Handout 06-Work and Kinetic Energy

Chapter 6
Work and Kinetic

Energy
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Modified
Lectures by:Pazun
by James Marie Grace Rosales
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Goals for Chapter 6
• To define and calculate work done by a force
• To define and apply kinetic energy
• To use the work-energy theorem
• To see the difference from the first bullet and
then calculate work done by a varying force
along a curved path
• To add time to the calculation and determine
the power in a physical situation

Introduction
• We’ve studied how Newton’s
Second Law allows us to
calculate an acceleration from
a force but what if the force
changes during its
application? We must be able
to account for things like an
archer’s bow.
• We must look at action–
reaction pairs that are not
immediately obvious (like the
shotgun expelling the pellets
with expanding gas but
having the expanding gas do
work on the shotgun at the
same
Work, a force through a distance
• Men exert force F (push) on vehicle (Figures 6.1 )
• Force produce displacement s
• Force is in the
direction of displacement s
Work : W  Fs

Work, a force through a distance

Use the parallel component if the force acts at an angle
Fig 6.3
If force is not parallel to displacement :

F//  F cos
W  Fs cos
 
W  F s
Unit of work
W=Fs
1 joule = (1 newton)(l meter) or 1 J = 1 Nm
1 J = 0.7376 ft  lb 1 ft  lb = 1.356J
Note:
joule (abbreviated J, pronounced '1ewel,"
19th-century English physicist James Prescott
Joule).
Example 6.1 Work done by a constant force
(a) Steve exerts a steady force of magnitude 210 N (about
47lb) on the stalled car in Fig. 6.3 as he pushes it a
distance of 18 m. The car also has a flat tire, so to make
the car track straight Steve must push at an angle of 30° to
the direction of motion. How much work does Steve do?
(b) (b) In a helpful mood, Steve pushes a second stalled car
with a steady force through a displacement. Howmuchwork
does Steve do in this case?

Example 6.1 Work done by a constant force

Work: Positive, Negative, or Zero



How can it be such a great “workout” with no work?

How can it be such a great “workout” with no work?
• When positive and negative work cancel, the net work
is zero even though muscles are exercising.

Total Work
• Calculate net force in the direction of displacement
• Calculate work done by net force
 Calculate the work done by each force in the direction of

the displacement
 Add the work done by each force (scalar addition since
work is a scalar quantity

Example 6.2 Work done by several forces
A farmer hitches her tractor to a sled loaded with firewood and
pulls it a distance of 20 m along level ground (Fig. 6.7a). The
total weight of sled and load is 14,700 N. The tractor exerts a
constant 5000-N force at an angle of 36.9° above the
horizontal, as shown in Fig. 6.Th. There is a 3500-N friction
force opposing the sled's motion. Find the work done by each
force acting on the sled and the total work done by all the
forces.

Stepwise solution of work done by several forces

Example 6.2 Work done by several forces
the work W T done by the tractor is
The friction force is opposite to the displacement,

Alternate solution

The work-energy theorem—Figure 6.8
• Work done on an object
can change its motion
and energy.

6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem

We can compare the kinetic energy of different bodies
• Changes in the energy

of a moving body
under the influence of
an applied force
change differently
depending on the
direction of
application.
• Refer to Figure 6.10.

Work-Energy Theorem
The work done by the net force on a particle equals the
change in the particle's kinetic energy:
This result is the work-energy theorem.

Problem-Solving Strategy 6.1 Work and Kinetic Energy




Example 6.3 Using work and energy to calculate speed
Let's look again at the sled in Fig. 6.7 and the numbers at the
end of Example 6.2. Suppose the initial speed v, is 2.0 m/s.
What is the speed of the sled after it moves 20 m?

EVALUATE: The total work is positive. so the kinetic energy increases
(K2 > K,) and the speed increases (v2 > v,),
This problem can also be done without the work-energy theorem. We can
find the acceleration from the second law.

Example 6.4 Forces on a hammerhead
In a pile driver, a steel hammerhead with mass 200 kg is lifted 3.00

m above the top of a vertical I-beam being driven into the
ground (Fig. 6.l2a). The hammer is then dropped. driving the I-
beam 7.4 cm farther into the ground. The vertical rails that guide
the hammerhead exert a constant 60-N friction force on the ham-
merhead. Use the work-energy theorem to find (a) the speed of
the hammerhead just as it hits the I-beam and (b) the average
force the hammerhead exerts on the I-beam. Ignore the effects of
the air.

