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Licenciado para - Fernanda Tavares - 01054158045 - Protegido por Eduzz.
com
INDEX
Índice
NOUNS..................................................................................................................03
ARTICLES.............................................................................................................14
PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS…………………………………...…21
THE SIMPLE PRESENT………………………………………………………………30
REFLEXIVE, INDEFINITE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS………………37
THE SIMPLE PAST…………………………………………………………………….45
RELATIVE PRONOUNS………………………..……………………………………..52
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Juliano Agertt
Licenciado para - Fernanda Tavares - 01054158045 - Protegido por Eduzz.com
NOUNS
Nouns
Nouns are one of the four major word classes, along with verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Nouns
are the largest word class. A noun refers to a person, animal or thing. Most nouns are common Concrete/abstract
nouns, referring to classes or categories of people, animals and things.Proper nouns are the
Countable/uncount.
names of specific people, animals and things. They are written with a capital letter at the
Quantifiers
start.Concrete nouns refer to material objects which we can see or touch.Abstract nouns refer to
things which are not material objects, such as ideas, feelings and situations. Plural
Reading time.
People: mother, professor, child.
Places : village, school,Chicago.
Things: computer, tree, cereal.
Animals: bear, dog , shark.
Ideas, abstractions, feelings, states: wisdom, concentration ,freedom , joy, love.
Actions: writing, dance, walk .
Qualities: honesty, affection , intelligence.
Natural phenomena : rain, storm, snow, evaporation.
Institutions: God, Church .
Concrete and abstract nouns
A concrete noun is a noun that can be identified An abstract noun refers to an idea or concept that
through one of the five senses and refers to a physical does not “exist” in the real world and cannot be
object in the real world, such as a house, a computer, touched, like happiness, fear, or permission. They
or a cat. cannot be perceived through one of the five senses
(i.e., taste, touch, sight, hearing, smelling)
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Juliano Agertt
Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns are the ones we can literally count and Differently from countable nouns, uncountable nouns are
change to plural. They are individual people, animals, substances, concepts that we cannot divide into separate
places, things, or ideas which can be counted. elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we
cannot count "water". We can count "bottles of water" or
Examples:
"glasses of water", but we cannot count "water" itself.
Apple, arm, bag, butterfly, ball, car, country, cow, coin,
Examples:
doctor, dollar, egg, ear, fan, factory, flower, fork, heart,
Accommodation, advice, air, beef, behaviour, blood,
plate,etc.
bread, chocolate, coffee, happiness, history,
homework, love, luck, luggage, money, music,news,
etc.
Quantifiers
To answer the questions How much? and How many? certain quantifiers can be used with
countable nouns (friends, cups, people), others with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money)
and still others with all types of nouns.
Quantifiers for count Count/uncount nouns Quantifiers for uncount

nouns nouns Detalhamento
Examples: Examples: Examples: Quantifiers belong to

the group of the
indefinite adjectives.
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The plural form of nouns
Most cases
We normally add the letter “s “to form the plural of most countable nouns in English. More than 90% of the
countable nouns.
book - books (livros)

cat - cats (gatos)
computer - computers (computadores)
cup - cups (xícaras)
garden - gardens (jardins)
sweatshirt - sweatshirts (blusões de moletom)
table - tables (mesas)
week - weeks (semanas)
Nouns ending in y:
Nouns ending in a consonant + y: remove the y and add -ies.
baby (bebê) babies

body (corpo) bodies
city (cidade) cities
country (país) countries
dictionary (dicionário) dictionaries
family (família) families
ferry (balsa) ferries
fly (mosca) flies
lady (senhora, dama) ladies
party (festa) parties
sky (céu) skies
story (narrativa) stories
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Juliano Agertt
Nouns ending in f or fe:
Attention
Nouns ending in -f or -fe these letters are replaced by -ves:
Memorize as many
calf - calves (bezerros/panturrilha)
elf - elves (elfos, duendes) exceptions possible
half - halves (metades) since they commonly
leaf - leaves (folhas) appear on tests.
life - lives (vidas)
knife - knives (facas)
loaf - loaves (pães de forma)
self - selves (egos)
sheaf - sheaves (feixes)
shelf - shelves (prateleiras)
thief - thieves (ladrões)
wife - wives (esposas)
wolf - wolves (lobos)
Some nouns can have either forms:
scarf - scarfs/scarves (cachecóis)

