— A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and

sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall

delineates a building and supports its superstructure,
separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or
delineates a space in the open air.
— There are three principal types of structural walls:
— building walls,
— exterior boundary walls,
— retaining walls.
— One main purpose: to support roofs and ceilings.
Building walls Boundary walls Retaining walls
— A wall for the purpose of separating rooms, or dividing a room.
Partition walls are usually not load-bearing.
— Partition walls may be constructed with bricks or blocks from clay,
terra-cotta or concrete, reinforced, or hollow. Glass blocks may also be
used.
— Walls is formed by brick structures called brickwork.
— Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and
mortar.
— Masonry units such as brick, tile, stone, glass brick or concrete block.
— Concrete mortar - a substance made of sand and cement. When water
is added to this mixture, the cement is activated. Mortar is used to hold
other hard components together, such as bricks, slate slabs, and stones.
— Cement mortar ratio: 1:3 (1 part cement:3 parts sand) , 1:4
— Bull Header. A rowlock brick laid
with its longest dimensions
perpendicular to the face of the wall.
— Bull Stretcher. A rowlock brick laid
with its longest dimension parallel to
the face of the wall.

— Course. One of the continuous

horizontal rows of masonry that,
bonded together, forms the masonry
structure.
— Header. A masonry unit laid flat with
its longest dimension perpendicular to
the face of the wall. It is generally used
to tie two wythes of masonry together.

— Rowlock. A brick laid on its face, or

edge.

— Soldier. A brick laid on its end so that

its longest dimension is parallel to the
vertical axis of the face of the wall.
— Stretcher. A masonry unit laid flat
with its longest dimension parallel to
the face of the wall.

— Wythe. A continuous vertical

section or thickness of masonry 4" or
greater.
— Running Bond. This is the
simplest pattern; it consists of only
stretchers. Reinforcing ties are
usually used with it because of the
absence of headers. Running bond
is common in brick veneer walls and
wall cavity construction.

— Common or American Bond.

This is a variation of the running
bond, with a course of full-length
headers placed at regular intervals
for structure bonding.
— Flemish Bond. This pattern uses
alternate stretchers and headers, with
the headers in alternate courses
centered over the stretchers in the
intervening courses.

— English Bond. This pattern also uses

alternate stretchers and headers, but
the headers are centered on the
stretchers and the joints between the
stretchers in all the courses in line up
vertically.
— English Cross or Dutch Bond.
This is a variation on the English,
the only difference being that the
vertical joints between the
stretchers in alternate courses do
not line up vertically. These joints
center on the stretchers themselves.

— Stack or Block Bond. This is a

weak bond, used normally for
decorative effect on veneers. All
vertical joints are aligned, and steel
reinforcing ties must be installed if
the pattern is being used
structurally.
— The wall is built in two wythes or tiers and can be
safely built up to 3‘ / nearly 1.00 m (0.91 m).
— For a wall above 3‘ / 1 meter, steel reinforcement is
required.
— Reinforcing can be either rods inserted into the
group after it has stiffened slightly or ties laid across
two wythes to help hold them together.

1 foot = 0.3048 m
— A damp proof course (DPC) is an essential part of the construction
process in that its function is to prevent rising dampness.
— Generally, a DPC will be installed when the building is constructed. In
new buildings the damp proof course is physical membrane. This will
be laid into a mortar course at the base of the walls.
— Why is this necessary?
— It prevents spoiling of the internal wall finishes. When a wall
suffers from rising dampness the associated affects to the internal
finishes is staining, salting and peeling paint or paper, blown
plaster, rotten skirting boards etc.
— A damp proof course is designed to stop the dampness at low level
(normally 150mm – 200mm above ground level / floor level)
before it has a chance to do any damage higher up the wall.
Materials widely used for damp proofing include:
— Flexible materials like hot bitumen, plastic sheets,
bituminous felts, sheets of lead, copper, etc.
— Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt
— Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates,
cement mortar or cement concrete painted with
bitumen, etc.
— Stones
— Mortar with waterproofing compounds
— Coarse sand layers under floors
— Continuous plastic sheets under floors
A labor is laying DPC inside the
wall tiers
— The damp proofing chemical is
normally injected along the base of
walls that are suffering from the
effects of rising damp.
— Contrary to common belief a
chemical DPC injection does not
form an impervious physical
barrier along the wall.
— Chemical damp-proofing is an
effective method of lining the pores
along a stretch of masonry wall
with a silicone resin water repellent
to combat capillary action.
— Bitumen felt - It is available in the
form of rolled sheets.

— Bitumen Mastic - Bitumen liquid

mix with fine sand
— It is available in the form of
rolled sheets.
— Thickness of brick wall, kinds of bricks, bonding type and
the cement mortar composition to be stated.
— The brick wall to be measured in meter sq.
— The brick reinforcement to be stated.

— Typical description:
— __mm Thick brick wall in common bricks in cement
mortar (1:6) reinforced with and including brick
reinforcement at every fourth course.
— The DPC should cover the full thickness of walls excluding
rendering.
— Thickness / wide of DPC to be stated which less than
225mm shall be measured in meter linear (m), whereas
exceeding 225mm wide in meter sq (m2).

— Typical description:
— ___mm Wide horizontal d.p.c. of single course hessian
based bitumen felt lapped 100mm at joints bedded in
cement and sand (1:3) mortar. (measured nett – no
allowance made for laps)