Forces on a hammerhead—Example 6.4
• A sketch and free-body diagram to solve the motion of
a pile driver

Forces on a hammerhead—Example 6.4
EXECUTE: (a) From point I to point 2, the vertical forces are the downward
weight w = mg = (200kg)(9.8m/s2) = 1960 N and the upward friction force f
= 60 N. Thus the net downward force is w - f = 1900 N. The displacement
of the hammerhead from point 1 to point 2 is downward and equal to s 12 =
3.00 m. The total work done on the hammerhead as it moves from point 1
to point 2 is then

(b) As the hammerhead moves downward between points 2 and 3, the net
downward force acting on it is w - f - n (see Fig. 6.12c). The total work
done on the hammerhead during this displacement is

The Meaning of Kinetic Energy
 W tot = K- 0 = K so the kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total
work that was done to accelerate it from rest to its present speed (Fig.
6.13).
 In the second part of Example 6.4 the kinetic energy of the hammerhead
did work on the I-beam and drove it into the ground. This gives us another
interpretation of kinetic energy:
 The kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total work that
particle can do in the process of being brought to rest.

Different objects, different kinetic energies
• Conceptual Example 6.5 demonstrates
the effect of mass.
• The two iceboats show how velocities

are different as masses are different.
• Two iceboats like the one in Example

5.6 (Section 5.2) hold a race on a
frictionless horizontal lake (Fig. 6.14).
The two iceboats have masses m and
2m. Each iceboat has an identical sail, so
the wind exerts the same constant force
F on each iceboat. The two iceboats start
from rest and cross the finish line a
distance s away. Which iceboat crosses
the finish line with greater kinetic
energy?

 the kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total work done to
accelerate it from rest.
 Both iceboats travel the same distance s, and only the horizontal force F
in the direction of motion does work on either iceboat.
Hence the total work done between the starting line and the finish
line is the same for each iceboat, W tot = Fs.
 At the finish line, each iceboat has a kinetic energy equal to the work
Wtot done on it, because each iceboat started from rest. So both
iceboats have the same kinetic energy at the finish line!
 But the smaller mass m crosses finish line first because it has greater
acceleration

Work and energy with varying forces—Figure 6.16

Work Done by a Varying Force, Straight-Line Motion
lim
x 0
 Fx   Fxdx

In the special case that Fx the x-component of the force, is
constant, it may be taken outside the integral:

The stretch of a spring and the force that caused it
• The force applied to an ideal
spring will be proportional to
its stretch.
• The graph of force on the y
axis versus stretch on the x axis
will yield a slope of k, the
spring constant.

Stepping on a scale—Example 6.6
• Whether you like the result or not, stepping on a scale is
an excellent example of applied force and the work being
done to compress that spring.
• Follow Example 6.6.

Work-Energy Theorem for Straight-Line Motion, Varying Forces

Example 6.7 Motion with a varying force
An air-track glider of mass 0.100 kg is attached to the end of a
horizontal air track by a spring with force constant 20.0 N/m
(Fig. 6.22a). Initially the spring is unstretched and the glider is
moving at 1.50 m/s to the right. Find the maximum distance d
that the glider moves to the right (a) if the air track is turned on
so that there is no friction, and (b) if the air is turned off so that
there is kinetic friction with coefficient k = 0.47.

Motion with a varying force—Example 6.7
• Refer to Figure
6.22 as you
follow Example
6.7.
• The experiment
above and the
free-body
diagram below it
at right.

Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

Motion on a curved path—Example 6.8
• If you watch a child on a swing set, you can also consider the
motion of a particle along a curved path.
• While following Example 6.8 you can refer to the swing set and a
free-body diagram for the problem. Example 6.9 also follows
motion along a curved path.

Watt about power?
• Once work is calculated, dividing
by the time that passed
determines power.
• The pun is credit to James Watt.
(You will see that scientists of
that era often were privileged to
leave their names on the topic of
their efforts.)
• Also note the popular culture
power unit of horsepower.
• The energy you use may be noted
from the meter the electric
company probably installed to
measure your consumption of
energy in kilowatt-hours.

Force and power you depend upon—Example 6.10
• Example 6.10
leads us to
consider the
power
developed as an
airliner is
driven through
the sky.
• You probably
ponder it more
if you’re riding
in the plane.
Each of the two jet engines in a Boeing 767 airliner develops
a thrust (a forward force on the airplane) of 197,000 N (44,300
lb). When the airplane is flying at 250 mls (900 km/h, or
roughly 560 mi/h), what horsepower does each engine
develop?

An example you might do if the elevator is out
• Refer to Figure 6.28 while following Example 6.11.
• It’s interesting how a lighter stair climber and
heavier stair climber can expend the same power by
using different amounts of time.

A 50.0-kg marathon runner runs up the stairs to the top of
Chicago's 443-m-tall Sears Tower, the tallest building in the
United States (Fig. 6.28). To lift herself to the top in 15.0
minutes, what must be her average power output in watts? In
kilowatts? In horsepower?


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Chapter 6

Work and Kinetic

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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If force is not parallel to displacement :

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 Calculate the work done by each force in the direction of

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The friction force is opposite to the displacement,

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• Changes in the energy

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This result is the work-energy theorem.

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In a pile driver, a steel hammerhead with mass 200 kg is lifted 3.00

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• The two iceboats show how velocities

• Two iceboats like the one in Example

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