dwarf - dwarfs/dwarves (anões)
hoof - hoofs/hooves (cascos)
wharf - wharfs/wharves (cais)
staff - staffs/staves (equipes)
Exceptions:
belief - beliefs (crenças)
brief - briefs (sumários, resumos)
cliff - cliffs (penhascos)
chief - chiefs (chefes)
Chef – chefs ( chefe de cozinha)
cuff - cuffs (punhos de camisa)
Handcuff - handcuffs
grief - griefs (dores, sofrimentos)
handkerchief - handkerchiefs (lenços)
roof - roofs (telhados)
gulf - gulfs (golfos)
safe - safes (cofres)
proof - proofs (provas)
reef - reefs (recifes)
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Nouns ending in s,sh,ch,o,x and z:
Nouns ending in ch, s, ss, sh, x, z and most nouns ending in o: es is added at the end.
-ch:
church - churches (igrejas)
match - matches (fósforos)
watch - watches (relógios)
Exceptions:
conch - conchs (conchas)
monarch - monarchs (monarcas)
patriarch - patriarchs (patriarcas)
stomach - stomachs (estômagos)
-s:
bus - buses (ônibus)
gas - gases
-ss:
class - classes (aulas)
glass - glasses (copos)
kiss - kisses (beijos)
-sh:
brush -brushes (escovas)
crash - crashes (colisões)
flash - flashes (lampejos)
wish - wishes (desejos)
-x:
box - boxes (caixas)
fox - foxes (raposas)
-z:
topaz - topazes (topázios)
Exception: quiz - quizzes
-o:
echo - echoes (ecos)
superhero - superheroes (super-heróis)
potato - potatoes (batatas)
tomato - tomatoes (tomates)
Nouns ending in oo
cuckoo - cuckoos (cucos)
bamboo - bamboos (bambus)
zoo - zoos (jardins zoológicos)
The following words can have the plural in -s or –es

buffalo - buffalo(e)s
mosquito - mosquito(e)s
tornado - tornado(e)s
volcano - volcano(e)s (vulcões)
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Detalhamento
Exceptions:
In reduced forms and
Exceptions: In reduced forms and words of foreign origin ending in o, however, only “s” is
added: in foreign words ending
in o, only s is added to
avocado avocados (abacates) the noun.
cello - cellos (violoncelos)
commando - commandos (comandos) Photo - photos
dynamo - dynamos (dínamos)
Eskimo - Eskimos (Esquimós)
ghetto - ghettos (guetos)
kilo - kilos (quilos)
libretto - librettos (libretos)
logo - logos (logotipos)
magneto - magnetos (magnetos)
photo - photos (fotos)
piano - pianos
portfolio - portfolios
radio - radios (rádios)
solo - solos (solos)
soprano - sopranos (sopranos)
studio - studios (estúdios)
tango - tangos (tangos)
video - videos (vídeos)
virtuoso - virtuosos (virtuosos)
Irregular nouns
Some nouns do not follow the general rules and have their own plural forms, which we call
an irregular plural.
man - men (homens)

woman - women (mulheres)
gentleman - gentlemen (cavalheiros)
child - children (crianças)*
ox - oxen (bois)
person - people (pessoas)
tooth - teeth (dentes)
foot - feet (pés)
goose - geese (gansos)
mouse - mice (camundongos)
louse - lice (piolhos)
die - dice (dados)
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Juliano Agertt
Latin/Greek-derived nouns and their patterns
Nouns of Greek or Latin origin keep their original plurals:
words ending in us -> change to i or ora

words ending in is -> change to es
words ending in ix -> change to ces
words ending in on -> switch to a
words ending in a-> change to ae
words ending in ex -> change to ices
alga - algae (L) (algas)

alumnus - alumni (L) (ex-alunos, alunos graduados)
analysis - analyses (L) (análises)
appendix - appendices (L) (apêndices)
axis - axes (L) (eixos)
bacillus - bacilli (L) (bacilos)
bacterium - bacteria (L) (bactérias)
basis - bases (G) (bases)
cactus - cacti (L) ou cactuses (menos comum) (cactos)
corpus - corpora (L) (corpora)
crisis - crises (G) (crises)
criterion - criteria (G) (critérios)
datum - data (L) (dados)
diagnosis - diagnoses (G) (diagnósticos)
erratum - errata (L) (erratas)
formula - formulae (L) ou formulas (fórmulas)
fungus - fungi (L) ou fungus
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Go to any of the websites below

and read a News report related to
……………………………….
Write down the terms which are

related to the theme proposed and
look up their meanings.
Theguardian.com
Nationalgeographic.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word Leitura complementar
Choose a random
Translation
article about this
Word class week’s proposed topic
and organize the
synonyms
words you don’t know
in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
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Juliano Agertt
Articles
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. In English there are three
Articles
articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of
adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is Definite
known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its Indefinite
identity is not known.
Reading time.
The definite article
The Definite Article The is used before a noun already known by the
listener or reader, and in some many special cases listed below.
1. Nouns mentioned before, already defined by the speaker:

Peter wrote some letters and postcards. The letters were to his mother.
When to use
2. Nouns that are unique in their kind:
The universe (o universo),The Sun (o sol), the Moon (a lua), the sky (o
the definite céu), the planet Earth (o planeta Terra)
article 3. Geographic names of rivers, seas, channels, oceans, poles, deserts,

gulfs, island groups and mountains:
The Pacif Ocean, The North Pole, The Sahara, The Gulf of Mexico, The
Bahamas, The Alps, The Amazonas River, etc.
4. Adjectives used as plural nouns:

