap is obtained.
Good bond is not possible if lap is non-uniform.
3) The amount of lap should be minimum ¼ brick along
the length of the wall and ½ brick across the
thickness of the wall.
4) Use of brick bats should be discouraged, except in
special locations.
5) In alternate courses, the centre line of header
should coincide with the centre line of the
stretcher, in the course bellow and above it.
6) The vertical joints in the alternate courses should
be along the same prepend.
7) The stretchers should be used only in the facing;
they should not be used in the hearting. Hearting
should be done in headers only.
Types of bonds
The types of bonds provided in brick work are:
• Stretcher bond
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond
• Facing bond
• English cross bond
• Brick on edge bond
• Dutch bond
• Raking bond
• Zigzag bond
• Garden wall bond.
Stretcher bond
Is the one in which all the bricks are laid as
stretchers on the faces of the walls.
The length of the bricks are along the direction of
the wall.
Used for the walls having a width of half brick
(12cm).
The bond is not possible if the thickness of the wall
is more.
Header bond
Is the one in which all the bricks are laid as
headers on the faces of the walls.
The width of the wall is along the directions of the
walls.
Used only when the thickness of the wall is equal
to one brick length (25cm).
The overlap is usually kept equal to half brick
length.
Three-quarter bats are used in each alternate
courses as quoins.
The bond doesn’t have strength to transmit
pressure in the direction of the length of the wall.
Unsuitable for load bearing walls.
English bond
This is the most commonly used bond for all wall.
The bond is considered to be the strongest
The bond consists of alternate courses of headers
and stretchers
The vertical joints of the header courses are come
over each other.
Similarly, the vertical joints of the stretcher
courses come over each other.
In order to break the vertical joints in the
successive courses, it is essential to place queen
closer after the first header(quoin header) in each
header courses.
Flemish bond
In this type of bond, each course is comprised of
alternate headers and stretchers.
Have better appearance than English bond
Every alternate courses starts with a header at
the corner.
Queen closers are placed next to quoin header in
alternate courses to develop the face lap.
Every header is centrally supported over the
stretchers bellow it.
Flemish bonds are of two types
Double Flemish bond
Single Flemish bond
Double Flemish bond
• Each course presents the same appearance both in
the face and the back.
Single Flemish bond
• Comprised of double Flemish bond facing and English
bond backing and hearting in each course
• This bond thus have the strength of English bond and
the appearance of Flemish bond.
• Used for wall thickness at least one and half brick.
• Double flemish bond facing is done with good quality
expresive bricks, however cheaper bricks can be used
for backing and hearting.
Comparison of english bond and flemish bond
English bond is stronger than flemish bond for walls
thicker than one and half.
Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance
than the english bond
Brocken bricks can be used in the form of bats in
flemish bond. However more mortar is required.
Construction in flemish bond requires more skill in
comparison with english bond
Dutch bond
It is a modified form of English bond. In this bond
the corners of the wall are strengthened.
Special featurs of this type of bond is as follows
Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are
provided as in english bond.
Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a
three quarter bat.
In every alternate stretcher course, a header is
placed next to the three-quarter brick bat provided
at the quoin.
STAGE 1
Consideration to be given to the following :~
1. Building type and usage.
2. Building owner's requirements and preferences.
3. Local planning restrictions.
4. Legal restrictions and requirements.
5. Site restrictions.
6. Capital resources.
7. Future policy in terms of maintenance and
adaptation.
Stage 2
Decide on positions, sizes and shapes of
openings
stage 3
Decide on style, character and materials for
openings
Stage 4
Decide on basic materials for fabric of walls and
roofs
Stage 5
Review all decisions and make changes if
necesary.
Typical Details ~
Bonding ~ an arrangement of bricks in a wall,
column or pier laid
to a set pattern to maintain an adequate lap.
Purposes of Brick Bonding ~
1. Obtain maximum strength whilst distributing the
loads to be
carried throughout the wall, column or pier.
2. Ensure lateral stability and resistance to side
thrusts.
3. Create an acceptable appearance.
Simple