The poor (os pobres), The powerful (os poderosos), The good (os
Attention
bons), The bad (os maus)
A few countries have
5. Some countries have the definite articles in their names
The United Kingdom (o Reino Unido) the definite article in
The United States (os Estados Unidos) their names.
The United Arab Emirates (os Emirados Árabes Unidos)
The Dominican Republic (a República Dominicana) The United States
6. With proper names to indicate the whole family or to specify the The United Arab
person being talked about: Emirates
The Jacksons are a famous family.
Os Jacksons são uma família famosa.
The Susan I'm talking about is the one that lives next door.
A Susan que estou falando é minha vizinha..
7. Before names of musical instruments and rhythms / dances:

John plays the piano very well.
John toca piano muito bem.
Valéria dances the samba graciously.
Valéria dança samba graciosamente.
8. Before names of newspapers:

The Economist, The New York Times, The Washington Post
9. With most building names:

The Capitol, The Empire States, The Louvre, The Kremlin, The Taj
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Mahal, The Vatican

Exceptions: Buckingham Palace and all buildings with the word hall
(Carnegie Hall, Lilly Hall).
10. Before names of cinemas, theaters, hotels, restaurants, clubs,

museums, libraries and art galleries:
There's a great film festival at the Paramount.
I saw Barbra Streisand at the Palladium in 1975.
We have a reservation at the Sharin hotel for next week.
We are going to have dinner at the Fasano restaurant.
11. With the superlatives:

Rita is the nicest girl I know..
12. With the comparative degree, to indicate that two things increase or
decrease in the same proportion:
The more I study, the closer I get to my goal.
13. With ordinal numbers indicating numerical emphasis:

The first time I met John, I thought he was German.
The article is omitted when we have.

1. Names of cities, states, islands, countries, continents.
Brazil, Germany, New York, Texas,etc
2. Proper names and possessive pronouns.
3. Plural nouns used in a generic sense.

Children are the future of the world.
4. Abstract nouns or those that indicate material.

Happiness is wished by all humans.
Gold is a precious metal
5. Nouns that denote sports, science, academic disciplines, colors,

meals, seasons, months and days of the week.
6. Certain nouns such as bed, church, court, hospital, prison, college,

school, market, home, society and work, when used for the purpose for
which they are normally intended.
7. Before words that refer to languages.
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The indefinite articles
Attention
The indefinite articles A and An precede nouns which the speaker /
reader is not yet aware. Be careful when using
the indefinite articles
When to use 1) A is used before words that start with a consonant sound, the before words
semivowel Y and the audible H: beginning in e,u,w,y
the indefinite A book (um livro)
and o there are many
A house (uma casa) exceptions.
articles A yellow car (um ano)
A university (uma universidade)
2) AN is used before words that begin with a vowel sound and the
mute / not audible H:
An egg (um ovo)
An evening (uma noite)
An opera (uma ópera)
An arm (um braço)
An umbrella ( um guarda-chuva)
An heir ( um herdeiro)
Attention: In English there are only four words that start with a mute /
non-audible H:
heir (herdeiro)
Special honest (honesto)
hour (hora)
honor (honra)
cases
Note that the article A must also be used before words beginning
with "EU", "EW" and "U", as these letters have the sound of a
consonant when they appear at the beginning of words.
A European country, a uniform, a unique person
Be careful with the letter “W” and the word “ONE”
A watch, a wonderful day

A one-way trip, a one-dollar bill
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Juliano Agertt

……………………………...

Theguardian.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word
Leitura complementar
Translation Choose a random
Word class article about this
week’s proposed
synonyms
topic and organize
the words you don’t
know in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
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Juliano Agertt
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a Pronouns
noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically.
Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and Personal
writing repetitive. Most pronouns are very short words. Possessive
The genitive case
Reading time.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns of the subject and object cases.

Personal Pronouns refer to a specific person, place or object and are subdivided into Personal
Pronouns of the Subject Case and Personal Pronouns of the Object Case.
Subject case Object case
Attention
Everything in the
universe must have
an equivalent on
these lists.
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Juliano Agertt
Subjective case
The Personal Pronouns of the Subject Case perform the role of the subject of the sentence:
Rachel and I go to the park every day.

(We)
It is a beautiful day. Do not omit the subject in English.
Peter drives his fancy cars every weekend.

(he)
More examples:
Attention
Objective case
It’s crucial to identify
the subject and object
The Personal Pronouns of the Object Case perform the following roles:
in a clause in order to
Direct or indirect object: use the right pronouns.
Alfred loves Ana.
(he) (her)
He bought a present for her.
He gave it to her yesterday.
Object of a preposition
We talked to Mike last night.
I am thinking about you.
More examples:
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In English, there is an adjective and a possessive pronoun for each personal pronoun.
Complete the tables below to learn all the adjectives and possessive pronouns
Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
Deathamento
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns The adjectives must
always be followed by
nouns, and they can
form both the subject
or the object in a
clause.
Possessive adjectives and pronouns

1. Possessive adjectives
a) Possessive Adjectives precede nouns.
My jacket is new.
This is your pencil.
I have a cat. Its name is Molly.
b) Possessive Adjectives, in English, cannot be flexed, therefore, they apply to both singular and
plural. This does not occur in the Portuguese language, where the Possessive Adjective Pronouns
flex and change their forms in singular and plural.
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Curiosidade
Examples
The possessive case We normally use
noun + of with
historical or biblical
names ending in s
The lessons of
Jesus…
This is our book. [Este é (o) nosso livro.]

These are our books. [Estes são (os) nossos livros.
2. Possessive Pronouns
a)Possessive Pronouns are never used before a noun, as their function is to replace it in order to
avoid repetition.
Is that house your house? (Aquela casa é a sua casa?)

Is that house yours? (Aquela casa é a sua?)
b) Possessive Pronouns, in English, always agree with the owner, unlike Portuguese, in which
agreement is made with the thing (person, animal, object) possessed.
I have my house and you have yours. (Eu tenho a minha casa e você tem a sua.)
The country and its population. (O país e sua população.)
c) Possessive Pronouns, in English, do not inflect and they are used for both singular and plural.
This does not occur in the Portuguese language, where the Possessive Pronouns flex and change
their forms from singular to plural.
This computer is ours. (Este computador é nosso.)

These computers are ours. (Estes computadores são nossos.)
d) Possessive Pronouns can be used with the preposition of.
Daniel and John are friends of ours. (Daniel e João são nossos amigos.)
She is a sweet child of mine. (Ela é a minha doce criança)
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Juliano Agertt
1) The 's is only used when the

possessor is an animated being which
covers: people and animals, as well as
proper names, relatives in all degrees,
titles, positions, roles, professions, and
other nouns that can refer to the following
people: child, boy (the) , a friend,
neighbor, colleague of school or work, etc
2) We cannot use the 's for inanimate
beings (things, places and abstract
nouns); in these cases we usually use
the noun + of + noun.
3) There are some exceptions to the
application of the 's for inanimate things.
It’s the case of time, measures, places
with names of people, countries, the
Earth, the world, names that represent a
group of people (company, team,
government, etc.), legal entities and the
like.
4) Common nouns which end in-s or
whose plural is with-s: we only add
'(apostrophe).
5) Nouns whose plural does not end in-s:

we must add 's
6) For proper names or surnames ending

in-s: we may add 's or just '.
7) With historical, classical or biblical

proper names ending in-s: it is more
common to use noun + of + noun, but
the apostrophe can also be used.
8) When something is owned by more

than one noun, we add the ‘s to the last
noun.
9) When different things are owned by

different nouns, each owner receives the
‘s.
. There is another common option to express possession in English. Check all the rules
below.
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Juliano Agertt

………………………………..

Theguardian.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word
week’s proposed topic
synonyms
and organize the
in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
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Juliano Agertt
The Simple Present
The PRESENT TENSE indicates that an action is present, now, relative to the speaker or writer. Simple present
Generally, it is used to describe actions that are factual or habitual -- things that happen in the
present but that are not necessarily happening right now. Structure
Third singular
Spelling rules
USE 1 Repeated Actions/ Routine Reading time.

Uses
Use the simple present to express the idea that an action is repeated or
usual.
and I wake up at 6 a.m. every day. ( routine)
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

examples
The simple present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was
true before, is true now, and will be true in the future
The sun rises in the east. (fact)
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use the simple present to talk about scheduled

events in the near future.
My next class starts at 8 p.m.
My plane takes off at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) non-continuous now
Speakers sometimes use the simple present to express the idea that an
action is happening or is not happening now.
I am liking you now. (WRONG)
I like you now. ( RIGHT)
Ana is having a new car. (WRONG)
Ana has a new car now. (RIGHT)
Music
Ricky Martin
Structure She Bangs
Affirmative Maroon Five

Moves Like Jagger
Negative
The Beatles
Interrogative She Loves You
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Third
Singular
person
Normally in the present tense we add S to the end of the verb in the 3rd
person (He, She, It).
Verbs Speak Speaks

Play Plays
Give Gives
Make Makes
Spelling
He speaks English well.
Maria drinks coffee every morning.
rules My dog loves my cat.
If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third
singula person.
Kiss Kisses
Fix Fixes
Watch Watches
Crash Crashes
Go Goes
A mechanic fixes cars.

Ruben watches soap operas every afternoon.
Raul kisses his wife before he goes to work.
If the verb ends in a Consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add IES in the
third singular person.
Verb 3rd Person

Carry Carries
Hurry Hurries
Study Studies
Deny Denies
Renata studies every night.

The baby cries all night long.
Peter denies all his mistakes.
Attention
21 The verb to be does

Juliano Agertt not need an auxiliary
Examples:
To be
Common adverbs used with the simple present:
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs
100% always
90% usually
80% normally / generally
70% often / frequently
50% sometimes
30% occasionally
10% seldom
5% hardly ever / rarely
0% never
* They come right before the main verb.
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Juliano Agertt

………………………………..

Theguardian.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word
Translation Leitura complementar
Word class Choose a random
synonyms article about this

and organize the
in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
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Juliano Agertt
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns are used to indicate the action is performed and suffered by the subject itself.
Reflexive pronouns
In this case, the pronoun comes after the verb and agrees with the subject. These pronouns are
characterized by the self (singular) and selves (plural) terminations. Uses
Indefinite pronouns
Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative

pronouns
I
Reading time.
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Cases Rules and examples Music

1- The reflexive pronouns must be used whenever the subject
1 when the subject performs and suffers the action at the same time. Justin Bieber
and the object are
Love Yourself
I cut my finger while I was chopping onions. Eric Carmen
the same. I cut myself while chopping onions.
All By Myself
Can you see yourself in the mirror?
Some machines turn themselves off.
2- We can use the preposition by + reflevive pronouns to indicate the
2 to replace ‘alone’ idea of alone.
Raul is cleaning the house by himself.

I´d rather study by myself.
3- The reflexive pronouns are commonly used to give emphasis to
3 to give emphasis the subject.
to the subject. Attention
The kids prepared all this meal themselves.
The kids themselves prepared all this meal. The third use is the
most common on
university tests.
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Juliano Agertt
Indefinite Pronouns
The words below can be indefinite pronouns when they replace nouns, or adjectives
when they qualify nouns.
Some people want it all, but some don´t.

Indefinite adjective pronoun
Some people want diamond rings, and some just want everything.
Pronouns Everything means nothing if I ain´t got you. Alicia Keys
Some and its compounds are used in affirmative sentences. Some can also be used
in interrogative sentences when offering or requesting things, or when a positive
response is expected.
I have met some of these people before.

Would you like some water?
Somebody/someone -Someone needs to clean this mess now.

Something- Something tells me Ruben is lying to us.
Any is used in interrogative and negative sentences. In affirmative sentences, any is

used after the word if; meaning it doesn’t matter ; there is a negative word in the
sentence like seldom, never, rarely, without, etc. This pronoun, as well as some, can
be an adjective pronoun (indefinite adjective) or a noun pronoun (indefinite
pronoun).
Paul didn't have any chance to get the job. (Paul não tinha chance alguma...)
If you have any questions, let me know. (Se você tiver qualquer / alguma pergunta...)
Jared doesn´t have any money on him today. (Jared não tem dinheiro algum...)
Take any book you need. (Pegue qualquer livro que precisar.)
Susan rarely has any free time for the kids. (Susan raramente tem algum tempo
livre....)
Anybody/anyone - Can anyboby learn English?

Anyone can learn English.
Anything – Do you have anything to say?

Have you seen Mike anywhere?
I will buy the house anyway.
No (adjective) – It must be followed a noun

I have no money in my pocket now.
None (pronoun) – It only replaces a noun mentioned before.

Do you have any questions about the indefinite pronouns?
No, I have none.( no questions)

-
Nobody / No one
Nobody/No one knows what we did in the summer.
No one can get in the way of what I´m feeling.
Nothing
I have nothing to do this afternoon.
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Nowhere
We are supposed to go nowhere for a few weeks.
Watch out! The English language does not allow double negatives in the same
sentence.
I don´t have nothing to do. (wrong)
I don´t have anything to do.
I have nothing to do.
Another an additional or different person or thing

That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
Each every one of two or more people or things, seen separately
Each has his own thoughts.
Either one or the other of two people or things
Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
Enough as much or as many as needed
Enough has been done for these people.
Everybody / everyone all people
We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
Everything all things
They lost everything in the fire.
Less a smaller amount
"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
Little a small amount
Little is known about his early life.
Much a large amount
Much has happened since we met.
Neither not one and not the other of two people or things
I keep telling Maria and Rita but neither believes me.
One an unidentified person
Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
Other a different person or thing from one already mentioned

One was tall and the other was short.
You an unidentified person (informal)
Detalhamento And you can see why.
Both two people or things, seen together
The rule say that the John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
two negative elements Few a small number of people or things
cancel each other out Few have ever disobeyed him and survived.
to give a positive Fewer a reduced number of people or things
Fewer are smoking these days.
statement instead, so
Many a large number of people or things
that the sentence Many have come already..
Several more than two but not many
‘I don’t know nothing’ They all complained and several left the meeting.
They people in general (informal)
could be interpreted as They say that vegetables are good for you.
All the whole quantity of something or of some things or people
‘I know something’ All was said to Paul. All have arrived.
More a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things
It should be; There is more over there.
More are coming for Christmas celebrations.
I know nothing or Most the majority; nearly all
Most was solved during the meeting. Most have refused taking the test.
I don’t know anything
26
Juliano Agertt
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point, indicate and show

something, place, person or object.
These pronouns can act as adjectives, before the noun, or as noun
pronouns.
Demonstratives This - este, esta, isto

This is my notebook. (demonstrative pronoun)
This notebook is Lisa´s. (demonstrative adjective)
Pronouns
These – estes,estas
These aren´t your pencils. (demonstrative pronoun)
These pencils are new. (demonstrative adjective)
That- aquele, aquela, aquilo, esse, essa, isso

That is my house. (demonstrative pronoun)
That house looks huge. (demonstrative adjective)
Those - aqueles, aquelas, esses, essas

Those are my friends playing soccer. (demonstrative pronoun)
Those people are arguing about something. (demonstrative
adjective)
* Adjectives, in English, have no gender and number. The

demonstrative adjectives are the only ones that agree in number
with the noun they refer to
27
Juliano Agertt

………………………………..

Theguardian.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word
synonyms
and organize the
in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
28
Juliano Agertt
The Simple Past

The Simple Past tense mainly describes an action that has already happened and that does not Simple past
occur anymore. The action stated and finished at some point in the past. In the Simple Past the
verb is not flexed in any person, repeating the same form in all of them. Structure
Spelling rules
Irregular verbs
1: We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we have a
finished time adverb (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in 2003). Reading time.
Uses and 2: We use it with finished actions, states or habits in the past when we know
examples from general knowledge that the time period has finished. This includes when
the person we are talking about is dead.
Examples:
Detalhamento
The auxiliary ‘did’

can be used in
affirmative
sentences in order to
Structure give more emphasis
to the verb.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Examples of common adverbs used in the simple past.
Adverbs
29
Juliano Agertt
There are some rules to follow when changing a regular verb to its simple
Curiosity
past form.
In American English
Rules: the verbs burn, dream,
lean, learn, smell,
spell, spill and spoil are
Regular
all regular.
Verbs
Spelling
rules
Curiosity
In British English,
The irregular verbs do not follow the same pattern as the regular ones, so we
the verbs above are
must memorize their forms in the simple past.
usually irregular with
The good News is that we can group some verbs because they have a similar past tenses and past
Irregular form in the simple past. participle forms
ending in –t.
verbs Examples of some irregular verbs:
Burn / burnt / burnt
Dream / dreamt /
dreamt
30
Juliano Agertt

………………………………….

Theguardian.com
Thenewyorktimes.com
BBCnews.com
word
synonyms
and organize the
in the boxes.
word
Translation
Word class
synonyms
31
Juliano Agertt
Relative pronouns
A relative pronoun is a word that connects or combines two elements in a sentence standing in a
Relative pronouns
place of a noun. Relative pronouns always refer to the antecedent word and vary according to the
noun being replaced. We must use specific pronouns when referring to people, things, etc… People
Things
Possession
People Related to the subject - When the preceding noun is a person and the
relative pronoun acts as the subject of the verb, who or that can be used, Place /time
but only who is used after a comma.
Who Reading time.
That
People Related to the object - When the preceding noun is a person and the
Detalhamento
relative pronoun acts as the object of the verb, we use who, whom, that
or the relative pronoun can be omitted (-). This omission can only occur
when the relative has the function of the object of the verb. Remember According to the rules
that in informal language you can use who instead of whom. of formal grammar,
Whom who should be used in

the subject position in
a sentence,
while whom should be
Who
used in the object
position, and also after
a preposition.
That
____
32
Juliano Agertt
Things Related to the subject - When the preceding noun is a thing or animal
and the relative pronoun refers to the subject of the verb, which or Importante
that can be used, but only which comes after a comma.
We can omit
Which
out the relative
pronoun (who/which/
that) if it is not the
That
subject in the
sentence.
If there is a verb after

Things Related to the object - When the preceding noun is a thing or animal the relative pronoun
and the relative pronoun refers to the object, we can use which, that or who/which/that, do not
omit (-) the relative pronoun. omit the relative
Which pronoun.
That
_____
Whose Possession - The relative pronoun whose establishes a possession idea

and is used with any kind of noun. This pronoun is always followed by a
noun and can never be omitted.
People
Things
33
Juliano Agertt
Time The relative pronoun when (when is used referring to day (s), months,
year (s), etc.
When
Places The relative pronoun where is used to refer to places.
Where
34
Juliano Agertt
The students can try to complete the simple past form of all the verbs in the tables
below.
Verbs With Identical Present And Past Participle
These verbs are the same in the present and the past participle. Only the past form is different:
Present Past Past Participle
come come
become become
run run
Verbs With –N In The Past Participle
These verbs are a little more complicated, as they have –n in the past participle form.
There are a few different groups of verbs:
With “O” In The Past And Past Participle
break broken
choose chosen
forget forgotten
freeze frozen
get gotten
speak spoken
steal stolen
tear torn
wake woken
wear worn
35
Juliano Agertt
With “O” In The Past Only
drive driven
ride ridden
rise risen
write written
Past With -Ew, Past Participle With -Own
blow blown
fly flown
grow grown
know known
throw thrown
“Ea” Is Pronounced Differently
deal dealt
dream dreamt
mean meant
read read
hear heard
36
Juliano Agertt
Other Irregular Verbs With Past Participle Ending In –N
bite bitten
hide hidden
eat eaten
fall fallen
forbid forbidden
forgive forgiven
give given
see seen
shake shaken
take taken
Verbs With Vowel Changes
Long “E” Changes To Short “E”
keep kept
sleep slept
feel felt
bleed bled
feed fed
meet met
lead led
37
Juliano Agertt
Long “I” Changes To “Ou”
bind bound
find found
grind ground
wind wound
Short “I” Changes To “U”
dig dug
stick stuck
spin spun
sting stung
swing swung
Ell Changes To -Old
sell sold
tell told
38
Juliano Agertt
-Ought And –Aught Endings
bring brought
buy bought
catch caught
fight fought
seek sought
teach taught
think thought
Verbs With 3 Different Vowels!
Are you ready for a challenge? These irregular verbs have different vowels in each form.
Fortunately, they do follow a pattern.
Vowel Changes From “I” To “A” To “U”
begin begun
drink drunk
ring rung
39
Juliano Agertt
shrink shrunk
sing sung
sink sunk
spring sprung
swim swum
The “official” Irregular Verbs
Well, these are the completely irregular verbs – the ones that don’t fit into any of the categories
above! They are also some of the most commonly used verbs in the English language, so make
sure to memorize them in all their crazy irregular forms!
Be been
Do done
Go gone
have had
make made
40
Juliano Agertt
41
Extra notes
Juliano Agertt
42
Extra notes
Juliano Agertt
43
Extra notes
Juliano Agertt
TIPS ON TEXT COMPREHENSION
1 ALWAYS READ THE TEXT TITLE AND ITS SOURCE

CAREFULLY
THESE PIECES OF INFORMATION MAY HELP YOU FIND THE RIGHT

ANSWER.
2 MAKE SURE TO HIGHLIGHT THE STRONG WORDS IN THE

TEXT
CONNECTORS, RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND INTENSIFIERS SHOULD

ALWAYS BE HIGHLIGHTED.
3 You don’t need to understand each and every word of the text. At the
same time, you should find the gist (summary) of it. The crucial thing is,
you need to eliminate the words, phrases, sentences from the Reading
Comprehension that are not useful and need to focus on keywords.
4 The conservative approach to solving a passage is, to read the passage

first, and then go to the questions and solve them. But you can choose
the “bottom up” approach. That means, read the questions first, so that
you have an idea what to look for, in the text. But ultimately, you are the
judge of which approach is the best.
5 “I know all the answers, but I didn’t have enough time to solve the
questions” Have you ever heard these kinds of complaints? Competitive
examinations not only test your knowledge and skills but your Time
Management also.
6 FOCUS
It is not unusual for any person to wander somewhere while reading

something uninteresting.
So, when you find the text dull, difficult and uninteresting, your eyes run
through the sentences, but your mind wanders somewhere else.
The result….you complete reading, but you grasp nothing.
Focus on the content. Don’t let your mind go away from there.
44
Juliano Agertt
Countries and nationalities
Afghanistan Afghan an Afghan
Algeria Algerian an Algerian
Angola Angolan an Angolan
Argentina Argentine an Argentine
Austria Austrian an Austrian
Australia Australian an Australian
Bangladesh Bangladeshi a Bangladeshi
Belarus Belarusian a Belarusian
Belgium Belgian a Belgian
Bolivia Bolivian a Bolivian
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian/Herzegovinian a Bosnian/a Herzegovinian
Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian
Britain British a Briton (informally: a Brit)
Bulgaria Bulgarian a Bulgarian
Cambodia Cambodian a Cambodian
Cameroon Cameroonian a Cameroonian
Canada Canadian a Canadian
Central African Republic Central African a Central African
Chad Chadian a Chadian
China Chinese a Chinese person
Colombia Colombian a Colombian
Costa Rica Costa Rican a Costa Rican
Croatia Croatian a Croat
the Czech Republic Czech a Czech person
Democratic Republic of Congolese a Congolese person

the Congo
Denmark Danish a Dane
Ecuador Ecuadorian an Ecuadorian
Egypt Egyptian an Egyptian
El Salvador Salvadoran a Salvadoran (also accepted are Salvadorian & Salvadorean)
45
Juliano Agertt
England English an Englishman/Englishwoman
Estonia Estonian an Estonian
Ethiopia Ethiopian an Ethiopian
Finland Finnish a Finn
France French a Frenchman/Frenchwoman
Germany German a German
Ghana Ghanaian a Ghanaian
Greece Greek a Greek
Guatemala Guatemalan a Guatemalan
Holland Dutch a Dutchman/Dutchwoman
Honduras Honduran a Honduran
Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian
Iceland Icelandic an Icelander
India Indian an Indian
Indonesia Indonesian an Indonesian
Iran Iranian an Iranian
Iraq Iraqi an Iraqi
Ireland Irish an Irishman/Irishwoman
Israel Israeli an Israeli
Italy Italian an Italian
Ivory Coast Ivorian an Ivorian
Jamaica Jamaican a Jamaican
Japan Japanese a Japanese person
Jordan Jordanian a Jordanian used as a noun, "a Kazakh"

refers to an ethnic group, not
Kazakhstan Kazakh a Kazakhstani a nationality
Kenya Kenyan a Kenyan
used as a noun, "a Lao"

Laos Lao a Laotian
refers to an ethnic group, not
Latvia Latvian a Latvian a nationality
Libya Libyan a Libyan
Lithuania Lithuanian a Lithuanian
Madagascar Malagasy a Malagasy
Malaysia Malaysian a Malaysian
Mali Malian a Malian
46
Juliano Agertt
Mauritania Mauritanian a Mauritanian
Mexico Mexican a Mexican* It may be offensive in the

USA. Use "someone from
Morocco Moroccan a Moroccan Mexico" instead.)
Namibia Namibian a Namibian
New Zealand New Zealand a New Zealander
Nicaragua Nicaraguan a Nicaraguan
Niger Nigerien a Nigerien
Nigeria Nigerian a Nigerian
Norway Norwegian a Norwegian
Oman Omani an Omani

It may be offensive in the
Pakistan Pakistani a Pakistani* UK. Use "someone from
Pakistan" instead.
Panama Panamanian a Panamanian
Paraguay Paraguayan a Paraguayan
Peru Peruvian a Peruvian

someone from the
The Philippines Philippine a Filipino* Philippines
Poland Polish a Pole* someone from Poland, a

Polish person
Portugal Portuguese a Portuguese person
Republic of the Congo Congolese a Congolese person note: this refers to people
from the Democratic
Romania Romanian a Romanian Republic of the Congo as
well
Russia Russian a Russian
Saudi Arabia Saudi, Saudi Arabian a Saudi, a Saudi Arabian
Scotland Scottish a Scot
Senegal Senegalese a Senegalese person
used as a noun, "a Serb"

Serbia Serbian a Serbian refers to an ethnic group, not
a nationalit
Singapore Singaporean a Singaporean
Slovakia Slovak a Slovak
Somalia Somalian a Somalian
South Africa South African a South African

a Spanish person, someone
Spain Spanish a Spaniard* from Spain
Sudan Sudanese a Sudanese person
47
Juliano Agertt
Sweden Swedish a Swede
Switzerland Swiss a Swiss person
Syria Syrian a Syrian
Thailand Thai a Thai person
Tunisia Tunisian a Tunisian
Turkey Turkish a Turk
Turkmenistan Turkmen a Turkmen / the Turkmens
Ukraine Ukranian a Ukranian
The United Arab Emirates Emirati an Emirati
The United States American an American
Uruguay Uruguayan a Uruguayan
Vietnam Vietnamese a Vietnamese person
Wales Welsh a Welshman/Welshwoman
Zambia Zambian a Zambian
Zimbabwe Zimbabwean a Zimbabwean
48
Juliano Agertt

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PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS…………………………………...…21

THE SIMPLE PRESENT………………………………………………………………30

REFLEXIVE, INDEFINITE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS………………37

THE SIMPLE PAST…………………………………………………………………….45

People: mother, professor, child.

Places : village, school,Chicago.

Things: computer, tree, cereal.

Animals: bear, dog , shark.

Ideas, abstractions, feelings, states: wisdom, concentration ,freedom , joy, love.

Actions: writing, dance, walk .

Qualities: honesty, affection , intelligence.

Natural phenomena : rain, storm, snow, evaporation.

Institutions: God, Church .

Concrete and abstract nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Quantifiers for count Count/uncount nouns Quantifiers for uncount

Examples: Examples: Examples: Quantifiers belong to

The plural form of nouns

book - books (livros)

Nouns ending in a consonant + y: remove the y and add -ies.

baby (bebê) babies

Nouns ending in f or fe:

Some nouns can have either forms:

scarf - scarfs/scarves (cachecóis)

Nouns ending in s,sh,ch,o,x and z:

The following words can have the plural in -s or –es

man - men (homens)

Latin/Greek-derived nouns and their patterns

Nouns of Greek or Latin origin keep their original plurals:

words ending in us -> change to i or ora

alga - algae (L) (algas)

Go to any of the websites below

Write down the terms which are

word Leitura complementar

The definite article

1. Nouns mentioned before, already defined by the speaker:

article 3. Geographic names of rivers, seas, channels, oceans, poles, deserts,

4. Adjectives used as plural nouns:

7. Before names of musical instruments and rhythms / dances:

8. Before names of newspapers:

9. With most building names:

Mahal, The Vatican

10. Before names of cinemas, theaters, hotels, restaurants, clubs,

11. With the superlatives:

13. With ordinal numbers indicating numerical emphasis:

The article is omitted when we have.

2. Proper names and possessive pronouns.

3. Plural nouns used in a generic sense.

4. Abstract nouns or those that indicate material.

5. Nouns that denote sports, science, academic disciplines, colors,

6. Certain nouns such as bed, church, court, hospital, prison, college,

7. Before words that refer to languages.

The indefinite articles

Be careful with the letter “W” and the word “ONE”

A watch, a wonderful day

Go to any of the websites below

Write down the terms which are

The genitive case

Personal pronouns of the subject and object cases.

Subject case Object case

Rachel and I go to the park every day.